BiTiS3 bio-transducer with explosive on-demand generation of NO gas for synergetic cancer therapy.

Combined photothermal therapy and nitric oxide (NO)-mediated gas therapy has shown great potential as a cancer treatment. However, the on-demand release of NO at a high concentration presents a challenge owing to the lack of an ideal bio-transducer with a high loading capacity of NO donors and sufficient energy to induce NO release. Here, we present a new 2D BiTiS3 nanosheet that is synthesized, loaded with the NO donor (BNN6), and conjugated with PEG-iRGD to produce a multifunctional bio-transducer (BNN6-BiTiS3-iRGD) for the on-demand production of NO. The BiTiS3 nanosheets not only have a high loading capacity of NO donors (750%), but also exhibit a high photothermal conversion efficiency (59.5%) after irradiation by a 1064-nm laser at 0.5 W/cm2. As a result of the above advantages, the temporal-controllable generation of NO within a large dynamic range (from 0 to 344 µM) is achieved by adjusting power densities, which is among the highest efficiency values reported for NO generators so far. Moreover, the targeted accumulation of BNN6-BiTiS3-iRGD at tumor sites leads to spatial-controllable NO release. In vitro and in vivo assessments demonstrate synergistic NO gas therapy with mild photothermal therapy based on BNN6-BiTiS3-iRGD. Our work provides insights into the design and application of other 2D nanomaterial-based therapeutic platforms.

Transformation of Black Phosphorus through Lattice Reconstruction for NIR-II-Responsive Cancer Therapy.

The photothermal performance of black phosphorus (BP) in the near infrared (NIR)-II bio-window (1000-1500 nm) is low, which limits its biomedical applications. Herein, ultrasmall nickel phosphide quantum dots (Ni2 P QDs) are synthesized with BP quantum dots (BPQDs) as the template by topochemical transformation. The size of Ni2 P QDs is ≈3.5 nm, similar to that of BPQDs, whereas the absorption and photothermal conversion efficiency of Ni2 P QDs at 1064 nm (43.5%) are significantly improved compared with those of BPQDs. To facilitate in vivo applications, an Ni2 P QDs-based liposomal nano-platform (Ni2 P-DOX@Lipo-cRGD) is designed by incorporation of Ni2 P QDs and doxorubicin (DOX) into liposomal bilayers and the interior, respectively. The encapsulated DOX is responsively released from liposomes upon 1064-nm laser irradiation owing to the photothermal effect of Ni2 P QDs, and the drug release rate and amount are controlled by the light intensity and exposure time. In vivo, experiments show that Ni2 P-DOX@Lipo-cRGD has excellent tumor target capability and biocompatibility, as well as complete tumor ablation through the combination of photothermal therapy and chemotherapy. The work provides a new paradigm for the NIR-II transformation of nano-materials and may shed light on the construction of multifunctional nano-platforms for cancer treatment.

Bu-Fei Yi-Shen Granules Reduce Acute Exacerbations in Patients with GOLD 3-4 COPD: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Purpose: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease characterized by frequent acute exacerbations (AEs), especially in severe and very severe cases. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Bu-fei Yi-shen granules (BYGs) for COPD. Patients and Methods: We conducted a multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of 348 COPD patients with GOLD 3-4 COPD. The patients were randomly assigned into experimental or control groups in a 1:1 ratio. Patients in the experimental group were prescribed BYG, while those in the control group were administered a placebo, orally, twice daily, with 5 days on and 2 days off per week for 52 weeks. The outcomes included AEs, pulmonary function, clinical signs and symptoms, dyspnea scores (mMRC), quality of life scores, and a 6-minute walk test (6MWT). Results: A total of 280 patients completed the trial, including 135 patients in the experimental group and 145 in the control group. Compared to the control group, significant differences were observed in frequencies of AEs (mean difference: -0.35; 95% CI: -0.61, -0.10; P = 0.006) and AE-related hospitalizations (-0.18; 95% CI: -0.36, -0.01; P = 0.04), 6MWD (40.93 m; 95% CI: 32.03, 49.83; P < 0.001), mMRC (-0.57; 95% CI: -0.76, -0.37; P < 0.001), total symptoms (-2.18; 95% CI: -2.84, -1.53; P < 0.001), SF-36 (11.60; 95% CI: 8.23, 14.97; P < 0.001), and mCOPD-PRO (-0.45; 95% CI: -0.57, -0.33; P < 0.001) after treatment. However, there were no significant differences in mortality, pulmonary function, and mESQ-PRO scores (P > 0.05). No obvious adverse events were observed. Conclusion: BYG, as compared to a placebo, could significantly reduce the frequencies of AEs and AE-related hospitalizations for GOLD 3-4 COPD patients. Clinical symptoms, treatment satisfaction, quality of life, and exercise capacity improved. There was no significant improvement in mortality and pulmonary function.

