The rumen-derived Lact. mucosae LLK-XR1 exhibited greater free gossypol degradation capacity during solid-state fermentation of cottonseed meal and probiotic potential.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to isolate the rumen-derived bacteria with the ability to degrade free gossypol (FG), and to evaluate the probiotic potential in vitro for ensuring safe utilization. METHODS: The strains were anaerobically isolated from fresh rumen fluid of sheep with long-term fed cottonseed meal (CSM) with the screening agar medium containing gossypol as the sole carbon source. Afterwards, the isolated strain incubated with CSM was subjected to the determination of the FG degradation and in vitro evaluation of probiotic characteristics. RESULTS: The target strain labeled Lact. mucosae LLK-XR1 [Accession number: OQ652016.1] was obtained, and its growth on MRS Liquid medium exhibited degradation efficiency of FG up to 69.5% which was significantly greater than its growth on Man-Rogosa-Sharpe medium with glucose free for 24 h (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, LLK-XR1 showed 40.652% degradation rate of FG for unautoclaved, non-pulverized, and no additional nutrients supplementation CSM. Furthermore, LLK-XR1 presented good survivability at pH 3.0 (above 88.6%), and 0.3% bile (78.5%). LLK-XR1 showed sensitivity to broad-spectrum antibiotics except Sulfamethoxazole, Ciprofloxacin and Gentamycin and significantly inhibited E. coli CICC 10,899, Staph. aureus CICC 21,600, and Salmonella. Typhimurium CICC 21,483. LLK-XR1 demonstrated good cell surface hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation ability. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, this study for the first time noted that rumen-originated Lact. mucosae LLK-XR1 with probiotic properties exhibited substantial FG degradation capacity when it was applied to the solid-state fermentation of CSM.

Novel organic selenium source hydroxy-selenomethionine counteracts the blood-milk barrier disruption and inflammatory response of mice under heat stress.

Heat stress (HS) in summer has caused huge economic losses to animal husbandry production recently. When mammary gland is exposed to high temperatures, it will cause blood-milk barrier damage. Hydroxy-selenomethionine (HMSeBA) is a new selenium source with better guarantee of animals' production performance under stress, but whether it has protective effect on heat stress-induced blood-milk damage is still unclear. We established mammary epithelial cells and mice heat stress injury models to fill this research gap, and hope to provide theoretical basis for using HMSeBA to alleviate heat stress damage mammary gland. The results showed that (1) Heat stress significantly decreases in vitro transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and cell viability (P < 0.01), and significantly decreases clinical score, histological score, and total alveoli area of mice mammary gland tissue (P < 0.01). (2) HMSeBA significantly increases TEER and fluorescein sodium leakage of HS-induced monolayer BMECs (P < 0.01), significantly improves the milk production and total area of alveoli (P < 0.01), and reduces clinical score, histological score, mRNA expression of heat stress-related proteins, and inflammatory cytokines release of heat-stressed mice (P < 0.01). (3) HMSeBA significantly improves tight junction structure damage, and significantly up-regulated the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, claudin 1, and occludin) as well as signal molecules PI3K, AKT, and mTOR (P < 0.01) in heat-stressed mammary tissue. (4) HMSeBA significantly increases glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and superoxide dismutase release (SOD) (P < 0.01) and significantly reduce malondialdehyde (MDA) expression (P < 0.01) in heat-stressed mammary tissue. In conclusion, this study implemented heat-stressed cell and mice model and showed that HMSeBA significantly regulate antioxidant capacity, inhibited inflammation, and regulate tight junction proteins expression in blood-milk barrier via PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, so as to alleviate mammary gland damage and ensure its structure and function integrity.

Guanidine acetic acid exhibited greater growth performance in younger (13-30 kg) than in older (30-50 kg) lambs under high-concentrate feedlotting pattern.

