Morphological classification and clinical significance of medial malleolus based on computed tomography three-dimensional reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: Internal malleolus fractures and postoperative functional limitations are serious complications of deltoid ligament repair, reconstruction, while studies on conducting beak. Anatomical structure classification of medial malleolus at home and abroad is reported rarely. Hence, this morphological study is mainly designed to investigate the anatomical morphological classification and clinical significance of medial malleolus based on computed tomography (CT) three-dimensional reconstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From October 2018 to January 2021, 373 patients who underwent CT examination of malleolus medialis joint in the Jiang'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine were observed. The medial malleolus was observed and classified; then, geometric parameters were measured according to different medial malleolus types. RESULTS: According to the results of 373 cases, medial malleolus can be divided into four types: omega type (66%), radical sign type (16%), inverted triangle type (14%), and wave type (4%). CONCLUSIONS: There are four main shapes: omega, inverted triangle, radical sign, and wave in the medial malleolus of all normal ankles. The measurement of medial malleolus parameters according to medial malleolus in different shapes was of importance to guide smooth operation of medial malleolus fixation and deltoid ligament reconstruction and epidemiological.

[Phenylpropanoid glycosides from Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma].

Three phenylpropanoid glycosides were purified by extensive chromatographic techniques including column chromatography over microporous resin, MCI, diol, sephadex LH-20, reverse phase C_(18) from water-extracts of Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma. Their planar structures were elucidated by combination of various spectroscopic method, such as IR, UV, MS, and NMR. The absolute configuration of aglycone was determined by quantum chemical calculations. Their structures were elucidated as(8R)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol-2-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside(1), kalopanaxin D(2),(E)-4-hydroxycinnamyl alcohol 4-O-[2'-O-ß-D-apiofuranosyl(1″→2')]-ß-D-glucopyranoside(3). Compound 1 was undescribed previously. Compounds 2 and 3 were firstly isolated from Sophora genus.

[Moxa nitrogen content determination and its application in moxa floss grade identification].

Artemisia argyi samples were collected from different areas in Hubei Qichun and medicinal botanical garden of Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and samples were purchased from different areas in Qichun medicinal market. The same method was used to prepare A. argyi samples from different areas into moxa floss of different leaf velvet ratio. The nitrogen content of A. argyi was determined by Kjeldahl method. The results show that there was an inverse relationship between the content of nitrogen and the level of the leaf velvet ratio grades of moxa floss and nitrogen content. Therefore, six functional models were established to illustrate the relationship between the grades of leaf velvet ratio and nitrogen content. The accuracy of the functional models was evaluated by ■. The cubic function model and exponential function model are selected as the best models and the formula is: Y_(grades)=-4.26 N~3+26.09 N~2-61.09 N+55.84, Y_(grades)=63.68×10~(-1.374N), with R~2 values of 0.976 5 and 0.969 6, respectively. The accuracy reached above 95% of the two function models when verified by laboratory-made moxa floss, while the accuracy of the models was 85.44% when verifed by commercial moxa floss. These results indicate that the model could be applied to the identification of the grades of moxa floss.

[Proteomics analysis of erythrocyte membrane in rats with high altitude polycythemia before and after intervention with salidroside].

To investigate the effect of salidroside on the proteomics of erythrocyte membrane in high altitude erythrocytosis(HAPC) rats, in order to explore the mechanism of salidroside in improving HAPC based on the proteomics analysis. First, HPAC rat models were established, and 16 rats were randomly divided into HAPC model group and salidroside(100 mg·kg~(-1)) treatment group(8 rats per group). Saline was administered to the HAPC model group, while salidroside treatment group was given 100 mg·kg~(-1) salidroside once a day. After continuous oral administration with salidroside for 40 days(once a day), blood was collected from the femoral artery to obtain total red blood cell membrane proteins. Two-dimensional electrophoresis was used to separate total proteins. The two-dimensional electrophoresis of erythrocyte membrane proteins was analyzed before and after salidroside intervention, and the proteins with significant differences were identified by mass spectrometry. Finally, biological functions were analyzed using bioinformatics. A two-dimensional electrophoresis method was used to establish a protein expression profile with a high resolution and reproducibility of erythrocyte membranes in HAPC rats. Salidroside treatment significantly changed 18 protein spots in the 2-DE map of erythrocyte membranes, of which 13 proteins were up-regulated and 5 proteins were down-regulated. Eight differential proteins were successfully identified by mass spectrometry. Moreover, bioinformatics analysis found that these differential proteins were involved in such biological processes as oxidative stress, redox, and peroxisome pathway, which are mainly associated with peroxisome and MAPK signaling pathways. Therefore, salidroside could significantly change the expressions of erythrocyte membrane proteins in HAPC rats. Eight differential proteins were identified by a proteomic-based approach. The differential proteins were involved in such biological processes as oxidative stress, redox, peroxisome pathway.

Antigen targeting to dendritic cells with bispecific antibodies.

We have developed a universal DC targeting vehicle that could be a convenient method to deliver any type of antigen to DC. P125, a quadroma (hybrid-hybridoma) secreting bispecific monoclonal antibodies (bsmAb), with one paratope specific for mouse DC DEC-205 and another paratope specific for biotin, was developed by PEG-fusion of the two parental hybridomas and selected by a fluorescence activated cell sorter. The bsmAb were purified using a biotin-Agarose column and the bsmAb activity was demonstrated using ELISA method employing mouse bone marrow DC and biotinylated BSA. Both confocal microscopy and ELISA studies have shown enhanced binding and internalization of biotinylated and FITC-labelled M13 to DC cell in the presence of bsmAb. In vivo studies in mice with biotinylated OVA has shown that in the presence of bsmAb and anti-CD40 mAb, both humoral and cell-mediated responses can be augmented. In addition, only a low concentration of antigen (500 fold less) is required using bsmAb to achieve a similar immune response in mice that were immunized using complete Freund's adjuvant. In the absence of traditional adjuvants, bsmAb targeting of biotinylated antigens to DC could be an alternative, convenient method to deliver antigens to DC. Moreover, this method could be an alternative method to ex vivo stimulation of DC to overcome DC defects and for treatment of cancer.

