Chloroplast Genome Structure of Stemona tuberosa and Phylogenetic Analysis Based on PacBio Sequencing / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo obtain high-quality chloroplast genome information on Stemona tuberosa and clarify its structure， sequence features， and phylogenetic status. MethodThe Illumina NovaSeq 6000 and PacBio RS Ⅱ platforms were used for library construction and sequencing of S. tuberosa， respectively. The data from both sequencing platforms were combined and subjected to bioinformatics analysis for genome assembly and base correction， resulting in a high-quality chloroplast genome. Subsequently， sequence features， repetitive sequences， gene diversity， and phylogeny were analyzed. ResultThe chloroplast genome size of S. tuberosa was determined to be 154 379 bp. The structure of the chloroplast genome followed the typical quadripartite circular form， consisting of a pair of inverted repeat regions （IRs） with a length of 27 074 bp， a small single-copy region （SSC） of 17 924 bp， and a large single-copy region （LSC） of 82 307 bp. The average GC content was 37.86%. A total of 121 genes were annotated， including 30 tRNA genes， four rRNA genes， and 87 protein-coding genes. Among them， six tRNA genes and 12 protein-coding genes contained introns. In the chloroplast genome of S. tuberosa， 49 long repetitive sequences and 59 single-nucleotide simple sequence repeats （SSRs） were identified. Comparative analysis of chloroplast genomes among four Stemona species revealed high diversity in the ycf1 and ndhF genes. The phylogenetic tree constructed based on the chloroplast genome showed consistent classification with the current taxonomic status of S. tuberosa. ConclusionThe high-quality chloroplast genome of S. tuberosa was successfully assembled， providing valuable information on the structure and sequence features of chloroplast genomes in four Stemona species， including S. tuberosa. These findings lay a foundation for the identification， evolution， and phylogenetic studies of medicinal plants in the genus Stemona.

Varieties and standards of Corydalis medicinal plants / 中国中药杂志

Through literature research and standard retrieval, Corydalis-derived medicinal materials, the origins, and related standards were summarized. Finally, 27 medicinal materials were screened out, involving 71 species(varieties). Among them, only 11 are recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020), National Standard for Chinese Patent Drugs·Tibetan Medicine, Tibetan Medicine Standards, and other local standards, including Corydalis Bungeanae Herba and Corydalis Herba. The names and original plants of the medicinal materials are different in different standards, and the phenomena of "same medicinal material with different names" and "same name for different medicinal materials" are prominent. Most standards only include the traits, microscopic identification, and physico-chemical property identification, with unsound quality criteria. Thus, efforts should be made to strengthen the sorting of Corydalis medicinal plants, herbal textual research, and investigation of the resources and utilization. Moreover, via modern techniques, the chemical components and medicinal material basis of different original plants should be explored and sound quality standards should be established to improve the safety and quality of Corydalis-derived medicinal materials. Summarizing Corydalis medicinal plants, Corydalis-derived medicinal materials, and related standards, this study is expected to provide a reference for the standard formulation, quality evaluation, expansion of drug sources, and rational development and utilization of Corydalis resources.

Research status and trends of acupuncture and moxibustion for cancer：a bibliometric analysis based on CiteSpace and VOSviewer / 中国针灸

To analyze the research status of acupuncture and moxibustion for cancer at home and abroad in the past 45 years by using bibliometric and scientific knowledge map methods，and explore the development trends in future. The literature of acupuncture and moxibustion for cancer was retrieved from CNKI and Web of Science (WOS) till December 31, 2020 since the database establishment, and CiteSpace and VOSviewer software were used to perform visual map analysis through cooperation network, keyword co-occurrence, keyword timeline, keyword emergence and other methods. Totally, 1 585 literature in CNKI and 1 564 literature in WOS were included, and the annual publication amount showed a fluctuating upward trend. Cooperation between countries was centered on China and the United States, and there was relatively little cooperation among different institutions. The analysis of keyword and cited literature showed that researches focused on the control of acupuncture and moxibustion therapy on cancer complications and adverse reactions of western medicine. The main research types in WOS were systematic review and randomized controlled trial (RCT), while in CNKI was review, depth studies on mechanism of acupuncture and moxibustion for cancer were rare. The concern about the quality of life of cancer patients may become research emphasis in the field of acupuncture and moxibustion for cancer in future, and the research scope tends to integrative and holistic oncology.

[Identification of Chinese medicine sea snake based on cytochrome B (Cytb)].

