A procedure in mice to obtain intact pituitary-infundibulum-hypothalamus preparations: a method to evaluate the reconstruction of hypothalamohypophyseal system.

PURPOSE: The histopathological study of brain tissue is a common method in neuroscience. However, efficient procedures to preserve the intact hypothalamic-pituitary brain specimens are not available in mice for histopathological study. METHOD: We describe a detailed procedure for obtaining mouse brain with pituitary-hypothalamus continuity. Unlike the traditional methods, we collect the brain via a ventral approach. We cut the intraoccipital synchondrosis, transection the endocranium of pituitary, broke the spheno-occipital synchondrosis, expose the posterior edge of pituitary, separate the trigeminal nerve, then the intact pituitary gland was preserved. RESULT: We report an more effective and practical method to obtain continuous hypothalamus -pituitary preparations based on the preserve of leptomeninges. COMPARED WITH THE EXISTING METHODS: Our procedure effectively protects the integrity of the fragile infundibulum preventing the pituitary from separating from the hypothalamus. This procedure is more convenient and efficient. CONCLUSION: We present a convenient and practical procedure to obtain intact hypothalamic-pituitary brain specimens for subsequent histopathological evaluation in mice.

Structural elucidation of a novel polysaccharide from Ophiopogonis Radix and its self-assembly mechanism in aqueous solution.

Ophiopogonis Radix polysaccharides with various bioactivities have caught people's attention in the pharmaceutical and functional food industries. It is necessary to reveal their structures, chain conformations, and solvent behaviors. A neutral polysaccharide named ORP-1 with molecular weight of 3667 Da was obtained from Ophiopogonis Radix. It was composed of d-fructofuranose and d-glucopyranose in the ratio of 0.85:0.15. Methylation, FT-IR and NMR analysis indicated ORP-1 consisted of 2,6-linked-Fruf units as the main chain and 1-linked-Glcp residue at the end. Congo red assay showed ORP-1 had no triple-helix structure. The observation of TEM and AFM found ORP-1 could self-assemble to form colloidal aggregate in water. This phenomenon was verified using CMC determination and MD simulation. Furthermore, intermolecular hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions would be the main forces driving the aggregate. These results provided reference for the study of the chain conformation and behavior of polysaccharides in aqueous solution.

Selenium alleviates cadmium-induced mitophagy through FUNDC1-mediated mitochondrial quality control pathway in the lungs of sheep.

Cadmium (Cd) is a poisonous metal element that causes mitochondrial dysfunction. Selenium (Se) can reduce the damage of Cd to various organs of animals, but the protective mechanism of Se in Cd-induced lung injury has not been fully elucidated. For purpose of further illustrating the specific mechanism of Se alleviated Cd-triggered pulmonary toxicity, 48 sheep were divided into 4 groups, of which the sheep in the treatment group were taken 1 mg/kg body weight (BW) of Cd, 0.34 mg/kg BW of Se, and 0.34 mg Se + 1 mg/kg BW of Cd by intragastric administration for 50 d, respectively. The results indicated that Cd caused inflammatory cell infiltration and alveolar wall thickening, which facilitated mitochondrial vacuolation and formation of mitophagosomes in lung tissues. Simultaneously, Cd treatment impaired the antioxidant capacity of sheep lung tissue. Additionally, Cd treatment down-regulated the expression levels of mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial fusion, but up-regulated the levels of mitochondrial fission and mitophagy mediated by FUNDC1. Moreover, the immunofluorescence co-localization puncta of LC3B/COX IV, LC3B/FUNDC1 were increased after Cd treatment. Nevertheless, co-treatment with Se improved effectively the above variation caused by Cd exposure. In summary, Se could mitigate Cd-generated mitophagy through FUNDC1-mediated mitochondrial quality control pathway in the lungs of sheep.

[Key technologies in dosage form design of Chinese medicinal liquid preparations: application of component solubility and solubilization technology].

Modern liquid forms of Chinese medicine(CM), such as oral liquid, are similar to traditional decoction, but there are deficiencies in the selection and design of the dosage form, and the solubility of the pre-preparation material is critical. The property system for Chinese medicinal materials(CMMs) was established according to the previous research. The present study established the dosage form design strategy of oral liquid preparations of CM with the solubility as the core, and pointed out the relationship between the saturated volume of component(V_(i-n)) and daily dosage of preparation(V_d) was the key to the dosage form design. To be specific, the prescription can be designed into liquid preparation directly when V_(i-n)≤V_d, while V_(i-n)>V_d, the suitable solubilization technologies are needed. At present, the available solubilization technologies include the addition of excipients such as solubilizers/cosolvents, pH adjustment of the solution, and synergistic solubilization of intermediates and components for the preparation of pharmaceuticals. As reported, the polysaccharides of CM have shown great potential in the solubilization of insoluble components of CM, and they have certain prospects as a new solubilizing excipient.

Selenium alleviates cadmium-induced aging via mitochondrial quality control in the livers of sheep.