Guanidine acetic acid (GAA) is increasingly considered as a nutritional growth promoter in monogastric animals. Whether or not such response would exist in rapid-growing lambs is unclear yet. The objective of this study was to investigate whether dietary supplementation with uncoated GAA (UGAA) and coated GAA (CGAA) could alter growth performance, nutrient digestion, serum metabolites, and antioxidant capacity in lambs. Seventy-two small-tailed Han lambs initially weighed 12 ± 1.6 kg were randomly allocated into six groups in a 2 × 3 factorial experimental design including two forage-type rations [Oaten hay (OH) vs. its combination with wheat silage (OHWS)] and three GAA treatment per ration: no GAA, 1 g UGAA, and 1 g CGAA per kg dry matter. The whole experiment was completed in two consecutive growing stages (stage 1, 13-30 kg; stage 2, 30-50 kg). Under high-concentrate feeding pattern (Stage 1, 25: 75; Stage 2, 20: 80), UGAA or CGAA supplementation in young lambs presented greater dry matter intake (DMI) in stage 1 and average daily gain (ADG) in the whole experimental period; lambs in OH group had higher ADG and DMI than that in OHWS group in stage 1 and whole experimental period, but this phenomenon was not observed in stage 2. Both UCGA and CGAA addition increased dietary DM, organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestion in both stages. In blood metabolism, UCGA and CGAA addition resulted in a greater total protein (TP) and insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1) levels, as well as antioxidant capacity; at the same time, UCGA and CGAA addition increased GAA metabolism-creatine kinase and decreased guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) and L-Arginine glycine amidine transferase catalyzes (AGAT) activity. In a brief, the results obtained in the present study suggested that GAA (UGAA and CGAA; 1 g/kg DM) could be applied to improve growth performance in younger (13-30 kg) instead of older (30-50 kg) lambs in high-concentrate feedlotting practice.

Effect of Supplementing Different Levels of L-Glutamine on Holstein Calves during Weaning.

Weaning stress affects the health and performance of calves. L-glutamine (L-Gln) is commonly used as a functional antioxidant and energy supplement in the body. However, dietary L-Gln supplementation improving weaning stress of calves is unclear. Thus, we aimed to explore the effects of L-Gln (provided by rumen-protected L-Gln) on calves during weaning. Seventy-five Holstein calves (54.0 ± 2.68 kg; 42 ± 2.1 d of age) were assigned to five groups: no supplementation and L-Gln with 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% dry matter daily intake (DMI) supplementation groups, respectively. The experiment lasted for 28 days (42-70 d of age of calves), and the calves were weaned at 15 d of experiment. DMI and body weekly weight of all calves were recorded. Blood samples of nine healthy calves with similar body weight were collected from each group at 0, 7, 14, 16, 18, 21, and 28 d of experiment for detecting serum L-Gln, glucose, insulin, urea nitrogen, D-lactate, cortisol, haptoglobin, interleukin-8, immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgA, IgM, total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and malondialdehyde. At the end of the experiment, six healthy calves with similar body weight from each group were selected for slaughter and morphological analysis of small intestine tissue. The results showed that the L-Gln supplementation in the diets improved the negative effects of sudden weaning in calves. Furthermore, compared to the higher-level L-Gln supple-mentation (3 and 4% of DMI) groups, the dietary lower-level L-Gln supplementation (1 and 2% of DMI) had higher average daily gain, glutathione peroxidase and IgG concentration, and villus height/crypt depth of the duodenum and jejunum, as well as lower cortisol, haptoglobin, and interleukin-8 concentration of weaned calves. These results provided effective reference for relieving the negative effects of calves during weaning.

CACA Guidelines for Holistic Integrative Management of Breast Cancer.

Purpose: Breast cancer is now the most common malignant tumor worldwide. About one-fourth of female cancer patients all over the world suffer from breast cancer. And about one in six female cancer deaths worldwide is caused by breast cancer. In terms of absolute numbers of cases and deaths, China ranks first in the world. The CACA Guidelines for Holistic Integrative Management of Breast Cancer were edited to help improve the diagnosis and comprehensive treatment in China. Methods: The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) was used to classify evidence and consensus. Results: The CACA Guidelines for Holistic Integrative Management of Breast Cancer include the epidemiology of breast cancer, breast cancer screening, breast cancer diagnosis, early breast cancer treatment, advanced breast cancer treatment, follow-up, rehabilitation, and traditional Chinese medicine treatment of breast cancer patients. Conclusion: We to standardize the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in China through the formulation of the CACA Guidelines.

Effects of Selenium as a Dietary Source on Performance, Inflammation, Cell Damage, and Reproduction of Livestock Induced by Heat Stress: A Review.

