RESUMO
The design and development of earth-abundant electrocatalysts for efficient full water splitting under mild conditions are highly desired, yet remain a challenging task. A homologous Fe-doped Co-based nanoarray incorporating complementary catalysts is shown to effect high-performance and durable water splitting in near-neutral media. Iron-doped cobalt phosphate borate nanoarray on carbon cloth (Fe-Co-Pi-Bi/CC) derived from iron-doped cobalt phosphide on CC (Fe-CoP/CC) through oxidative polarization behaves as a highly active bimetallic electrocatalyst for water oxidation with an overpotential of 382â mV to afford a catalytic current density of 10â mA cm-2 in 0.1 m potassium borate (K-Bi, pHâ 9.2). Fe-CoP/CC is also highly active for the hydrogen evolution reaction, capable of driving 10â mA cm-2 at an overpotential of only 175â mV in 0.1 m K-Bi. A two-electrode water electrolyzer incorporating Fe-Co-Pi-Bi/CC as anode and Fe-CoP/CC as cathode achieves 10â mA cm-2 water-splitting current at a cell voltage of 1.95â V with strong long-term electrochemical durability.
Assuntos
Ferro/química , Nanotecnologia/métodos , Fosfinas/química , Água/química , Catálise , Química VerdeRESUMO
In the present study, the effects of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on regulation of rat osteoblast (ROB) maturation in vitro were investigated. It was found that the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of ROBs were all dose-dependently increased at particular times in the case of treatment with only one growth factor. To investigate the effects of combined treatment, ROBs were treated with either a single application of a relatively high dose of each growth factor, or binary/triple combined applications of relatively low doses of the growth factors. Osteogenic differentiation was significantly promoted in the triple combination treatment of BMP-2, VEGF and bFGF compared with the single or binary combination treatments. The optimal timing of the triple combination to enhance osteogenesis was also tested. When bFGF and VEGF were added in the early stage, and BMP-2 and VEGF were added in the late stage, osteogenic differentiation of ROBs could be enhanced more effectively. These results could be used to construct bone tissue engineering scaffolds that release growth factors sequentially.