RESUMO
Ginger is known to have antiinflammatory and antioxidative effects and has traditionally been used as an herbal supplement in the treatment of various chronic diseases. Here, we report antineutrophil properties of 6-gingerol, the most abundant bioactive compound of ginger root, in models of lupus and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Specifically, we demonstrate that 6-gingerol attenuates neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) release in response to lupus- and APS-relevant stimuli through a mechanism that is at least partially dependent on inhibition of phosphodiesterases. At the same time, administration of 6-gingerol to mice reduces NET release in various models of lupus and APS, while also improving other disease-relevant endpoints, such as autoantibody formation and large-vein thrombosis. In summary, this study is the first to our knowledge to demonstrate a protective role for ginger-derived compounds in the context of lupus. Importantly, it provides a potential mechanism for these effects via phosphodiesterase inhibition and attenuation of neutrophil hyperactivity.
Assuntos
Catecóis/farmacologia , Álcoois Graxos/farmacologia , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/tratamento farmacológico , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/imunologia , Neutrófilos/efeitos dos fármacos , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antifosfolipídeos/biossíntese , Síndrome Antifosfolipídica/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome Antifosfolipídica/imunologia , Síndrome Antifosfolipídica/metabolismo , Catecóis/sangue , Catecóis/farmacocinética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Armadilhas Extracelulares/efeitos dos fármacos , Armadilhas Extracelulares/imunologia , Álcoois Graxos/sangue , Álcoois Graxos/farmacocinética , Feminino , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Inibidores da Fosfodiesterase 4/farmacologia , Inibidores de Fosfodiesterase/sangue , Inibidores de Fosfodiesterase/farmacocinética , Inibidores de Fosfodiesterase/farmacologia , Fitoterapia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Trombose Venosa/tratamento farmacológico , Trombose Venosa/patologiaRESUMO
RATIONALE: Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation promotes vascular damage, thrombosis, and activation of interferon-α-producing plasmacytoid dendritic cells in diseased arteries. Peptidylarginine deiminase inhibition is a strategy that can decrease in vivo NET formation. OBJECTIVE: To test whether peptidylarginine deiminase inhibition, a novel approach to targeting arterial disease, can reduce vascular damage and inhibit innate immune responses in murine models of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Apolipoprotein-E (Apoe)(-/-) mice demonstrated enhanced NET formation, developed autoantibodies to NETs, and expressed high levels of interferon-α in diseased arteries. Apoe(-/-) mice were treated for 11 weeks with daily injections of Cl-amidine, a peptidylarginine deiminase inhibitor. Peptidylarginine deiminase inhibition blocked NET formation, reduced atherosclerotic lesion area, and delayed time to carotid artery thrombosis in a photochemical injury model. Decreases in atherosclerosis burden were accompanied by reduced recruitment of netting neutrophils and macrophages to arteries, as well as by reduced arterial interferon-α expression. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacological interventions that block NET formation can reduce atherosclerosis burden and arterial thrombosis in murine systems. These results support a role for aberrant NET formation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis through modulation of innate immune responses.