[Isolation and quantification of a 17-epi-dammarane triterpenoid rhuslactone from roots of Rhus chinensis and its preventive effects on coronary heart disease and thrombosis in zebrafish].

Based on mass spectrometry(MS)-guided separation strategy, compound 1 was obtained from the roots of Rhus chinensis. By comprehensive analysis of high resolution-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry(HR-ESI-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) data, and quantum chemical calculation of NMR(qcc-NMR) parameters, compound 1 was elucidated as rhuslactone, a 17-epi-dammarane triterpenoid with a rare 17α-side chain. An HPLC-ELSD method for its quantification in R. chinensis was established and adopted for the quantification of rhuslactone in different batches of R. chinensis. Rhuslactone displayed a good linear relationship within the range of 0.021 3-1.07 µmol·mL~(-1 )(r=0.997 6), and the average recovery was 99.34% [relative standard deviation(RSD) 2.9%). Moreover, the results of the evaluation test of the preventive effects of rhusalctone on coronary heart disease(CHD) and thrombosis showed that rhuslactone(0.11 nmol·mL~(-1)) significantly alleviated heart enlargement and venous congestion and increased cardiac output(CO), blood flow velocity(BFV), and heart rate, thereby reducing thrombus formation in zebrafish with CHD. The effects of rhuslactone on CO and BFV were superior to that of digoxin(1.02 nmol·mL~(-1)), and its effect on improving heart rate was comparable to that of digoxin. This study provides experimental references for the isolation, identification, quality control, and application of rhuslactone from R. chinensis against CHD. It is worth mentioning that this study has discussed some omissions in the determination of the stereochemistry of C-17 in dammarane triterpenoids in the present coursebook Chemistry of Chinese Medicine and some research papers, that is, the compound may be 17-epi-dammarane triterpenoid. This paper has also proposed steps for the establishment of C-17 stereochemistry.

Buyang Huanwu Decoction Ameliorates Damage of Erectile Tissue and Function Following Bilateral Cavernous Nerve Injury.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the effect of Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BHD) in ameliorating erectile dysfunction (ED) after radical prostatectomy (RP). METHODS: The composition of BHD was verified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) analysis. Bilateral cavernous nerve crush injury (BCNI) in rats was used to mimic the neurovascular injury occurring after RP. By the envelope method, forty rats were randomly divided into 4 groups as follows: sham (cavernous nerves exposed only), model (BCNI), low-dosage BHD [LBHD, 12.8 g/(kg·d)], and high-dosage BHD [HBHD, 51.2 g/(kg·d)] groups, 10 rats in each group, feeding for 3 weeks respectively. Erectile function was evaluated by measuring intracavernosal pressure (ICP). Changes in the histopathology of corpus cavernosum (CC) were examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Meanwhile, the fibrosis of CC was measured by Masson's trichrome staining and Western blot was used to detect the expressions of collagen I, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF- ß 1) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Apoptosis index was detected by terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) and Western blot for determining the expressions of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X (Bax). The oxidative stress in the CC were assessed by the superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. The proteins expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and c-Jun were detected by Western blot. In addition, the expression of α-SMA and p-c-Jun in the CC was observed by double immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS: The UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis showed that BHD contained calycosin-7-O- ß -D-glucoside, ononin, calycosin and formononetin. Compared with the model group, LBHD and HBHD treatment improved the ICP and the circumference, area, and weight of CC (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Furthermore, LBHD and HBHD treatments increased CC smooth muscle content and decreased apoptosis index (P<0.05 or P<0.01). LBHD and HBHD also elevated SOD and expression level of α -SMA and Bcl-2, and reduced MDA and ROS levels, as well as expression of TGF- ß 1, collagen I, Bax, p-c-JNK, p-JNK in the CC compared with the model group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The double immunofluorescence staining showed that the fluorescence degree of p-c-Jun in both LBHD and HBHD treatment groups was significantly reduced, whereas the α -SMA expression increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: BHD can improve ED of rats with BCNI, which is related to inhibiting fibrosis, apoptosis, and oxidative stress of CC. The ROS/JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway may play an important role in the process.