Synthesis of germanium/germanium phosphide in-plane heterostructure with efficient photothermal and enhanced photodynamic effects in the second near-infrared biowindow.

Inspired by the bifunctional phototherapy agents (PTAs), constructing compact PTAs with efficient photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) effects in the near-infrared (NIR-II) biowindow is crucial for high therapeutic efficacy. Herein, none-layered germanium (Ge) is transformed to layered Ge/germanium phosphide (Ge/GeP) structure, and a novel two-dimensional sheet-like compact S-scheme Ge/GeP in-plane heterostructure with a large extinction coefficient of 15.66 L/g cm-1 at 1,064 nm is designed and demonstrated. In addition to the outstanding photothermal effects, biocompatibility and degradability, type I and type II PDT effects are activated by a single laser. Furthermore, enhanced reactive oxygen species generation under longer wavelength NIR laser irradiation is achieved, and production of singlet oxygen and superoxide radical upon 1,064 nm laser irradiation is more than double that under 660 nm laser irradiation. The S-scheme charge transfer mechanism between Ge and GeP, is demonstrated by photo-irradiated Kelvin probe force microscopy and electron spin resonance analysis. Thus, the obtained S-scheme Ge/GeP in-plane heterostructure shows synergistic therapeutic effects of PTT/PDT both in vitro and in vivo in the NIR-II biowindow and the novel nanoplatform with excellent properties has large clinical potential.

Biodegradable FePS3 nanoplatform for efficient treatment of osteosarcoma by combination of gene and NIR-II photothermal therapy.

As a common tumor with high incidence, osteosarcoma possesses extremely poor prognosis and high mortality. Improving the survival of osteosarcoma patients is still a great challenge due to the precipice of advancement in treatment. In this study, a combination strategy of gene therapy and photothermal therapy (PTT) is developed for efficient treatment of osteosarcoma. Two-dimensional (2D) FePS3 nanosheets are synthesized and functionalized by poly-L-lysine-PEG-folic acid (PPF) to fabricate a multifunctional nanoplatform (FePS@PPF) for further loading microRNAs inhibitor, miR-19a inhibitor (anti-miR-19a). The photothermal conversion efficiency of FePS@PPF is up to 47.1% under irradiation by 1064 nm laser. In vitro study shows that anti-miR-19a can be efficiently internalized into osteosarcoma cells through the protection and delivery of FePS@PPF nanaocarrier, which induces up-regulation of PTEN protein and down-regulation p-AKT protein. After intravenous injection, the FePS@PPF nanoplatform specifically accumulates to tumor site of osteosarcoma-bearing mice. The in vitro and in vivo investigations reveal that the combined PTT-gene therapy displays most significant tumor ablation compared with monotherapy. More importantly, the good biodegradability promotes FePS@PPF to be cleared from body avoiding potential toxicity of long-term retention. Our work not only develops a combined strategy of NIR-II PTT and gene therapy mediated by anti-miR-19a/FePS@PPF but also provides insights into the design and applications of other nanotherapeutic platforms.

Black Phosphorous Aptamer-based Platform for Biomarker Detection.

Black phosphorus nanostructures (nano-BPs) mainly include BP nanosheets (BP NSs), BP quantum dots (BPQDs), and other nano-BPs-based particles at nanoscale. Firstly discovered in 2014, nano-BPs are one of the most popular nanomaterials. Different synthesis methods are discussed in short to understand the basic concepts and developments in synthesis. Exfoliated nano-BPs, i.e. nano-BPs possess high surface area, high photothermal conversion efficacy, excellent biocompatibility, high charge carrier mobility (~1000 cm-2V-1s-1), thermal conductivity of 86 Wm-1K-1; and these properties make it a highly potential candidate for fabrication of biosensing platform. These properties enable nano-BPs to be promising photothermal/drug delivery agents as well as in electrochemical data storage devices and sensing devices; and in super capacitors, photodetectors, photovoltaics and solar cells, LEDs, super-conductors, etc. Early diagnosis is very critical in the health sector scenarios. This review attempts to highlight the attempts made towards attaining stable BP, BP-aptamer conjugates for successful biosensing applications. BP-aptamer- based platforms are reviewed to highlight the significance of BP in detecting biological and physiological markers of cardiovascular diseases and cancer; to be useful in disease diagnosis and management.