Heat stress as a result of global warming has harmful consequences for livestock and is thus becoming an urgent issue for animal husbandry worldwide. Ruminants, growing pigs, and poultry are very susceptible to heat stress because of their fast growth, rapid metabolism, high production levels, and sensitivity to temperature. Heat stress compromises the efficiency of animal husbandry by affecting performance, gastrointestinal health, reproductive physiology, and causing cell damage. Selenium (Se) is an essential nutritional trace element for livestock production, which acts as a structural component in at least 25 selenoproteins (SELs); it is involved in thyroid hormone synthesis, and plays a key role in the antioxidant defense system. Dietary Se supplementation has been confirmed to support gastrointestinal health, production performance, and reproductive physiology under conditions of heat stress. The underlying mechanisms include the regulation of nutrient digestibility influenced by gastrointestinal microorganisms, antioxidant status, and immunocompetence. Moreover, heat stress damage to the gastrointestinal and mammary barrier is closely related to cell physiological functions, such as the fluidity and stability of cellular membranes, and the inhibition of receptors as well as transmembrane transport protein function. Se also plays an important role in inhibiting cell apoptosis and reducing cell inflammatory response induced by heat stress. This review highlights the progress of research regarding the dietary supplementation of Se in the mitigation of heat stress, addressing its mechanism and explaining the effect of Se on cell damage caused by heat stress, in order to provide a theoretical reference for the use of Se to mitigate heat stress in livestock.

Effect of dietary gossypol supplement on fermentation characteristics and bacterial diversity in the rumen of sheep.

The tolerance of ruminants to gossypol, a natural phenolic compound derived from the cotton plant, is greater than that of monogastric animals, partially because of the gossypol-degrading bacteria in the rumen of the ruminants. In this study, we aimed to examine the effect of gossypol supplementation on fermentation characteristics, bacterial α-diversity and community structure in the rumen fluid of sheep to analyse the change of bacterial in response to gossypol. 8 sheep with permanent fistula were randomly divided into 2 groups, a control and gossypol acetate supplementation groups. Sheep in the latter group were supplemented with gossypol acetate at the levels of 600 mg and 1,200 mg/animal per day during the first (S1, days 1 to 27) and subsequent (S2, days 28 to 47) stages. Gossypol supplementation significantly increased the molar proportion of acetate, and decreased the molar proportion of isobutyric acid, butyric acid, and isovaleric acid in the rumen fluid. Gossypol supplementation have no significant effect on bacterial diversity in the rumen fluid. At the phylum level, gossypol had no effect on bacterial community. At the genus level, gossypol supplementation significantly increased the relative abundance of Treponema_2. However, there were no significant differences in the relative abundance of dominant bacterial genera. In conclusion, gossypol supplementation had an effect on molar proportion of acetate, isobutyric acid, butyric acid, and isovaleric acid, but had no significant effect on the bacterial diversity and relative abundance of dominant bacteria in rumen fluid of sheep.

Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Pertuzumab, Trastuzumab, and Docetaxel for Patients With Early or Locally Advanced ERBB2-Positive Breast Cancer in Asia: The PEONY Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Prospective assessment of treatments known to benefit patients in global clinical trials in specific racial groups is essential. Objective: To compare the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of adding pertuzumab to trastuzumab and docetaxel vs placebo, trastuzumab, and docetaxel in Asian patients with ERBB2-positive early or locally advanced breast cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants: This multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial enrolled 329 women with ERBB2-positive early (T2-3, N0-1, M0) or locally advanced breast cancer (T2-3, N2 or N3, M0; T4, any N, M0) and primary tumor larger than 2 cm from March 14, 2016, to March 13, 2017. Analysis of the primary end point was performed on an intention-to-treat basis. Interventions: Before surgery, patients received 4 cycles of intravenous pertuzumab (840-mg loading dose and 420-mg maintenance doses), trastuzumab (8-mg/kg loading dose and 6-mg/kg maintenance doses), and docetaxel (75 mg/m2) or intravenous placebo, trastuzumab, and docetaxel every 3 weeks. After surgery, patients received 3 cycles of intravenous fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide followed by 13 cycles of the same intravenous anti-ERBB2 therapy (pertuzumab and trastuzumab or placebo and trastuzumab) for up to 1 year. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was independent review committee-assessed total pathologic complete response rate. The 2-sided Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test, stratified by disease category and hormone receptor status, was used to compare rates between treatment groups. Results: In total, 329 female patients were randomized (pertuzumab, 219; and placebo, 110; mean [SD] age, 48.8 [9.5] years). In the intention-to-treat population, total pathologic complete response rates were 39.3% (86 of 219) in the pertuzumab group and 21.8% (24 of 110) in the placebo group (difference, 17.5% [95% CI, 6.9%-28.0%]; P = .001). Of the most common grade 3 or higher adverse events, there was a higher incidence of neutropenia in the pertuzumab group (83 of 218 [38.1%] vs 36 of 110 [32.7%]). Serious adverse events were reported in 10.1% of patients (22 of 218) in the pertuzumab group and 8.2% of patients (9 of 110) in the placebo group. Conclusions and Relevance: Treatment with pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and docetaxel resulted in a statistically significant improvement in the total pathologic complete response rate vs placebo, trastuzumab, and docetaxel for the neoadjuvant treatment of ERBB2-positive early or locally advanced breast cancer in Asian patients. Safety data were in line with the known pertuzumab safety profile and generally comparable between treatment groups. The PEONY trial adds to the totality of data showing the benefit of the pertuzumab regimen. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02586025.