Effect of fermented corn by-products on production performance, blood biochemistry, and egg quality indices of laying hens.

Residual wastes can be fermented by using probiotics to formulate a well-balanced diet for poultry. The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of fermented feed (FF) formulated by the supplementation of probiotics into corn by-products, on the production performance of laying hens. A total of 468 49-wk-old Hy-Line Brown chickens were randomly allocated into four treatments with 3 replicates, control group (basal diet), group I (4% FF, w/w), group II (8% FF, w/w), and antibiotic group (flavomycin, 50 mg/kg). Laying hens were housed in 3-tier cages (28 × 48 cm × 48 cm) and the temperature was maintained at 21 °C. The birds were fed 4.56 kg of feed to each group twice a day. Compared with the control group, the egg production and feed intake in the FF groups increased significantly. Egg weight in group I was higher than that of group II and antibiotic (P < 0.01) while that in group II was lower than control (P < 0.05). The feed-to-egg ratio of FF groups compared with control was decreased (P < 0.05). Eggshell strength and egg shape index in group II were decreased significantly when compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Yolk color, albumen height (AH), and Haugh unit (HU) in FF groups were improved compared with the control group and antibiotic group (P < 0.01). Yolk triglyceride level was significantly reduced in group II, compared with group I. These results indicated that the FF has no adverse effects and has beneficial effects on production performance and egg quality parameters of laying hens.

Feed costs the major portion of poultry industry which is estimated to be 60% to 70%. The current study focused to add the fermented agro-industrial by product most of which were waste residues to the laying hen's diet. The result showed beneficial effects, which proved that fermentation is a good method to improve the nutritional quality of feed raw materials, which is beneficial to the gastrointestinal health of the poultry. The study elaborated the potential of waste residues to be used as a kind of functional feed ingredient, which can enhanced the production parameters and egg quality indices of poultry.

[Effect of total phenolic part of Rhus chinensis against myocardial ischemia in mice].

Rhus chinensis is an important resource plant. The aqueous extract of R. chinensis roots or stems was to produce Shuguantong Syrup, which is mainly used for the treatment of coronary heart disease and angina pectoris with definite curative effect. On this basis, the crude phenolic part of R. chinensis prepared by macroporous resin was evaluated for the cardio protective effect against myocardial ischemia in mice. The results showed that the phenolic part group with oral administration at the dosages of 190.8-381.6 mg·kg~(-1), compared with the model group, reduced the values of left ventricular end systolic diameter(LVEDs) and the left ventricular end diastolic diameter(LVEDd), and increased the cardiac ejection fraction(EF) and left ventricular fractional shortening(FS) rate, which could effectively improve cardiac function and exert its anti-myocardial ischemia effect, and reduce the rising levels of creatine kinase isoenzyme(CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) in serum. HE staining showed that the phenolic part group reduced the infiltration of myocardial inflammatory cells and alleviated the degree of myocardial fibrosis and collagen deposition. TUNEL staining showed that the blue-green fluorescence of the phenolic part group decreased successively, and the degree of myocardial cell apoptosis was reduced. Immunohistochemical staining suggested that it could reduce the number of positive cells for p53 protein expression and significantly improve myocardial cell damage. All above data suggested that the phenolic part group had an anti-mycardial ischemis effect. Related mechanism studies revealed that the crude phenolic part could regulate the expressions of the p53 gene(p53), Bcl-2-associated X protein(Bax), B lymphoma-2 gene(Bcl-2), and caspase-3 protein(caspase-3) in myocardial tissue, suggesting that it could reduce cardiac remodeling and myocardial ischemic damage, and improve cardiac function by inhibiting myocardial apoptosis.This research laid a foundation for the elucidation of the pharmacological ingredients R. chinensis.

Neuroprotective effect of Hongjing I granules on erectile dysfunction in a rat model of bilateral cavernous nerve injury.