Fabricating Black-Phosphorus/Iron-Tetraphosphide Heterostructure via a Solid-Phase Solution-Precipitation Method for High-Performance Nitrogen Reduction.

Although constructing heterostructures is considered as one of the most successful strategies to improve the activity of a catalyst, the heterostructures usually suffer from the cumbersome preparation treatments and low-yield. Inspired by a solid-phase solution-precipitation (SPSP) process, an approach for interface intensive heterostructures with high yield is developed. Herein, a black-phosphorus/iron-tetraphosphide (BP/FeP4 ) heterostructure is prepared mechanochemically with high transient pressure by the solid-phase ball milling approach. The BP/FeP4 heterostructure delivers excellent catalytic performance in the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) as exemplified by an NH3 yield of 77.6 µg h-1 mg cat . - 1 \[{\rm{mg}}_{{\rm{cat}}{\rm{.}}}^{{\bm{ - }}1}\] and Faradic efficiency of 62.9% (-0.2 V), which are superior to that of most NRR catalysts recently reported. Experimental investigation and density-functional theory calculation indicate the importance of excess phosphorus in the heterostructures on the NRR activity, which assists the Fe atom to activate N2 via adsorbing the H atom. The results demonstrate the great potential of this new type of heterostructures prepared by the SPSP approach. Benefiting from the simple preparation process and low cost, the heterostructures offer a new insight into the development of highly efficient catalysts.

Photothermal and Enhanced Photocatalytic Therapies Conduce to Synergistic Anticancer Phototherapy with Biodegradable Titanium Diselenide Nanosheets.

Nanomaterial-based photothermal and photocatalytic therapies are effective against various types of cancers. However, combining two or more materials is considered necessary to achieve the synergistic anticancer effects of photothermal and photocatalytic therapy, which made the preparation process complicated. Herein, the authors describe simple 2D titanium diselenide (TiSe2 ) nanosheets (NSs) that can couple photothermal therapy with photocatalytic therapy. The TiSe2 NSs are prepared using a liquid exfoliation method. They show a layered structure and possess high photothermal conversion efficiency (65.58%) and good biocompatibility. Notably, upon near-infrared irradiation, these NSs exhibit good photocatalytic properties with enhanced reactive oxygen species generation and H2 O2 decomposition in vitro. They can also achieve high temperatures, with heat improving their catalytic ability to further amplify oxidative stress and glutathione depletion in cancer cells. Furthermore, molecular mechanism studies reveal that the synergistic effects of photothermal and enhanced photocatalytic therapy can simultaneously lead to apoptosis and necrosis in cancer cells via the HSP90/JAK3/NF-κB/IKB-α/Caspase-3 pathway. Systemic exploration reveals that the TiSe2 NSs has an appreciable degradation rate and accumulates passively in tumor tissue, where they facilitate photothermal and photocatalytic effects without obvious toxicity. Their study thus indicates the high potential of biodegradable TiSe2 NSs in synergistic phototherapy for cancer treatment.

Intrinsic bioactivity of black phosphorus nanomaterials on mitotic centrosome destabilization through suppression of PLK1 kinase.

Although nanomaterials have shown promising biomedical application potential, incomplete understanding of their molecular interactions with biological systems prevents their inclusion into mainstream clinical applications. Here we show that black phosphorus (BP) nanomaterials directly affect the cell cycle's centrosome machinery. BP destabilizes mitotic centrosomes by attenuating the cohesion of pericentriolar material and consequently leads to centrosome fragmentation within mitosis. As a result, BP-treated cells exhibit multipolar spindles and mitotic delay, and ultimately undergo apoptosis. Mechanistically, BP compromises centrosome integrity by deactivating the centrosome kinase polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1). BP directly binds to PLK1, inducing its aggregation, decreasing its cytosolic mobility and eventually restricting its recruitment to centrosomes for activation. With this mechanism, BP nanomaterials show great anticancer potential in tumour xenografted mice. Together, our study reveals a molecular mechanism for the tumoricidal properties of BP and proposes a direction for biomedical application of nanomaterials by exploring their intrinsic bioactivities.

Black phosphorous nanosheet: A novel immune-potentiating nanoadjuvant for near-infrared-improved immunotherapy.