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal with toxicity that induces mitochondrial dysfunction and aging, and selenium (Se) can alleviate its toxicity. However, the underlying mechanism of Se alleviating Cd-induced aging in sheep livers deserves further study. This study was to explore the protective mechanism of Se on the Cd-induced aging in the livers of sheep. A total of forty-eight sheep weighing about 10 kg were randomly divided into four groups: control group, Se group [0.34 mg Se·kg-1·body weight (BW)], Cd group (1 mg Cd·kg-1·BW), and Se + Cd group (0.34 mg Se·kg-1·BW +1 mg Cd·kg-1·BW). The results showed that Cd caused vacuolization, granule denaturation, and mitochondrial vacuolization in hepatocytes. Furthermore, the levels of catalase (CAT), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione (GSH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in liver mitochondria were down-regulated, but the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malonaldehyde (MDA) were up-regulated under Cd treatment. Besides, the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (P21) immunohistochemistry positive signal and the puncta of immunofluorescence co-locations of E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin (Parkin)/ cytochrome c oxidase IV (COX IV) and light chain 3B (LC3B)/COX IV were increased under Cd stress. Moreover, Cd exposure decreased the levels of mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion related factors and minichromosome maintenance protein 2 (MCM2), but increased the levels of mitochondrial fission, mitophagy, and cell aging related factors. However, the variations mentioned above caused by Cd were effectively ameliorated by Se co-treatment. In conclusion, Se might alleviate Cd-induced aging via regulating mitochondrial quality control in sheep livers.

A review on the applications of Traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides in drug delivery systems.

Traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides (TCMPs) are plentiful and renewable resources with properties such as biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, biodegradability, and low cytotoxicity. Because the polysaccharide molecular chain contains a variety of active groups, different polysaccharide derivatives can be easily produced through chemical modification. They have been increasingly used in drug delivery systems (DDS). However, the potential of polysaccharides is usually ignored due to their structural complexity, poor stability or ambiguity of mechanisms of actions. This review summarized the applications of TCMPs in DDS around four main aspects. The general characteristics of TCMPs as drug delivery carriers, as well as the relationships between structure and function of them were summarized. Meanwhile, the direction of preparing multifunctional drug delivery materials with synergistic effect by using TCMPs was discussed. This review aims to become a reference for further research of TCMPs and their derivatives, especially applications of them as carriers in pharmaceutical preparation industry.

[Study on anti-hygroscopic technology based on correlations between particle spatial properties and hygroscopicity of Chinese medicinal extracts].

This study was designed to investigate the correlations of the spatial structure properties of Chinese medicinal extracts with hygroscopicity and the anti-hygroscopic techniques. With Poria extract used as the model drug, pregelatinised starch and microcrystalline cellulose at different ratios were added into Poria fluid extract for preparing powder particles with diverse spatial structures using different drying processes. Then, their hygroscopic behaviours were characterized by equilibrium hygroscopicity(F~∞) and semi-hygroscopic time(t_(1/2)). The correlations of the hygroscopicity of each powder with the spatial structure properties such as particle size(D_(90)), porosity(ε), true density(ρ_t), and surface element distribution were analyzed using partial least-squares method. The F~∞ and t_(1/2) values of Poria extract prepared by three drying methods were sorted in a descending order as follows: F~∞(spray drying>drying at ordinary pressure>drying at reduced pressure); t_(1/2)(drying at reduced pressure>drying at ordinary pressure>spray drying). The powder obtained by spray drying showed a spherical structure with the smallest particle size and intra-particle ε but relatively stronger hygroscopicity. The large-scale surface element enrichment of the powders dried by reduced pressure effectively reduced their hygroscopicity. F~∞ and t_(1/2) were negatively correlated with ε but positively with D_(90), and the interactive influence of each spatial structural properties was not significant. There existed a correlation between the spatial structure of the powder particles of Chinese medicine extracts and their hygroscopicity, and the hygroscopicity could be improved by designing the spatial structure. This study has provided some practical basis for developing the moisture-proof technology of Chinese medicinal preparations.

[Characterization analysis technique of Panax notoginseng saponin subcomponents for prevention and treatment of myocardial ischemia based on their structure and effect differences].

