Dietary n-3/long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for prevention of sporadic colorectal tumors: a randomized controlled trial in polypectomized participants.

To address preventive effects of n-3 PUFAs/LC n-3 PUFAs on CRTs, a randomized controlled trial was conducted. One-hundred four experimental group participants were advised to increase intake of n-3 PUFAs, including fish/shell fish, fish oil supplements and perilla oils, and to decrease consumption of n-6 PUFAs and fats/oils as a whole for 24 months. One-hundred one control group participants were only cautioned to reduce consumption of fats/oils as a whole. Random allocation was satisfactorily attained, and participants sufficiently complied with our regimen. Intakes, plasma concentrations, and compositions of the RBC and sigmoid colon membranes of n-3 PUFAs, LC n-3 PUFAs, EPA and DHA increased, and the ratios of n-6 PUFAs/n-3 PUFAs and AA/LC n-3 PUFAs decreased without any adverse response. Twenty-four months after the intervention, the multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence intervals) was estimated to be 0.805 (0.536-1.209) with a signal towards the reduced CRT incidence.

Increased intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids elevates the level of apoptosis in the normal sigmoid colon of patients polypectomized for adenomas/tumors.

To clarify preventive effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) against colorectal carcinogenesis, we performed a dietary intervention in patients polypectomized for colorectal adenomas/tumors. For the former the following dietary advice was given: (1) decrease intake of fat from 30 to 20% of the total; (2) decrease consumption of n-6PUFAs containing foods, and increase intake of n-3 PUFAs for 2 years. For the comparison group only decreased intake of fat (30-20%) was recommended. Samples of normal sigmoid colon mucosa, obtained by colonoscopic check once a year during the intervention period, were used to investigate COX-2, cell proliferation (Ki67 expression), p53, Bcl-2 and Bax by immunostaining and determine the apoptosis index (AI) by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-nick end labeling (TUNEL) in 21 and 20 patients in experimental and comparison groups, respectively, who completed the 2 years of the intervention. After 24 months, the AI and positive cells of Bax and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 in normal sigmoid colon mucosa for the experimental group was significantly increased, whereas this change was not found in comparison group. These observations demonstrated for the first time that increased intake of n-3 PUFAs promotes apoptosis of normal colon mucosa in human which is related to effect on Bax or the balance of Bax and Bcl-2.

Rationale and study design of dietary intervention in patients polypectomized for tumors of the colorectum.

We have implemented a randomized controlled dietary intervention in patients polypectomized for tumors of the colorectum to elucidate potential beneficial effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on the development of colorectal tumors. Those individuals in the experimental group were advised not only to decrease their consumption of fats/oils as a whole and foods supplying n-6 PUFAs but also to increase intake of foods and supplements containing n-3 PUFAs, while those in the comparison group were cautioned to reduce intake of fats/oils as a whole. Patients' compliance/adherence was monitored with a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and by assessment of fatty acid concentrations in plasma, membranes of red blood cells and sigmoid colon samples. As for endpoints to assess tumor suppressive effects of n-3 PUFAs, the number/multiplicity, sizes and incidence rates of colorectal tumors were compared between the experimental and comparison groups after 12 and 24 months of the dietary intervention. On the specified assumption, the number of pairs needed for achieving statistical significance was calculated to be approximately 60-80. A randomized controlled trial is under way to secure enough patients, sustain compliance/adherence and minimize dropouts.