The identification of species primordium has been one of the hot issues in the identification of traditional Chinese medicine. Sea snake is one of the most valuable Chinese medicinal materials in China. In order to understand the origin and varieties of sea snake in the market, we studied the molecular identification of 46 sea snakes by cytochrome B(Cytb). After comparison and manual correction, the sequence length was 582 bp, and the content of A+T(58.9%) was higher than that of G+C(41.1%). There exist 197 variable sites and 179 parsimony-informative sites of the sequence. There are 44 kinds of sequence alignment with consistency equal to 100%, and 2 kinds equal to 96%. A total of 408 Cytb effective sequences were downloaded from GenBank database, with a total of 68 species. Phylogenetic tree of a total of 454 sea snake sequences with the samples in this study were constructed by neighbor-joining trees and Bayesian inference method, respectively, which can identify 42 samples of medicinal materials, while 4 samples can not be identified because of their low node support. The results showed that the species of the sea snake medicine were at least from 2 genera and 5 species, namely, Aipysurus eydouxii, Hydrophis curtus, H. caerulescen, H. curtus, H. ornatus and H. spiralis. This study suggested that the original species of commercial sea snake are very complex and can provide insight into the identification of sea snakes.

Herbal Textual Research on Local Varieties of Codonopsis Radix / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Codonopsis Radix， one of the bulk commodities， has been commonly used for tonification in clinical practice. Apart from the medicinal purpose， it can also be utilized as food. Among the multiple local varieties， the ones called "Luduiduoji" in Tibetan medicine cannot be neglected， which have frequently been adopted for diminishing inflammation and swelling， invigorating spleen and stomach， and tonifying Qi， etc. Considering its complex origins and frequent substitution by or confusion with other medicinal materials， this paper reviewed the Si Bu Yi Dian， Jingzhu Bencao， ministerial and local standards， modern literature on Tibetan medicine， and the results of field investigation in major Tibetan medicine hospitals and medicinal material markets of Sichuan， Qinghai and Tibet to figure out the name， original plants， medicinal parts， effects， and local varieties of Codonopsis Radix in Tibetan medicine. The results showed that the names of local varieties were diverse， many of which were transliterated into Tibetan， with "Luduiduoji" being most well-known. It was derived from 14 species in genus Codonopsis and one in Adenophora of family Campanulaceae， with Codonopsis foetens subsp. nervosa， C. thalictrifolia var. mollis， C. canescens， C. alpina， and C. pilosula being the main species. According to literature records， the roots， aerial parts， and whole plants could all be employed as medicine， but there were certain differences in their clinical applications. At present， in order to protect the medicinal resources， Tibetan medical workers mostly collect the aerial parts， which are applicable to patients with yellow water， rheumatism， Gamba disease， and leprosy. This literature review of local varieties for Codonopsis Radix and textual research on their original plants are of great significance for elevating the standard， accelerating the pharmacodynamic research， expanding the sources and promoting the rational use of Codonopsis Radix.

Identification of Chinese medicine sea snake based on cytochrome B (Cytb) / 中国中药杂志

The identification of species primordium has been one of the hot issues in the identification of traditional Chinese medicine. Sea snake is one of the most valuable Chinese medicinal materials in China. In order to understand the origin and varieties of sea snake in the market, we studied the molecular identification of 46 sea snakes by cytochrome B(Cytb). After comparison and manual correction, the sequence length was 582 bp, and the content of A+T(58.9%) was higher than that of G+C(41.1%). There exist 197 variable sites and 179 parsimony-informative sites of the sequence. There are 44 kinds of sequence alignment with consistency equal to 100%, and 2 kinds equal to 96%. A total of 408 Cytb effective sequences were downloaded from GenBank database, with a total of 68 species. Phylogenetic tree of a total of 454 sea snake sequences with the samples in this study were constructed by neighbor-joining trees and Bayesian inference method, respectively, which can identify 42 samples of medicinal materials, while 4 samples can not be identified because of their low node support. The results showed that the species of the sea snake medicine were at least from 2 genera and 5 species, namely, Aipysurus eydouxii, Hydrophis curtus, H. caerulescen, H. curtus, H. ornatus and H. spiralis. This study suggested that the original species of commercial sea snake are very complex and can provide insight into the identification of sea snakes.

UPLC-Q-TOF-MS Analysis of Chemical Constituents of Paederiae Herba for Folk Use / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:The chemical constituents of ethanol extracts from Paederia scandens，P. scandens var.tomentosa，P. stenophylla and P. foetida used in folk were identified. And the differences of chemical constituents among the four kinds of ethanol extracts were compared. Method:The chemical constituents of four species of Paederia were qualitatively and rapidly analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. The data were analyzed manually and matched through databases to determine the differences among the chemical constituents of four species of Paederia. Result:Twenty-three compounds were identified from four species, including 12 iridoid glycosides，such as paederoside，paederosidic acid，asperuloside，asperulosidic acid，paederosidic acid methyl ester and monotropein.5 quinic acid derivatives, such as 1-O-caffeoylquinic acid，chlorogenic acid，cryptochlorogenic acid,and 5 flavonoid glycosides，such as quercetin-3-O-rutinoside-7-O-glucoside,quercetin-3-O-rutinoside-7-O-xyloside，rutin and simple compoundkinsenoside. Conclusion:Based on the UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis of the chemical components of four kinds of Paederia，the four peaks with the highest response intensity were paederoside，paederosidic acid，asperuloside and asperulosidic acid，all of which were iridoid glycosides.