Effect of cimicifuga racemosa on menopausal syndrome caused by LHRH-a in breast cancer.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cimicifuga racemose is previously proved effective on nature menopausal syndrome (MPS). However, its clinical value in treating with MPS induced by luteinizing-hormone releasing hormone analogue (LHRH-a) therapy of pre-/peri-menopausal breast cancer patients is still unknown. AIM OF STUDY: This perspective randomised-design study is to investigate the effect and safety of cimicifuga racemosa on MPS induced by LHRH-a in breast cancer (clinical trial registered: NCT03339882). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Breast cancer patients planning for LHRH-a treatment were randomly divided into 2 groups. The control group which was being treated with the standard treatment of LHRH-a. The other group was being treated with Remifemin, the commercialized product of cimicifuga racemose extract, combined with LHRH-a, called Remifemin group. Our main endpoint was Kupperman menopause index (KMI). Hormone levels in peripheral blood and gynecological complications were also evaluated. RESULTS: Totally, 85 patients (42 in Remifemin group and 43 in control group) were enrolled in Zhejiang Cancer Hospital. At the 4th, 8th and 12th week after using LHRH-a, the KMI were all significantly lower in Remifemin group than in control group (P < 0.01), while the hormone levels, including estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were similar in the two groups. In addition, the incidence of cervical cyst in Remifemin group was higher than that in control group (P = 0.02), and there was no significant difference in the other gynecological complications, including endometrial thickening, ovarian cyst or uterine fibroid (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Cimicifuga racemose is effective, oncological safe and reliable for treatment of MPS caused by LHRH-a in breast cancer.

Effects of tributyrin supplementation on ruminal microbial protein yield, fermentation characteristics and nutrients degradability in adult Small Tail ewes.

Two trials were conducted to assess the effects of tributyrin (TB) supplementation on ruminal microbial protein yield and fermentation characteristics in adult sheep. In an in vitro trial, substrate was made to offer TB at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 g/kg on a dry matter (DM) basis and incubated for 48 hr. In an in vivo trial, 45 adult ewes were randomly assigned by initial body weight (55 ± 5 kg) to five treatments of nine animals over an 18-day period. Total mixed ration was made to offer TB to ewes at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 g/kg on a DM basis. The in vitro trial showed that TB enhanced apparent degradation of DM (p = .009), crude protein (p < .001), neutral detergent fiber (p = .007) and acid detergent fiber (p = .010) and increased methanogenesis (p < .001), respectively. The in vivo trial showed that TB decreased DM intake (p < .001) and enhanced rumen microbial N synthesis (p < .001), respectively. Both in vitro and in vivo trials showed that TB increased total volatile fatty acid concentration and enhanced fibrolytic enzyme activity. The results indicated that TB might exert positive effects on microbial protein yield and fermentation in the rumen.

Arginine Supplementation Recovered the IFN-γ-Mediated Decrease in Milk Protein and Fat Synthesis by Inhibiting the GCN2/eIF2α Pathway, Which Induces Autophagy in Primary Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells.