According to the structure and effect differences of Panax notoginseng saponin components(PNSC), subcomponent division and network pharmacological characterization were conducted to provide a research basis for the medicinal properties of P.notoginseng saponin subcomponents and the technical design of unit preparations. PNSC were screened by the TCMSP database and subcomponents were classified according to systematic clustering. Then the subcomponents obtained were subjected to target prediction and attribution analysis by PharmMapper server, GeneCards, DisGeNET and HOME-NCBI-GENE database. A subcomponent target interaction network was constructed by using the STRING database. KEGG and GO enrichment analysis were performed on each subcomponent target using the DAVID database. The subcomponents-targets-pathways visualization network was constructed by Cytoscape. The subcomponent targets and pathways involved were compared to analyze the differences in anti-myocardial ischemic drug mechanisms and the rationality of subcomponent division. Eighteen compounds of PNSC were screened out, and classified into three subcomponents A, B, and C according to their properties, involving 67 targets and 17 common anti-myocardial ischemic pathways directly or indirectly related to myocardial ischemia. Subcomponent A had the highest number of targets and the target interaction was dense, possibly indicating its key role in the mechanism of pharmacodynamics. Subcomponents A, B, and C had similar basic structures, and KEGG and GO analysis showed that they all can enhance the heart function and protection of cardiomyocytes by inhibiting apoptosis, promoting angiogenesis and regulating inflammatory response to play the effect on myocardial ischemia. This study fully reflected the differences in the efficacy of various subcomponents in preventing and treating myocardial ischemia due to the different physical properties of P. notoginseng saponin subcomponents. To some extent, the differences in the efficacy of each subcomponent in the prevention and treatment of myocardial ischemia could verify the rationality of the division of P. notoginseng saponin subcomponents according to the structural properties, realizing the characterization of P. notoginseng saponin subcomponents based on structure and effect differences.

Hyperthermia-triggered UK release nanovectors for deep venous thrombosis therapy.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common and lethal complication of surgery. In the clinic, thrombolytic drugs are primarily used for treating DVT. However, the utilization of thrombolytic drugs is limited due to the risk of urokinase (UK)-related hemorrhagic complications. In this paper, a binary eutectic phase-change fatty acid composed of lauric acid and stearic acid was used to block the pores of gold-mesoporous silica core-shell nanoparticles, so as to deliver thrombolytic drugs. The eutectic mixture has a well-defined melting point at 39.2 °C, which can be used as a biocompatible phase-change material for hyperthermia-triggered drug release. The prepared system presents remarkable photothermal effects due to the gold nanoparticles and quick drug release in response to near-infrared irradiation (NIR). In addition, localized hyperthermia could also enhance the lysis of the thrombus. The thrombolytic effect of this system was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Herein, a rabbit femoral vein thrombosis model was first built for imitating thrombolysis in vivo. The B-ultrasound was then used to monitor the changes in the thrombus after treatment. The results indicated that the reported system could be potentially used to deliver thrombotic drugs in the clinic.

An Integrated Strategy for Effective-Component Discovery of Astragali Radix in the Treatment of Lung Cancer.

Lung cancer is one of the most devastating diseases worldwide, with high incidence and mortality worldwide, and the anticancer potential of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been gradually recognized by the scientific community. Astragali Radix (AR) is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of lung cancer and has a certain clinical effect, but effective components and targets are still unclear. In the study, we established an integrated strategy for effective-component discovery of AR in the treatment of lung cancer based on a variety of techniques. First, the effective components and potential targets of AR were deciphered by the "component-target-disease" network using network pharmacology, and potential signal pathways on lung cancer were predicted by Gene Ontology (GO) biological function enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. Then, the therapeutic effects of AR in the treatment of lung cancer were evaluated in vivo using A/J mice, and the potential targets related to autophagy and potential signal pathway were verified by Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence staining, and real-time PCR technology at protein and gene expression level. Finally, metabolism in vitro by rat intestinal flora and cell membrane immobilized chromatography technology were used to screen the effective components of AR in the treatment of lung cancer, and remaining components from the cell immobilized chromatography were collected and analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). The screening results of the integrated strategy showed that calycosin-7-O-ß-D-glucoside, ononin, calycosin, astragaloside IV, astragaloside II, cycloastragenol, and formononetin may be effective components of AR in the treatment of lung cancer, and they may play a role in the treatment of lung cancer through autophagy and p53/AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. The integrated strategy for effective-component discovery provided a valuable reference mode for finding the pharmacodynamic material basis of complex TCM systems. In addition, the prediction for targets and signal pathways laid a foundation for further study on the mechanism of AR in the treatment of lung cancer.

Effect of superfine pulverization on physicochemical and medicinal properties of Qili Powder

Qili Powder, a preparation from Traditional Chinese Medicine, commonly used to treat injuries from falling or stumbling, pain caused by bruising, and traumatic hemorrhage. The aim of the present work was to investigate the application of the superfine pulverization on Qili Powder properties. The physicochemical and medicinal properties of fine Qili Powder with D90 particle size of 164.5 μm, and superfine Qili Powder with D90 particle size of 32.2 μm were investigated. The results showed that with decreasing particle size, the specific surface area and pore volume increased, the fluidity decreased, and the percentage of moisture absorption and the balanced moisture content decreased. Analysis HPLC, XRD and FTIR results indicated that superfine pulverization didn’t influence dracorhodin content, nor the molecular structure and crystal form of Qili Powder. The percentage of dissolution of dracorhodin was significantly improved after superfine pulverization. Pharmacokinetics results confirmed that superfine pulverization increases the absorption rate in rats and dracorhodin content of Qili Powder.