Research on contents of anthraquinones,dianthrones and tannins in Rheum tanguticum on PCA and CA / 中国中药杂志

Anthraquinones,dianthrones and tannins are the main active ingredients of Rheum tanguticum. In this study the three components were determined by HPLC,and the results were analyzed by multiple comparisons,principal components analysis(PCA)and correspondence analysis(CA). The results showed that the contents of components in different growing areas and types(wild and cultivated) reached a significant level(P<0. 05). Baiyu county,Xiaojin county and Ruoergai county had obvious advantages in the accumulation of catechin hydrate,rhien and sensenoside A respectively. The principal component was different in two growing type and the wild environment was conducive to combined anthraquinones accumulation. For active components,normalized planting was better than retail cultivating. Therefore,the effect on the accumulation of chemical components in Rh. tangusticum,should be taken into full account in the selection of the cultural base of Rh. tanguticum. The standardized cultivating is superior to retail cultivating in terms of the accumulation of active ingredients,and standardized planting is inferior to the wild.

[Resource investigation on rare and endangered She medicine Tetrastigma hemsleyanum in Zhejiang Province].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the resource of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum which was rare and endangered plant in She nationality in Zhejiang Province. METHODS: Using literature method, survey method, plots method and line method, the resource situation of artificial planting and wild resource in Zhejiang Province were investigated. RESULTS: It was a scarce and precious medicinal herb that wild resource was rare and endangered. There were artificial planting area about 104.55 hm2 which expected to produce 173.91 tons in Zhejiang Province. CONCLUSION: In the wild,it is relatively harsh to environmental requirements for growth. Generally speaking, it takes 3 - 5 years growth period to achieve the medicinal value. The wild resource is scarce and the market demand is increasing, which brings about artificial planting to develop rapidly.

[Effect of nape cluster-acupuncture treatment on brain microcirculation in ischemic stroke rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of nape cluster-acupuncture treatment on blood microcirculation of the cerebral piamater and the whole blood viscosity in cerebral ischemia (CI) rats so as to study its mechanism underlying improvement of CI. METHODS: Eighty male Wistar rats were randomly allocated to false operation group, CI model group, medication group and acupuncture group (n = 20). CI model was established by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery with intraluminal suture-ball blocking method. For rats of the nape cluster-acupuncture group, acupuncture needles were inserted into "Fengfu" (GV 16), "Yamen" (GV 15), "Xia-naohu" (GV 17), "Fengchi" (GB 20), and the points of evenly divided into three parts between GV 16 and GB 20 respectively, and rotated for 1 min, then retained for 15 min, once a day, for 14 sessions. Rats of the medication group were given with intragatric perfusion of nimodipine (12 mL/kg), once daily for 14 days. The blood microcirculation of the brain was detected by using a laser Doppler flowmeter with the probe put near the surface of cerebral piamater. The whole blood viscosity was determined using a blood rheological automatic detector. RESULTS: In comparison with the false operation group, the blood flow volume of the cerebral piamater was remarkably decreased and the whole blood viscosity level significantly increased in the model group (P < 0.01). In comparison with the model group, the blood flow volume of the cerebral piamater was obviously increased and the whole blood viscosity apparently decreased in both the acupuncture and medication groups (P < 0.01). The effects of acupuncture were obviously better than those of the medication in upregulating blood flow volume and in lowering whole blood viscosity (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The nape cluster acupuncture treatment has a favorable role in improving brain microcirculation by raising blood flow volume and reducing blood viscosity in ischemic stroke rats.

[Optimum extraction technology of total triterpenoids from Hypodematium sinense].

OBJECTIVE: To optimize the extraction technology of total triterpenoids from Hypodematium sinense. METHODS: With 5% vanillin-glacial acetic acid solution and 72% sulfuric acid as chromogenic agent and the content of total tripenoids as index,using single factor experiment and orthogonal test,the optimal extraction condition was determined. RESULTS: The optimal conditions were solid-liquid ratio 1:12, 60% ethanol concentration, and ultrasonic extraction time of 60 min at 60 degrees C. CONCLUSION: The extraction technology is feasible and can be used as extraction process of total triterpenoids from Hypodematium sinense.