Neurogenic erectile dysfunction (NED) is an inevitable postoperative disease of cavernous nerve injury which will lead to various pathophysiological changes in the corpus cavernosum and dorsal penile nerve caused by radical prostatectomy (RP). Although serval years of clinical application of HJIG I granules (HJIG), an innovative formulation, has demonstrated its reliable clinical efficacy against NED, the mechanism of HJIG remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the neuroprotective effect of HJIG, to repair damaged nerves in a rat model of bilateral cavernous nerve injury (BCNI) in vivo and their effects on neurites of major pelvic ganglia (MPG) regeneration and Schwann cells (SCs) proliferation in vitro. Rats were divided into five groups randomly: normal control (NC), BCNI-induced ED model (M), M + low-dose HJIG (HL), M + medium-dose HJIG (HM), and M + high-dose HJIG (HH). All groups were treated with normal saline or the relevant drug for 28 consecutive days after a standard NED animal model. Our data revealed that administration of HJIG improved NED that was detected by intracavernous pressure (ICP) in a dose-dependent manner. The haematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Immunofluorescence (IF) staining demonstrated that HJIG ameliorate the shape of penis and induced the protein synthesis of GAP43, NF200, S100, and nNOS. NF200 and S100 level were also detected by western blotting. Moreover, HJIG (0.78 mg/mL) markedly increased SCs viability and promoted neurites regeneration of MPG. These findings provide new insights into the NED therapy by HJIG.

Dammarane-Type Triterpenoids from the Roots of Rhus chinensis and Their Preventive Effects on Zebrafish Heart Failure and Thrombosis.

Eight new dammarane-type triterpenoids (1-8), together with a related known analogue (9), were isolated from the roots of Rhus chinensis, a traditional Chinese medicine for treating coronary artery heart disease, guided by LC-MS analysis. Their structures were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analysis and quantum chemical calculations. Notably, compounds 1-7 and 9 possess an unusual 17α-side chain, and 1-4, 6, and 9 contain an uncommon 3-methyl-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one moiety in the side chain. Compounds 1-5 and 9 have a 3,19-hemiketal bridge in the A ring. In an in vivo bioassay, 1, 2, and 4-6 exhibited significant preventive effects on zebrafish heart failure at 0.5 µg/mL, improving heart dilatation, venous congestion, cardiac output, blood flow velocity, and heart rate. Compound 5, displaying the most promising heart failure preventive activities, showed even better effects on increasing cardiac output (72%) and blood flow velocity (83%) than six first-line heart failure therapeutic drugs. Moreover, 1, 2, and 6 prevented the formation of thrombosis in zebrafish at 0.5 µg/mL. The present investigation suggests that the new dammarane triterpenoids might be partially responsible for the utility of R. chinensis in treating coronary artery heart disease.

Effect of HongJing I in Treating Erectile Function and Regulating RhoA Pathway in a Rat Model of Bilateral Cavernous Nerve Injury.

HongJing I (HJI), a traditional Chinese herbal formula, has been confirmed to be effective for the clinical treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). However, the mechanism of action of HJI remains unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate the effect and underlying mechanisms of HJI against ED in a rat model of bilateral cavernous nerve injury (BCNI). Rats were divided into five groups: normal control (NC), BCNI-induced ED model (M), M + low-dose HJI (HL), M + medium-dose HJI (HM), and M + high-dose HJI (HH). All groups were treated with normal saline or the relevant drug for 28 consecutive days after inducing BCNI-ED. At the end of the treatment period, the intracavernous pressure (ICP) was recorded, and histological examination was conducted using Masson's trichrome staining. Immunofluorescence staining and western blotting were applied to detect the changes in fibrosis protein and Ras homolog A (RhoA), Rho-associated protein kinase 1 (ROCK1), and ROCK2 expression. We found that HJI effectively improved the ICP in the treatment groups. In addition, RhoA, ROCK1, and ROCK2 expression levels were increased upon BCNI-ED induction, and HJI successfully inhibited cavernosum fibrosis and the activation of RhoA/ROCK2 signaling. Overall, these results suggest that the effects of HJI in attenuating ED may be caused, at least in part, by the suppression of RhoA/ROCK2 signaling and alleviation of fibrosis. However, the precise mechanism surrounding this requires further investigation in future studies.

