Chromosome level genome assembly of endangered medicinal plant Anisodus tanguticus.

Anisodus tanguticus is a medicinal herb that belongs to the Anisodus genus of the Solanaceae family. This endangered herb is mainly distributed in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In this study, we combined the Illumina short-read, Nanopore long-read and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) sequencing technologies to de novo assemble the A. tanguticus genome. A high-quality chromosomal-level genome assembly was obtained with a genome size of 1.26 Gb and a contig N50 of 25.07 Mb. Of the draft genome sequences, 97.47% were anchored to 24 pseudochromosomes with a scaffold N50 of 51.28 Mb. In addition, 842.14 Mb of transposable elements occupying 66.70% of the genome assembly were identified and 44,252 protein-coding genes were predicted. The genome assembly of A. tanguticus will provide genetic repertoire to understand the adaptation strategy of Anisodus species in the plateau, which will further promote the conservation of endangered A. tanguticus resources.

Multiomics analysis revealed the mechanism of the anti-diabetic effect of Salecan.

Salecan, a natural ß-glucan compromising nine residues connected by ß-(1 â†’ 3)/α-(1 â†’ 3) glycosidic bonds, is one of the newly approved food ingredients. Salecan has multiple health-improving effects, yet its mechanism against Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains poorly understood. In this study, the hypoglycemic effect and underlying mechanism of Salecan intervention on STZ-induced diabetic model mice were investigated. After 8 weeks of gavage, Salecan attenuated insulin resistance and repaired pancreatic ß cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, Salecan supplement remodel the structure of the gut microbiota and altered the level of intestinal metabolites. Serum metabolites, especially unsaturated fatty acids, were also affected significantly. In addition, tight junction proteins in the colon and autophagy-related proteins in the pancreas were upregulated. Multiomics analysis indicated that Lactobacillus johnsonii, Muribaculaceae, and Lachnoclostridium were highly associated with fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA) levels in the colon, accordingly enhancing arachidonic acid and linoleic acid in serum, and promoting GLP-1 release in the intestine and insulin secretion in the pancreas, thus relieving insulin resistance and exhibiting hypoglycemic effects. These findings provide a novel understanding of the anti-diabetic effect of Salecan in mice from a molecular perspective, paving the way for the wide use of Salecan.

The digestion fates of lipids with different unsaturated levels in people with different age groups.

The digestion behavior of lipids plays a crucial role in their nutritional bioaccessibility, which subsequently impacts human health. This study aims to investigate potential variations in lipid digestion profiles among individuals of different ages, considering the distinct physiological functions of the gastrointestinal tract in infants, aging populations, and healthy young adults. The digestion fates of high oleic peanut oil (HOPO), sunflower oil (SO), and linseed oil (LINO) were investigated using in vitro digestion models representing infants, adults, and elders. Comparatively, lipid digestion proved to be more comprehensive in adults, leading to free fatty acid (FFA) levels of 64.53%, 62.32%, and 57.90% for HOPO, SO, and LINO, respectively. Besides, infants demonstrated propensity to selectively release FFAs with shorter chain lengths and higher saturation levels during the digestion. In addition, in the gastric phase, particle sizes among the elderly were consistently larger than those observed in infants and adults, despite adults generating approximately 15% FFAs within the stomach. In summary, this study enhances our fundamental comprehension of how lipids with varying degrees of unsaturation undergo digestion in diverse age groups.

Foodomics Reveals Anti-Obesity Properties of Cannabinoids from Hemp Oil.

SCOPE: Molecular networking (MN) analysis intends to provide chemical insight of untargeted mass spectrometry (MS) data to the user's underlying biological questions. Foodomics is the study of chemical compounds in food using advanced omics methods. In this study, an MS-MN-based foodomics approach is developed to investigate the composition and anti-obesity activity of cannabinoids in hemp oil. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 16 cannabinoids are determined in optimized microwave pretreatment of hemp oil using the developed approach. Untargeted metabolomics analysis reveals that cannabinoid extract (CE) and its major constituent (cannabidiol, CBD), can alleviate high glucose-induced increases in lipids and carbohydrates, and decreases in amino acid and nucleic acid. Moreover, CE and CBD are also found to suppress the expression levels of mdt-15, sbp-1, fat-5, fat-6, fat-7, daf-2, and elevate the expression level of daf-1, daf-7, daf-16, sod-3, gst-4, lipl-4, resulting in the decrease of lipid synthesis and the enhance of kinetism. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) uncovers strong associations between specific metabolic alterations and gene expression levels. CONCLUSION: These findings from this exploratory study offer a new insight into the roles of cannabinoids in the treatment of obesity and related complications.

