The role of NLRP3 inflammasome in stroke and central poststroke pain.

BACKGROUND: NLRP3 inflammasome plays a prominent role in the pathogenesis and progression of many diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. However, little knowledge is known about the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in central post-stroke pain (CPSP). METHODS: We selected relevant studies by searching PubMed, Embase, and Medline from inception through February, 2018. We systematically reviewed available publications according to the terms "NLRP3 inflammasome" and "stroke" or "central post-stroke pain" in the title/abstract field. RESULTS: We reviewed the articles and put forward two possible ways for NLRP3 inflammasome in CPSP. One way is that NLRP3 activation causes cerebral cortex injure, decreasing descending projection fiber to thalamus. Such condition may let GABAergic releases reduce, making the ventral basal (VB) neurons excitability increased. Finally, CPSP occur. Another way is that NLRP3 inflammasome leads to thalamic lesion and strengthens inflammatory response of microglia at the same time. Persistent inflammation causes GABAergic alteration in thalamus reticular neurons (TRN) to restrain VB interneurons functions, contributing to CPSP. CONCLUSIONS: These possible mechanisms will help become knowledgeable about the occurrence CPSP and provide potential therapy for CPSP.

Use of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and sawdust as adsorbents of ammoniacal nitrogen in aerobic composting process.

Three kinds of adsorbents-potassium dihydrogen phosphate, sawdust and mixture of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and sawdust were added respectively into composting to investigate their adsorption effect on ammonia. The experimental results showed that all the adsorbents could restrain ammonia volatilizing, with the sorption of potassium dihydrogen phosphate adsorbents being the best of all, the sorption of mixture adsorbent with potassium dihydrogen phosphate and sawdust being the second and the sorption of sawdust adsorbent being the last. Therefore, the total nitrogen loss ratios respectively reduced from 38% to 13%, 15% and 21% after adding these three kinds of adsorbents into composting. However, potassium dihydrogen phosphate produced negative influence on composting properties as its supplemented amount exceeded a quantity basis equivalent to 18% of total nitrogen in the composting, for example: pH value had been lessened, microorganism activity reduced, which finally resulted in the reduction of biodegradation ratio of organic matter. But it did not result in these problems when using the mixture of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and sawdust as adsorbent, in which the amount of potassium dihydrogen phosphate was under a quantity basis equivalent to 6% of total nitrogen in the composting. Moreover, the mixture adsorbent produced better adsorption effect on ammonia, and raised biodegradation ratio of organic matter from 26% to 33%.