[Intestinal absorption of phenolic acids in Rhus chinensis extracts by in situ single-pass perfusion model in rats].

The intestinal absorption properties of four main effective components(gallic acid, ocinolglucoside, ethyl gallate and penta-O-galloyl-ß-D-glucose) in Rhus chinensis extracts were investigated by in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion model in rats. The liquid accumulation of perfusion was corrected by gravimetry. The HPLC method was established to determine the concentration of the four effective components in the intestinal perfusion. It showed significant differences(P<0.05) in absorption rate constant(K_a) and effective permeability(P_(eff)) among the three concentrations of components, and the absorption of the four effective components in different intestinal segments was saturated at high concentrations. At the same concentration, there were significant differences in K_a and P_(eff) of the four components in each intestinal segment(P<0.05). The order of K_a and P_(eff) of the four components in the intestine was penta-O-galloyl-ß-D-glucose>ethyl gallate>gallic acid>ocinolglucoside, with significant differences between them(P<0.05). In conclusion, gallic acid, orpheolglucoside, ethyl gallate and pentacyl-glucose could be absorbed in the whole intestine. Their absorption rate and permeation ability were related to the intestinal section and the perfusate concentration. These results indicated potential active transport or facilitated diffusion in the intestinal transport process of the four effective components.

[Preparation of Rhus chinensis total phenolic acid pellets by extrusion-spheronisation method].

Extrusion-spheronisation method was used to prepare Rhus chinensis total phenolic acid pellets. The formula and preparation of R. chinensis total phenolic acid pellets were optimized. The formulas( drug loading capacity,diluent,wetting agent and anti-sticking agent) were determined by the single factor test with yield,appearance and performance as the indexes. The preparation was optimized by Box-Behnken design and response surface method,with the rate of extrusion,rate of spheronization and time of spheronization as the independent variables and the overall desirability value of yield,friability and roundness as the dependent variables. The optimal formula of pellets was as follows: drug loading capacity 28. 7%,MCC-lactose 9 ∶1,silicon dioxide as anti-sticking agent,and 60% ethanol as wetting agent. The optimal preparation was determined as follows: the rate of extrusion was 43 r·min-1,the rate of spheronization was 1 800 r·min-1,and the time of spheronization was 4 min. The absolute deviation between predicted value and estimated value under the conditions was less than 5. 0%,with a high degree of model fit. The preparation parameters obtained were accurate,reliable and reproducible. Under scanning electron microscopy( SEM),R. chinensis total phenolic acid pellets were uniform in diameter,round and smooth. The optimal formulation and process are stable and feasible for preparing R. chinensis total phenolic acid pellets.

A new polyoxygenated abietane diterpenoid from the rattans of Bauhinia championii (Benth.) Benth.

A new polyoxygenated abietane diterpenoid, bauchampine A (1), together with seven known compounds (2-8), were isolated from the rattans of Bauhinia championii (Benth.) Benth. The structure of 1 was elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods and the known compounds were identified by comparison with the data reported in the literature. New compound 1 was evaluated for its anti-rheumatoid arthritis activity via examining its anti-proliferative effect on synoviocytes in vitro. Compound 1 exhibited inhibitory effect on the proliferation of synoviocytes with IC50 value comparable to that of methotrexate.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Phenolic Acids, Flavonoids and Iridoid Glycosides in Yinhua Kanggan Tablet by UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS.