Advances in chemistry and bioactivity of the genus Erythroxylum.

Erythroxylum P. Browne is the largest and most representative genus of Erythroxylaceae family. It contains approximately 230 species that are mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Some species in this genus, such as E. monogynum and E. coca, have been used as folk medicines in India or South America for a long history. It is well known that Erythroxylum plants are rich in tropane alkaloids, and the representative member cocaine shows remarkable activity in human central nervous system. However, many other types of active compounds have also been found in Erythroxylum along with the broadening and deepening of phytochemical research. To date, a total of 383 compounds from Erythroxylum have been reported, among which only 186 tropane alkaloids have been reviewed in 2010. In this review, we summarized all remained 197 compounds characterized from 53 Erythroxylum species from 1960 to 2021, which include diterpenes, triterpenes, alkaloids, flavonoids, and other derivates, providing a comprehensive overview of phytoconstituents profile of Erythroxylum plants. In addition, the biological activities of representative phytochemicals and crude extracts were also highlighted.

Metabolomics reveals the impact of the saturation of dietary lipids on the aging and longevity of C. elegans.

Dietary lipids play an important role in human health, but their influence on aging and longevity remains to be ascertained. This study tests the hypothesis that the consumption of fats with elevated unsaturation might slow down aging and prolong lifespan better than that with greater saturation. The metabolomic analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) administrated with different dietary oils (palm oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil and linseed oil) revealed novel changes in lipid, carbohydrate, amino acid and purine metabolism. Elevated levels of eicosanoic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, L-isoleucine, L-lysine, L-tyrosine, and D-fructose, along with decreased content of arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) were found in C. elegans with the intake of dietary oils with higher saturation. Declined gene expression levels of daf-2 and akt-1, as well as increased levels of daf-16, sod-3, hsp-16.2, hsf-1, nhr-80, fat-5, fat-6, and fat-7, were noted in the higher unsaturation dietary oil groups. Carbohydrates and amino acids showed moderate to strong correlations with daf-2 and akt-1 (negative), as well as daf-16, sod-3, hsp-16.2, and hsf-1 (positive). Otherwise, our data suggested significant positive relationships between polyunsaturated fatty acids (ARA, EPA, ALA) and nhr-80, fat-5, fat-6 and fat-7. Taken together, this study demonstrates that unsaturated dietary oils can slow down aging and prolong the lifespan of C. elegans via the insulin signaling pathway and the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids.

[Application of near infrared spectroscopy to predict contents of various lactones in chromatographic process of Ginkgo Folium].

This study established a method for rapid quantification of terpene lactone, bilobalide, ginkgolide C, ginkgolide A and ginkgolide B in the chromatographic process of Ginkgo Folium based on near infrared spectroscopy(NIRS). The effects of competitive adaptive reweighting sampling(CARS), random frog(RF), and synergy interval partial least squares(siPLS) on the performance of partial least squares regression(PLSR) model were compared to the reference values measured by HPLC. Among them, the correlation coefficients of prediction(Rp) of validation sets of terpene lactone, bilobalide, and ginkgolide C were all higher than 0.98, and the relative standard errors of prediction(RSEPs) were 5.87%, 6.90% and 6.63%, respectively. Aiming at ginkgolide A and ginkgolide B with relatively low content, the genetic algorithm joint extreme learning machine(GA-ELM) was used to establish the optimized quantitative analysis model. Compared with CARS-PLSR model, the CARS-GA-ELM models of ginkgolide A and ginkgolide B exhibited a reduction in RSEP from 15.65% to 8.52% and from 21.28% to 10.84%, respectively, which met the needs of quantitative ana-lysis. It has been proved that NIRS can be used for the rapid detection of various lactone components in the chromatographic process of Ginkgo Folium.

Research progress on chemical constituents, biological activities, quality evaluation, and product development of Panax quinquefolium / 药学学报

italic>Panax quinquefolium L. is a valuable Chinese herbal medicine with a large market demand. It has a complex chemical composition and numerous biological activities. At present, research on P. quinquefolium is focused on its underground parts, with especial interest in its saponins. There are few studies on non-saponins and the aboveground parts of Panax quinquefolium. Current quality standards are based on the saponin contents, which does not address the other benefits of Panax quinquefolium. This paper summarizes progress on the chemical components, pharmacological effects, quality evaluation, and product development of P. quinquefolium in recent years, and provides references for its further R&D and comprehensive utilization.

