Anthocyanin extract from Lycium ruthenicum enhanced production of biomass and polysaccharides during submerged fermentation of Agaricus bitorquis (Quél.) Sacc. Chaidam.

Agaricus bitorquis (Quél.) Sacc. Chaidam (ABSC) is a wild edible fungus uniquely found in the Tibet Plateau. ABSC is rich in polysaccharides that are considered biologically active. This study aimed to determine the feasibility of enhancing exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by ABSC in shake flask culture by supplementing the fermentation medium with anthocyanin extract. Different concentrations of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. (LRM) anthocyanin crude extract were tested on ABSC fermentation. The activity of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), phosphoglucose mutase (PGM), and phosphomannose isomerase (PMI), enzymes presumably involved in EPS synthesis by ABSC, was determined. ABSC transcriptomic profile in response to the presence of anthocyanins during fermentation was also investigated. LRM anthocyanin crude extract (0.06 mg/mL) was most effective in increasing EPS content and mycelial biomass (by 208.10% and 105.30%, respectively, P < 0.01). The activity of PGI, PGM, and PMI was increased in a medium where LRM anthocyanin extract and its main components (proanthocyanidins and petunia anthocyanin) were added. RNA-Seq analysis showed that 349 genes of ABSC were differentially expressed during fermentation in the medium containing anthocyanin extract of LRM; 93 genes were up-regulated and 256 genes down-regulated. From gene ontology enrichment analysis, differentially expressed genes were mostly assigned to carbohydrate metabolism and signal transduction categories. Collectively, LRM anthocyanins extract positively affected EPS production and mycelial biomass during ABSC fermentation. Our study provides a novel strategy for improving EPS production and mycelial growth during ABSC liquid submerged fermentation.

Study on the extraction process of total anthraquinones in Radix et Rhizoma Rhei and their antilipemic effects.

BACKGROUND: Radix et Rhizoma Rhei has a gastric mucosal protective effect, major anti-gastritis and anti-peptic ulcer active constituents were emodin, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, rhein, etc. The objective of the study was the extraction process of total anthraquinones in Radix et Rhizoma rhei and their antilipemic effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Orthogonal experiment, UV spectrophotometry and conventional antilipemic effect determination method were used to optimize the extraction process, and to determine the total anthraquinone content, as well as blood levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL. RESULTS: Ethanol concentration, extraction time and ethanol amount had significant influences on the extraction of total Radix et Rhizoma rhei anthraquinones, total Radix et Rhizoma rhei anthraquinones could significantly reduce blood levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL. CONCLUSION: The optimum extraction process was two times extraction of Radix et Rhizoma rhei with 70% ethanol, the amounts of solvent of 8 folds and 5 folds, successively, and the extraction time of 60 min each. In addition, this extract has an antilipemic effect in mice.

A study on the effect of resveratrol on lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemic mice.

BACKGROUND: The content of resveratrol is relatively high in Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc., and the resveratrol has the effect of blood vessel dilating, microcirculation improving, platelet aggregation inhibiting and anti-cancer. The objective of this paper was to study the effect of resveratrol on lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemia mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Through the establishment of an experimental mouse model of hyperlipidemia, the effect of resveratrol on change in total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels in mouse serum were determined. RESULTS: Resveratrol group can apparently reduce TC, TG, LDL-c and AI of hyperlipidemic mice in a dose effect manner. CONCLUSION: We concluded that resveratrol can effectively reduce blood lipid levels of hyperlipidemic mice.

A study on the extraction and purification process of lily polysaccharide and its anti-tumor effect.

The objective of this paper was to extract and purify lily polysaccharide and to study its anti-H22 hepatoma effect in mice. Orthogonal experimental method was used to analyze the factors influencing the extraction and purification of lily polysaccharide, and the anti-tumor effect of lily polysaccharide was studied by acting it on H22-bearing mice. The results showed that the size of influence of various factors on the extraction results of lily polysaccharide were extraction time, extraction times and extraction temperature in decreasing order. Lily polysaccharide can enhance the immune function of H22 tumor-bearing mice, and inhibit the growth of H22 tumor. The study concluded that the optimal conditions for the extraction and purification of lily polysaccharide should be extraction times of 3 times, an extraction time of 4 h each, and an extraction temperature of 60°C; lily polysaccharide has an anti-tumor effect.