[Pharmacognostical studies on the stem and leaf of Mussaenda pubescens].

Morphological and microscopic chracteristics of Mussaenda pubescens Ait. f, a traditional Chinese medicine were described and illustrated with line drawings. TLC and UV analysis of the medicinal material were also undertaken. These studies provide referential information for identification and development of this medicinal material.

Substance P release in the rat periaqueductal gray and preoptic anterior hypothalamus after noxious cold stimulation: effect of selective mu and kappa opioid agonists.

Intracerebral microdialysis was used to measure changes in the extracellular level of substance P (SP) released from the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and the preoptic anterior hypothalamus (POAH) of freely moving Sprague-Dawley rats after noxious cold stimulation. Artificial cerebrospinal fluid was perfused into the dialysis probe in the PAG or POAH and samples were collected every 30 min for 4 hr. SP-like immunoreactivity in the samples was measured by radioimmunoassay. In the PAG, SP base-line release was 0.43 +/- 0.08 fmol/fraction. SP release was increased to 1.3 +/- 0.4 fmol/fraction during the first collection period after noxious cold. Pretreatment with the selective mu opioid receptor agonist PL017 (0.8-3.4 nmol) or the kappa opioid receptor agonist dynorphin A1-17 (4.6-9.2 nmol), administered into the PAG by microinjection, produced dose-related inhibition of the cold-evoked SP release. Naloxone (10 mg/kg s.c.) administration 10 min before these opioid agonists reduced the inhibition of SP release. In the POAH, SP base-line release was 0.45 +/- 0.06 fmol/fraction and noxious cold did not cause any significant change in SP release. Microdialysis of SP (271 fmol-271 pmol/microl/min, for 30 min) into the PAG, but not the POAH, induced dose-related analgesia (35-68% MPA) in the cold-water tail-flick test. However, microdialysis of SP into the POAH or PAG failed to induce any significant change in body temperature. These data suggest that 1) SP released from the PAG acts as a neuromodulator to transmit nociceptive information; 2) opioid receptor agonists can suppress this information by inhibiting SP release; 3) SP evoked by noxious cold may have a role in triggering the antinociceptive function of the PAG; and 4) SP does not appear to act as a neuromodulator for thermoregulatory responses in the POAH.

[The role of opioid receptors of arcuate nucleus in cytokine-induced hyperthermia].

The present study is to define the role played by the opioid receptors of ARH in the regulation of body temperature. 1 microliter of IL-1 beta (as pyrogen) was injected into the ARH of male Sprague-Dawley rat with an automatic micromanipulator to induce hyperthermia. 30 minutes prior to the injection of pyrogen, the experimental groups were pre-treated with general opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (Nal), selective mu, delta, kappa receptor antagonists CTAP, NTI, nor-BNI respectively. Controls were pre-treated with saline. The results showed that IL-1 beta-induced hyperthermia was blocked by Nal and CTAP, suggesting the involvement of, or mediation by, ARH opioid receptors (mainly the mu type) in IL-1 beta-induced hyperthermia. The blockade by delta and kappa antagonists was not remarkable. Thus their participation in this process is less likely. The similarity between the roles of opioid receptors of ARH and POAH in IL-1 beta-induced hyperthermia strongly supports the view that ARH may be an important component of the thermoregulatory center.

Hypothalamic neuronal responses to interleukin-6 in tissue slices: effects of indomethacin and naloxone.

We recently reported that human recombinant interleukin-6 (hrIL-6) microinjected into the preoptic area (POA) of guinea pigs induced fever at high doses, suggesting that IL-6 may be another endogenous pyrogen. This study was undertaken to determine whether hrIL-6 affects the single-unit activity of thermosensitive and thermally insensitive neurons in hypothalamic tissue slices and whether indomethacin (Indo) or naloxone (Nal), a cyclooxygenase inhibitor and a mu-opioid receptor antagonist, respectively, influences the effects of hrIL-6 on those neurons. hrIL-6 (2 x 10(3)-8 x 10(3) U/ml) depressed the activity in 50 (83%) of 60 warm-sensitive (W) neurons and excited all 4 cold-sensitive (C) neurons found. It had no effect, however, on 14 (48%) of 29 thermally insensitive (I) neurons, albeit 7 and 8 I neurons decreased and increased their firing rates, respectively. Indo (0.05-1 mg/ml) blocked the effect of hrIL-6 on 22 of 24 W neurons and 2 C neurons tested. Nal(0.1-1 mg/ml) blocked or reduced the effect of hrIL-6 on 21 of 25 W neurons and 1 C neuron recorded. These drugs induced no neuronal response per se. Nal at 2-5 mg/ml, which increased the activity of four W neurons by itself, reversed their depressed response to hrIL-6. These results support the possibility that IL-6-induced fevers may be mediated through an effect on thermosensitive neurons in the POA and that opioids and prostaglandin E may both be involved in this process.

Alkaloids of Nauclea officinalis.

Five minor alkaloids were isolated from the stems of NAUCLEA OFFICINALIS Pierre ex Pitard: three new alkaloids named naucleficine ( 1), nauclefidine ( 2) and nauclefoline ( 3), and two known alkaloids 1-acetyl-beta-carboline and naucleidinal, along with vanillic acid.