During the lactation cycle of the bovine mammary gland, autophagy is induced in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) as a cellular homeostasis and survival mechanism. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is an important antiproliferative and apoptogenic factor that has been shown to induce autophagy in multiple cell lines in vitro. However, it remains unclear whether IFN-γ can induce autophagy and whether autophagy affects milk synthesis in BMECs. To understand whether IFN-γ affects milk synthesis, we isolated and purified primary BMECs and investigated the effect of IFN-γ on milk synthesis in primary BMECs in vitro. The results showed that IFN-γ significantly inhibits milk synthesis and that autophagy was clearly induced in primary BMECs in vitro within 24 h. Interestingly, autophagy was observed following IFN-γ treatment, and the inhibition of autophagy can improve milk protein and milk fat synthesis. Conversely, upregulation of autophagy decreased milk synthesis. Furthermore, mechanistic analysis confirmed that IFN-γ mediated autophagy by depleting arginine and inhibiting the general control nonderepressible-2 kinase (GCN2)/eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) signaling pathway in BMECs. Then, it was found that arginine supplementation could attenuate IFN-γ-induced autophagy and recover milk synthesis to some extent. These findings may not only provide a novel measure for preventing the IFN-γ-induced decrease in milk quality but also a useful therapeutic approach for IFN-γ-associated breast diseases in other animals and humans.

[Treatment of Chemotherapy Related Leukocytopenia by Oral Administration of Multiple Leucogenic Drugs Combined with G-CSF: an Experimental Study].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate efficacies of three commonly used oral drugs including Berbamine Hydrochloride Tablet (B), Qijiao Shengbai Capsule (Q), and Leucogen Tablet (L) (by single drug, two drugs or three drugs) combined with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) for treat ment of chemotherapy related leukocytopenia in mice. METHODS: Totally 156 Kunming male mice were divided into the normal control group (A, n=24), the model group (B, n=24), the G-CSF group (C, n =24), the G-CSF+Q group (D, n=12), G-CSF+ B (E, n=12), the G-CSF+L group (F, n=12), the G-CSF + Q + B group (G, n=12), the G-CSF + Q + L group (H, n=12), the G-CSF + L + B group (I, n=12), and the G-CSF + L + Q + B (J, n=12). Mouse models of chemotherapy related leukocytopenia were established by intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (CTX). A G-CSF group was set up as a positive control. Mice were treated by a single oral drug, a single oral drug combined with G-CSF, and two or three drugs combined with G-CSF respectively, and the death rate calculated. Hemocytes [such as white blood cells (WBC) and its classification, red blood cells (RBC), platelet (PLT), hemoglobin (Hb)] were calculated by hematology analyzer. Mice were anatomized and important organs weighed. Organ indices were calculated. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference in the mortality rate among all groups (P > 0.05). Compared with Group B, WBC was elevated in all other groups (P < 0.01). WBC and PLT were elevated most in Group J, Hb and RBC were also increased at the same time (P < 0.05, P < 0. 01). Compared with Group B, RBC increased in Group E, F, G, I, and J (P < 0.01); Hb obviously increased in Group C, E, F, H, I, and J (P<0.01). Compared with Group B and D, the promotion of erythroid hematopoiesis by G-CSF could be elevated in any group contained drug B and L (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The spleen index of model mice could be significantly improved in Group C, D, and G (P < 0.01). The thymus index of model mice could be significantly improved in Group H (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The best scheme to treat mice with chemotherapy related leukopenia or decreased three blood series was to administrate three commonly oral drugs combined with G-CSF. Authors speculated that G-CSF and Q might have a certain effect on CTX induced immune inhibition.

Epidemiologic study of compliance to postmastectomy radiation therapy guidelines in breast cancer patients in China between 1999 and 2008.