A simple, rapid and specific ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method was developed for the analysis of 29 bioactive components (10 phenolic acids, 16 flavonoids, and three iridoid glycosides) in Yinhua Kanggan tablet (YHKGT), a herbal prescription used for treating upper respiratory infections, fevers, coughs and pharyngalgia. The separation was successfully achieved using a Waters Cortecs UPLC C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.6 µm) and gradient elution with water-0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile. Polarity switching mode was used in the optimization of multiple reaction monitoring conditions. The analytical method was validated for linearity, precision and accuracy. Calibration curves for the 29 marker compounds showed good linear regression (r > 0.9982). The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) for the 29 analytes were in the range of 0.03-4.99 ng/mL and 0.16-14.87 ng/mL, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) values of intra-day precision, inter-day precision, repeatability, and stability were less than 2.79%, 4.87%, 4.18% and 4.71%, respectively. The recoveries of the 29 marker compounds were in the range of 94.67%-104.78% (RSD ≤ 4.72%). These results have shown that this developed method was efficient for the quality evaluation of YHKGT.

Blood-brain barrier permeability of Gualou Guizhi granules and neuroprotective effects in ischemia/reperfusion injury.

The present study aimed to estimate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability of Gualou Guizhi granules (GLGZG) in normal rats and in rat models of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, and to examine the neuroprotective effects of GLGZG. A sensitive high­performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry analytical method was developed to determinate the components of GLGZG in the plasma and brain tissue. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats served as a model of in vivo I/R. Citrulline, gallic acid, albiflorin, peoniflorin, liquiritin apioside, liquiritin, isoliquiritin apioside, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin and glycyrrhizinic acid rapidly passed into the bloodstream. Citrulline, albiflorin, peoniflorin, liquiritin apioside, liquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin and glycyrrhizinic acid also passed the BBB and reached the brain tissue of MCAO rats, while isoliquiritigenin and glycyrrhizinic acid were not detected in the brain tissue of the normal rats. The potential neuroprotective effect of GLGZG was determined in MCAO rats. The intragastric administration of GLGZG following reperfusion of rats for 2 h decreased the neurological defects and infarction volume, attenuated pathological changes of brain tissue and exerted a significant protective effect in cerebral ischemia injury. In conclusion, certain components of GLGZG passed through the BBB, particularly following cerebral ischemia injury, and this may be therapeutically effective for the treatment of cerebral ischemia injury in the human brain.

Leonurusoleanolides E-J, minor spirocyclic triterpenoids from Leonurus japonicus fruits.

Six new (leonurusoleanolides E-J, 1-6) and five known (7-11) nortriterpenoids were isolated and characterized from the dried fruits of Leonurus japonicus. They all contain a distinctive 19(18→17)-abeo-28-noroleanane-type spirocylclic skeleton with a trans or a cis acyl substituent at C-3 or C-23. Similar to the previously known leonurusoleanolides A/B (7/8) and C/D (9/10), compounds 1/2 and 3/4 were also found to exist as equilibrium mixtures of trans and cis isomers. The isolated pure compounds and mixtures were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against a small panel of human cancer cell lines (BGC-823 and KE-97 gastric carcinoma, Huh-7 hepatocarcinoma, Jurkat T cell lymphoblasts, and MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma) using the CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay method. Among them, (2α,3ß,17R*,18ß)-3-O-(trans-caffeoyl)-19(18→17)-abeo-28-norolean-12-ene-2,18,23-triol (leonurusoleanolide J, 6) showed the most potent cytotoxic activity, with IC50 values less than 10 µM.

Effects of manual therapy on bowel function of patients with spinal cord injury.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of manual therapy on bowel function of patients with spinal cord injury. [Subjects] The participants were 20 patients with spinal cord injury. [Methods] Manual therapy was applied to the intestine and along the colon ascendens, transverse colon, colon descendens and colon sigmoidem on the surface of abdomen. The results before and after 60 sessions (5 times/week, continued for 12 weeks) of manual therapy were compared. [Results] It was found that there were significant effects both on shortening of bowel time and decreasing dosage of glycerine enema every time patients needed to excrete. [Conclusion] Manual therapy had significant effects on bowel function of patients with spinal cord injury.

(24S)-ergostane-3ß,5α,6ß-triol from Hedyotis chrysotricha with inhibitory activity on migration of SK-HEP-1 human hepatocarcinoma cells.