A study on the rapidly non-destructive detection method of Huoxiang Zhengqi oral liquid using near infrared spectroscopy / 药学学报

Based on near infrared spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography, this paper established the regression relationship between near infrared spectroscopy and index component content of Huoxiang Zhengqi oral liquid, so as to realize the rapid detection of index component content based on near infrared spectroscopy. Magnolol, honokiol and hesperidin were used as the quality indexes of Huoxiang Zhengqi oral liquid. After using the first derivative and normalization pretreatment method, characteristic variables were screened by CARS, and the correction model was finally established by partial least-squares regression (PLSR) method. The method accuracy was evaluated with the external validation, and the prediction results were tested for significance. The results indicated that when the near infrared spectrum was scanned through the bottle, the model's correlation coefficients of prediction (Rp) were higher than 0.99, the root mean square errors of the prediction models (RMSEP) were all less than 0.008 4, and the relative standard errors of prediction set (RSEP) were all less than 2.83%. There was no significant difference in the predicted results between these two kinds of model. The models established in the non-destructive way have good performance and high prediction accuracy. The rapid and nondestructive way has application value in the quality control of Huoxiang Zhengqi oral liquid.

Influence of extraction technology on rapeseed oil functional quality: a study on rapeseed polyphenols.

Extraction technology can influence the vegetable oil functional quality. Polyphenols in rapeseed oil have been proved to be beneficial for cardiovascular health. In this study, we evaluated the effect of extraction methods on the functional quality of rapeseed oil from the perspective of phenolic compounds. The results showed that hot pressing produces the highest amount of phenolic compounds in rapeseed oil. Its most abundant phenolic compound, sinapine (9.18 µg g-1), showed the highest activity in inhibiting anaerobic choline metabolism with an EC50 value of 1.9 mM, whose downstream products are related to cardiovascular diseases. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed that sinapine exhibits good binding affinity toward CutC, and CutC-sinapine is a stable complex with fewer conformational fluctuations and similar tightness. Taken together, hot pressing can be considered the best extraction method for rapeseed oil from the perspective of phenolic compounds.

Deep-frying oil induces cytotoxicity, inflammation and apoptosis on intestinal epithelial cells.

BACKGROUND: Deep-frying oil has been found to cause inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the molecular mechanism of the effect of deep-frying palm oil on IBD still remains undetermined. RESULTS: In the present study, bioinformatics and cell biology were used to investigate the functions and signal pathway enrichments of differentially expressed genes. The bioinformatics analysis of three original microarray datasets (GSE73661, GSE75214 and GSE126124) in the NCBI-Gene Expression Omnibus database showed 17 down-regulated genes (logFC < 0) and 2 up-regulated genes (logFC > 0) existed in the enteritis tissue. Meanwhile, pathway enrichment and protein-protein interaction network analysis suggested that IBD is relevant to cytotoxicity, inflammation and apoptosis. Furthermore, Caco-2 cells were treated with the main oxidation products of deep-frying oil-total polar compounds (TPC) and its components (polymerized triglyceride, oxidized triglycerides and triglyceride degradation products) isolated from deep-frying oil. The flow cytometry experiment revealed that TPC and its components could induce apoptosis, especially for oxidized triglyceride. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that TPC and its component could induce Caco-2 cell apoptosis through AQP8/CXCL1/TNIP3/IL-1. CONCLUSION: The present study provides fundamental knowledge for understanding the effects of deep-frying oils on the cytotoxic and inflammatory of Caco-2 cells, in addition to clarifying the molecular function mechanism of deep-frying oil in IBD. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Different typical dietary lipid consumption affects the bile acid metabolism and the gut microbiota structure: an animal trial using Sprague-Dawley rats.