PURPOSE: To evaluate compliance with postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) guidelines in breast cancer patients in China over a 10-year period. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A hospital-based, nationwide, multicenter retrospective epidemiologic study of primary breast cancer in women was conducted. Seven first-class, upper-level hospitals from different geographic regions of China were selected. One month was randomly selected to represent each year from 1999-2008 in every hospital. All inpatient cases within the selected months were reviewed and demographic, clinical, and pathologic characteristics and treatment patterns were collected. Patients enrolled in this study had to meet the following inclusion criteria: (1) treated with mastectomy and axillary dissection; (2) information regarding whether or not they received postmastectomy radiation therapy was available; and (3) information about staging was available. Patients were divided into 3 groups based on National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. Utilization of PMRT in each group was analyzed and compared between different years and different hospitals. RESULTS: A total of 2310 patients were analyzed. There were 643 (27.8%) patients in the PMRT recommended group, 557 (24.1%) patients in the controversial group, and 1110 (48.1%) patients in the nonrecommended group. PMRT was used in 48.8% of patients in the recommended group, 15.6% in the controversial group, and 5.7% in the nonrecommended group. There was a trend toward increasing use of radiation therapy in the recommended and controversial groups from 1999-2008. The use of PMRT in the nonrecommended group remained relatively stable from 1999-2008. Fewer positive nodes and nonreceipt of chemotherapy or hormone therapy were associated with underuse of PMRT in the recommended group. In the controversial group, a higher ratio of positive nodes was associated with use of PMRT. CONCLUSIONS: There is an apparent underuse of PMRT in the PMRT recommended group. Efforts should be made to improve the compliance to PMRT guidelines.

The pathologic characteristics of breast cancer in China and its shift during 1999-2008: a national-wide multicenter cross-sectional image over 10 years.

In China, breast cancer is currently the most common malignancy and the sixth leading cause of cancer death in women. But, the characteristics of breast cancer in the whole population are not determined. The aim of this study was to perform a detailed study on pathologic characteristics of breast cancer representing the whole population in China during 1999-2008 and to compare the difference in invasive breast cancer between the Western and Chinese. We randomly collected 4,211 inpatient at seven hospitals in representative geographical regions of China during 1999-2008. All the hospitals had the ability of comprehensive cancer treatment. The pathologic characters including estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status were surveyed. The shift of pathologic characters was evaluated and the data from China were also compared with those of the Western, both using Chi-square test. We found as follow. (i) The median age of the patients was 48 years and showed the similar characters of Asia. (ii) Breast cancer in China showed more invasive ductal carcinoma with larger tumor size, later stage, lower ER and PR expression and higher HER2 overexpression than those in the Western (p < 0.001). (iii) Both tumor size and stage at diagnosis decreased year by year (p < 0.001). Breast cancer in China showed more aggressive behavior than those in western countries, although tumor size and stage at diagnosis decreased by year during 1999-2008. We addressed the urgent needs for employ race-specific breast cancer screen, diagnosis methods, and therapeutic models in China.

[Study on the infrared fingerprint of Evodia rutaecarpa based on the methods of sequential analysis of dual-indexes].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a method to identify the different origins of herba Evodia rutaecarpa by IR and provide a new technique for their identification and quality evaluation. METHODS: The herba materials were extracted by chloroform and absolute alcohol, the powder and the extracts of Evodia rutaecarpa were mixed and pelleted with KBr. The slides were detected within 4000 - 400 cm(-1) by FIR spectrophotometry. The Difference of samples was studied. RESULTS: The infrared spectrums of Evodia rutaecarpa extracted by chloroform were obviously different. CONCLUSION: The method can be used to identify and appraise the different origins of herba Evodia rutaecarpa.

[Effects of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) on phosphorus nutrition of Oryza sativa at its different growth stages].

Using free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) platform and under different nitrogen supply level, this paper studied the phosphorus nutrition of Oryza sativa at its different growth stages. The CO2 concentration of FACE platform was 200 micromol.mol(-1) more than that in ambient air, and the nitrogen supply levels were 150 kg.hm(-2), 250 kg.hm(-2) and 280 kg.hm(-2). The results showed that during rice growth period, FACE significantly increased the phosphorus content of rice plant and its phosphorus uptake by 3.9%-20.6% and 28.9%-71.4%, respectively. Before heading, FACE had little effect on the phosphorous accumulation in leaf or stake, but after heading, made the proportion of phosphorus accumulation in reproductive organ decreased by 9.8%-26.3% and that in vegetative organ increased by 2.2%-23.9% at 0.01 or 0.05 significant level. Under FACE treatment, the phosphorus use efficiency for biomass production (PUEp) at different growth stages, the phosphorus use efficiency for grain output (PUEg), and the phosphorus harvest index (PHI) were decreased by 3.7%-16.6%, 6.5% -15.5%, 5.4%-9.0%, respectively. Nitrogen supply level and its interaction with FACE had less effect on the phosphorus-nutrition of rice at its different growth stages.