The methanol extract of the whole plant of Hedyotis chrysotricha demonstrated cytotoxicity against SK-HEP-1 human hepatocarcinoma cells in a primary screening for novel antitumour agents. Bioassay-guided fractionation and purification led to an active principle (24S)-ergostane-3ß,5α,6ß-triol (1) along with four inactive compounds (2-5). The in vitro transwell migration assay showed that compound 1 remarkably reduced the migration of SK-HEP-1 cells by 78.9% at a dose of 30 µM, without any apoptotic effect on this cell line. Moreover, all the isolated compounds were further evaluated for their cytotoxicities against another four human cancer cell lines (MCF-7, NUGC3, SH-SY5Y and PC-3).

Antibiofilm phenylethanoid glycosides from Penstemon centranthifolius.

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the antibacterial ethyl acetate-ethanol (50 : 50) extract obtained from the aerial parts of Penstemon centranthifolius led to the isolation of six phenylethanoid glycosides (1-6) and eleven iridoid glycosides (7-17). Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and comparison with the literature. Among them, two phenylethanoid glycosides, 4'''-O-acetylverbascoside (1) and verbascoside (2), were found to show significant inhibition of the formation of bacterial biofilms by Escherichia coli UTI89. Compound 1 showed 77% biofilm inhibition at 2.5 microg/mL, and compound 2 showed 60% inhibition at 5 microg/mL.

[Mechanism discussion of gamma-alumina catalyzed ozonation for 2-methylisoborneol removal].

The efficiency and mechanism in degradation of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) as taste and odor compound in drinking water were studied under the condition where gamma-alumina catalyzed ozonation. As a result, gamma-alumina can behave distinct activity in enhancing the efficiency of ozonation MIB. Tert-butyl alcohol had a remarkable restrain effect on removal efficiency of catalytic ozonation MIB by gamma-alumina. The surface charge status and surface hydroxyl groups status of gamma-alumina and pH values of the solution can be linked together. When the pH value of solution was near the pH(zpc) of gamma-Al2O3, there was a most observable activity in catalyzed ozonation process. R(ct), which denoted the relative concentration of hydroxyl radical (*OH), was much higher in catalyzed ozonation process than in ozonation process. This result further illuminated that gamma-Al2O3 can promote ozone decomposition to produce *OH. Finally, it was investigated that the effect of r(P/I) on catalyzed ozone decomposition and ozone decomposition.

[Gamma-Al2O3 catalyzed ozonation for removing taste and odor substance 2-methylisoborneol in drinking water].

gamma-Alumina was used as a catalyst in ozonation, and efficiency and influencing factors in degradation of taste and odor substance 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) in drinking water were studied. The result shown that gamma-alumina was activated in catalytic ozonation for degradation MIB not only in distilled water, but also in tap water. In distilled water condition, catalyzed ozonation could enhance 47% removal efficiency; in tap water condition, catalyzed ozonation could increase 40% removal efficiency. The concentration of ozone, gamma-alumina, MIB can affect the degradation of MIB observably. gamma-Alumina catalyzed ozonation for removing MIB did not depend on rigidity in water, but was affected by inorganic negative ions. By capturing the hydroxyl radicals produced by gamma-alumina catalyzed ozone decomposition, the bicarbonate/carbonate in natural water can restrain the effect of gamma-alumina catalyzed ozonation for degradation of MIB. Lower concentration of humic acid can promote the effect of oxidation of the MIB, but higher concentration of humic acid may reduce the efficiency. As pH values can affect the process of catalyzed ozonation and tert-butyl alcohol can inhibit the efficiency of catalyzed ozonation efficiency of MIB, the mechanism of gamma-alumina enhanced ozone oxidation of MIB can be identified as that gamma-alumina catalyzed ozone to decompose into hydroxyl radicals which further break up the molecule of MIB.

[The automatic iris map overlap technology in computer-aided iridiagnosis].

In the paper, iridology and computer-aided iridiagnosis technologies are briefly introduced and the extraction method of the collarette contour is then investigated. The iris map can be overlapped on the original iris image based on collarette contour extraction. The research on collarette contour extraction and iris map overlap is of great importance to computer-aided iridiagnosis technologies.