BACKGROUND: The palm oil (PO), leaf lard oil (LO), rapeseed oil (RO), sunflower oil (SO) and linseed oil (LN) are five of the most typical dietary lipids in most Asian countries. However, their influences on gut health, and the connections between the fatty acid composition, the gut microbiota, and the bile acid metabolism are not fully understood. RESULTS: In the present study, results showed that compared with polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich SO and LN, the saturated fatty acid (SFA)-rich and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-rich PO, LO and RO were more likely to decrease the re-absorption of bile acid in the colon, which was probably caused by their different role in modulating the gut microbiota structure. LO consumption significantly up-regulated the Cyp27a1, FXR and TGR5 gene expression level (P < 0.05). The correlation results suggested that the C18:0 was significantly positive correlated with these three genes, indicating that intake of SFA-rich dietary lipids, especially for the C18:0, could specifically increase the bile acid production by stimulating the bile acid alternative synthesis pathway. Although the bile acid receptor expression in the colon was increased, the re-absorption of bile acid did not show a significant increase (P > 0.05) as compared with other dietary lipids. Moreover, the C18:2-rich SO maintained the bile acid metabolic balance probably by decreasing the Romboutsia, while increasing the Bifidobacterium abundance in the colon. CONCLUSIONS: The different dietary lipids showed different effects on the bile acid metabolism, which was probably connected with the alterations in the gut microbiota structure. The present study could provide basic understandings about the influences of the different dietary lipids consumption on gut homeostasis and bile acid metabolism. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

[Rapid determination of active components in Ginkgo biloba leaves by near infrared spectroscopy combined with genetic algorithm joint extreme learning machine].

Near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS) combined with band screening method and modeling algorithm can be used to achieve the rapid and non-destructive detection of the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) production process. This paper focused on the ginkgo leaf macroporous resin purification process, which is the key technology of Yinshen Tongluo Capsules, in order to achieve the rapid determination of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin in effluent. The abnormal spectrum was eliminated by Mahalanobis distance algorithm, and the data set was divided by the sample set partitioning method based on joint X-Y distances(SPXY). The key information bands were selected by synergy interval partial least squares(siPLS); based on that, competitive adaptive reweighted sampling(CARS), successive projections algorithm(SPA) and Monte Carlo uninformative variable(MC-UVE) were used to select wavelengths to obtain less but more critical variable data. With selected key variables as input, the quantitative analysis model was established by genetic algorithm joint extreme learning machine(GA-ELM) algorithm. The performance of the model was compared with that of partial least squares regression(PLSR). The results showed that the combination with siPLS-CARS-GA-ELM could achieve the optimal model performance with the minimum number of variables. The calibration set correlation coefficient R_c and the validation set correlation coefficient R_p of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin were all above 0.98. The root mean square error of calibration(RMSEC), the root mean square error of prediction(RMSEP) and the relative standard errors of prediction(RSEP) were 0.030 0, 0.029 2 and 8.88%, 0.041 4, 0.034 8 and 8.46%, 0.029 3, 0.027 1 and 10.10%, respectively. Compared with the PLSR me-thod, the performance of the GA-ELM model was greatly improved, which proved that NIRS combined with GA-ELM method has a great potential for rapid determination of effective components of TCM.

Influence of different dietary oil consumption on nutrient malabsorption: An animal trial using Sprague Dawley rats.

In the present study, the influences of five typical dietary oils (i.e., palm oil, PO; leaf lard oil, LO; rapeseed oil, RO; sunflower oil, SO; and linseed oil, LN) consumption on the nutrients malabsorption were studied using adult male Sprague Dawley rats. Results suggested that the C16:0 (24.534 ± 2.26% to 54.269 ± 1.28%) and C18:0 (18.433 ± 4.421% to 36.455 ± 3.316%) were the dominant fatty acids in fecal samples in different groups. After 6-week intervention by different dietary oils, the fecal moisture and water soluble protein content in PO group, the reducing sugar content in PO, LO, and RO groups were significantly increased compared with those in the control group (p < .05). Moreover, the Na, K, and Fe contents in LO group were all the highest among the all groups. These effects were probably due to the different fatty acids composition as illustrated in the correlation analysis results. The different effects were probably due to their distinct fatty acids composition as illustrated in the correlation analysis results. Results further indicated that the different dietary oils treatment, especially for the PO (SFAs, 43.17 ± 0.98%) and LO (SFAs, 36.44 ± 0.65%), increased the upstream inflammatory cytokine expression level in the Toll-like receptor signal pathway (i.e., TLR4 and MyD88), enhancing the gut permeability. This resulted in significant increase of serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels (p < .05), which was closely connected with different metabolic diseases. The present study may provide basic understandings about different dietary oil enteral nutrition and their effects on gut health. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The PO, LO, RO, SO, and LN are the five of the most typical dietary lipids in Asia countries, especially in China. They are the natural edible oils which are rich in C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2ω6, and C18:3ω3, respectively. The present study indicated that the different dietary lipid consumption may result in different dietary nutrients malabsorption, which are related with the dietary lipid fatty acid composition.

Nomogram analysis on the influencing factors of low anterior resection syndrome after anterior resection for rectal cancer / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the risk factors of low anterior resection syndrome (LARS)after low anterior resection of rectal cancer (Dixon).Methods:This retrospective study was conducted in Peking University First Hospital and Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Shanxi Provice from Jan 2012 to Jun 2019. A cohort of 504 patients with rectal cancer was enrolled in the study. All the patients underwent anterior resection. The relationship between clinical-pathological data were analyzed retrospectively. Univariate analysis using χ 2 test. Logistic regression analysis was used to screen the influencing factors of LARS, and the Nomogram method was used to score each factors. Results:Univariate analysis showed that BMI≥28 kg/m 2(χ 2=9.450, P=0.002), the distance from the lower edge of the tumors to the anus <6 cm (χ 2=12.070, P=0.001), high ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) (χ 2=8.279, P=0.004), preoperative neoadjuvant therapy (χ 2=11.230, P=0.001), postoperative anastomotic leakage (χ 2=11.840, P=0.001) were associated with severe LARS.Multivariate analysis showed that the distance from the lower edge of the tumors to the anus <6 cm ( OR=1.861, 95% CI: 1.289-2.688, P=0.001), BMI≥28 kg/m 2 ( OR=1.747, 95% CI: 1.022-2.987, P=0.041), high IMA ligation ( OR=1.688, 95% CI: 1.157-2.463, P=0.007), preoperative neoadjuvant therapy ( OR=2.719, 95% CI: 1.343-5.505, P=0.005) were independent risk factors for LARS. Nomogram model showed that the total factor ranged from 2 to 212, and the corresponding risk rate ranged from 30% to 80%. The patients with higher score have greater risk for severe LARS. The area under the predictive power curve of Nomogram model (AUC) was 0.749 (95% CI: 0.705-0.793, P<0.001). Conclusion:Lower tumor location, obesity, preoperative neoadjuvant therapy, high IMA ligation and postoperative anastomotic leakage increase the risk of severe LARS.

Comparison of Murraya exotica and Murraya paniculata by fingerprint analysis coupled with chemometrics and network pharmacology methods / 中国天然药物

There are two source plants for the traditional Chinese medicine Murrayae Folium et Cacumen (MFC) in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, i.e. Murraya exotica L. and M. paniculata (L.) Jack. Herein, a chemical comparison of M. exotica and M. paniculata by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint analysis coupled with chemometrics and network pharmacology was performed. The main peaks in the fingerprints were identified by liquid chromatography coupled with ion trap/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-IT-TOF-MS) and authenticated by references. The chemometrics results showed that the HPLC fingerprints of these two species were clearly divided into two categories using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), and a total of 13 significantly differentiated markers were screened out by orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). However, the following network pharmacology analysis showed that these discriminated markers were found to act via many common targets and metabolic pathways, indicating the possibly similar pharmacological effects and mechanisms for M. exotica and M. paniculata. The above results provide valuable evidence for the equivalent use of these two plants in clinical settings. Moreover, the chromatographic fingerprint analysis coupled with chemometrics and network pharmacology supplies an efficient approach for the comparative analysis of multi-source TCMs like MFC.

Rapid determination of active components in Ginkgo biloba leaves by near infrared spectroscopy combined with genetic algorithm joint extreme learning machine / 中国中药杂志

Near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS) combined with band screening method and modeling algorithm can be used to achieve the rapid and non-destructive detection of the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) production process. This paper focused on the ginkgo leaf macroporous resin purification process, which is the key technology of Yinshen Tongluo Capsules, in order to achieve the rapid determination of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin in effluent. The abnormal spectrum was eliminated by Mahalanobis distance algorithm, and the data set was divided by the sample set partitioning method based on joint X-Y distances(SPXY). The key information bands were selected by synergy interval partial least squares(siPLS); based on that, competitive adaptive reweighted sampling(CARS), successive projections algorithm(SPA) and Monte Carlo uninformative variable(MC-UVE) were used to select wavelengths to obtain less but more critical variable data. With selected key variables as input, the quantitative analysis model was established by genetic algorithm joint extreme learning machine(GA-ELM) algorithm. The performance of the model was compared with that of partial least squares regression(PLSR). The results showed that the combination with siPLS-CARS-GA-ELM could achieve the optimal model performance with the minimum number of variables. The calibration set correlation coefficient R_c and the validation set correlation coefficient R_p of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin were all above 0.98. The root mean square error of calibration(RMSEC), the root mean square error of prediction(RMSEP) and the relative standard errors of prediction(RSEP) were 0.030 0, 0.029 2 and 8.88%, 0.041 4, 0.034 8 and 8.46%, 0.029 3, 0.027 1 and 10.10%, respectively. Compared with the PLSR me-thod, the performance of the GA-ELM model was greatly improved, which proved that NIRS combined with GA-ELM method has a great potential for rapid determination of effective components of TCM.

[Effect of density and directional cultivation on yield, quality and benefit of Nuomi yam].

A split-plot experiment was conducted to study the optimum planting density of Nuomi yam in directional groove shallow cultivation. Nuomi yam was the main local cultivar of Dioscorea. The study of this paper may help to give valuable instructions of local production. Three different planting densities and shallow groove diameter were designed in the experiment. The results showed that the fresh weight of aerial part per plant, yield and planting benefit of Nuomi yam tuber were the highest when the planting density was 12 000 plants/hm~2 and the diameter of shallow growth groove was 11.0 cm, while they were the lowest when the planting density was 22 500 plants/hm~2 and the diameter of shallow growth groove was 7.5 cm. Along with the increase of planting density, the fresh weight of aerial part, tuber, fresh yield, benefit and commercial tuber rate of Nuomi yam also decreased. The commercial tuber rate of Nuomi yam of 11.0 cm diameter in shallow growing pot was the highest, while it was the lowest with no shallow growing pot. On the contrary, the content of amylopectin and mucin was the highest when there was no shallow groove, and was the lowest when the diameter of shallow groove was 7.5 cm, although there was no significant difference between the two treatments. Therefore, Nuomi yam with the directional cultivation combination of planting density of 12 000 plants/hm~2 and shallow groove diameter of 11.0 cm showed high yield, good appearance quality, high planting benefit and no obvious adverse effect on internal quality.

[Study on molecular target of Taohong Siwu Decoction in delaying growth of fibroblasts based on network pharmacology].

As a prescription for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, Taohong Siwu Decoction(THSWD) has certain effects in delaying the progression of renal fibrosis. However, as a traditional Chinese medicine compound containing many monomer components, it has been a research hotspot in the field of exploring the research methods and targets for the complex pathological process. The method of activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis has certain clinical effect in retarding the process of IgA nephropathy(IgAN) fibrosis, but the mechanism of action is still unclear. In this study, the network pharmacology method was used to investigate the active ingredients, targets and molecular mechanisms of THSWD in the intervention of IgAN fibrosis. On this basis, in vitro experiments were conducted to verify the effect of THSWD on the expression of ERK factor in BALB/c 3 T3 cells. The active ingredients and targets in THSWD were collected through the TCMSP. Sixty-one active ingredients and 240 targets including luteolin and quercetin were screened, and 185 targets were obtained by intersecting with CTD database to search IgAN related targets. Cytoscape software and STRING database were used to construct "THSWD-active ingredients-targets" network and protein-protein interaction network, and 69 core targets were screened. In DAVID's GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway analysis of the core targets and cell experiments, the results showed that ERK was an important factor for THSWD to interfere with IgAN fibrosis, and THSWD intervention could significantly decrease cell activity, ERK1/2 mRNA expression, and p-ERK1/2 protein expression. This study preliminarily revealed that THSWD may delay the growth of fibroblasts by affecting ERK factor and its phosphorylation level.

Characterization of inthomycin biosynthetic gene cluster revealing new insights into carboxamide formation.

Inthomycins are polyketide antibiotics which contain a terminal carboxamide group and a triene chain. Inthomycin B (1) and its two new analogues 2 and 3 were isolated from the crude extract of Streptomyces pactum L8. Identification of the gene cluster for inthomycin biosynthesis as well as the 15N-labeled glycine incorporation into inthomycins are described. Combined with the gene deletion of the rare P450 domain in the NRPS module, a formation mechanism of carboxamide moiety in inthomycins was proposed via an oxidative release of the assembly chain assisted by the P450 domain.