Intrinsic immune behaviors of nanomaterials and immune systems promote research on their adjuvanticity and the design of next generation nanovaccine-based immunotherapies. Herein, we report a promising multifunctional nanoadjuvant by exploring the immune-potentiating effects of black phosphorus nanosheets (BPs) in vitro and in vivo. The facile coating of BPs with phenylalanine-lysine-phenylalanine (FKF) tripeptide-modified antigen epitopes (FKF-OVAp@BP) enables the generation of a minimalized nanovaccine by integrating high loading capacity, efficient drug delivery, comprehensive dendritic cell (DC) activation, and biocompatibility for cancer immunotherapy. Systemic immunization elicits potent antitumor cellular immunity and significantly augments checkpoint blockade (CPB) against melanoma in a mouse model. Furthermore, near-infrared (NIR) photothermal effects of BPs create an immune-favorable microenvironment for improved local immunization. This study offers new insight into the integration of immunoactivity and photothermal effects for enhanced cancer immunotherapy by using a nanoadjuvant and thus potentially advances the design and application of multifunctional adjuvant materials for cancer nanotreatment.

Sensitive and selective ctDNA detection based on functionalized black phosphorus nanosheets.

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) identification is one of the most meaningful approaches towards early cancer diagnosis. However, effective and practical methods for analyzing this emerging class of biomarkers are still lacking. In this work, a biosensor based on nitrophenyl functionalized black phosphorus nanosheets (NP-BPs) is fabricated for sensitive and selective detection of ctDNA. In this work, a nitrophenyl functionalized black phosphorus nanosheets (NP-BPs) biosensor is fabricated for sensitive and selective detection of ctDNA. Due to the successful nitrophenyl functionalization, the NP-BPs biosensor shows higher quenching efficiency and stronger affinity towards single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), as compared with double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Therefore, the NP-BPs biosensor exhibits 5.4-fold fluorescence enhancement when dye-labelled ssDNA probe forms dsDNA in the presence of its specific ctDNA target. This biosensor exhibits a detection limit of 50 fM and a wide linear detection range of 50 fM-80 pM, provides reliable readout in a short time (15 min). Moreover, the NP-BPs-based biosensor could be applied to discriminate single nucleotide polymorphisms in clinical serum samples. It is envisioned that the NP-BPs-based sensing platform has great potentials in early cancer diagnosis and monitoring cancer progression.

Mediated Drug Release from Nanovehicles by Black Phosphorus Quantum Dots for Efficient Therapy of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an intractable disease involving a sticky mucus layer and nanoagents with mucus-penetrating capability offer a new way to deliver drugs. However, drug release from nanovehicles requires optimization to enhance the therapeutic effects of COPD therapy. Herein, black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) are combined with PEGylated chitosan nanospheres containing the antibiotic amikacin (termed PEG@CS/BPQDs-AM NPs). As a drug-delivery system, the hydrophilicity of PEG and positive charge of CS facilitate the penetration of nanovehicles through the mucus layer. The nanovehicles then adhere to the mucous membrane. Furthermore, the BPQDs degrade rapidly into nontoxic PO43- and acidic H+ , thereby promoting the dissociation of PEGylated CS nanospheres, accelerating the release of AM, decreasing the vitality of biofilms for ease of eradication. Our results reveal that drug delivery mediated by BPQDs is a feasible and desirable strategy for precision medicine and promising for the clinical therapy of COPD.

Bioactive phospho-therapy with black phosphorus for in vivo tumor suppression.

Background and Purpose: Although inorganic nanomaterials have been widely used in multimodal cancer therapies, the intrinsic contributions of the materials are not well understood and sometimes underestimated. In this work, bioactive phospho-therapy with black phosphorus nanosheets (BPs) for in vivo tumor suppression is studied. Methods: Orthotopic liver tumor and acute myeloid leukemia are chosen as the models for the solid tumor and hematological tumor, respectively. BPs are injected into mice through the tail vein and tumor growth is monitored by IVIS bioluminescence imaging. Tumor tissues and serum samples are collected to determine the suppression effect and biosafety of BPs after treatment. Results: The in vitro studies show that BPs with high intracellular uptake produce apoptosis- and autophagy-mediated programmed cell death of human liver carcinoma cells but do not affect normal cells. BPs passively accumulate in the tumor site at a high concentration and inhibit tumor growth. The tumor weight is much less than that observed from the doxorubicin (DOX)-treated group. The average survival time is extended by at least two months and the survival rate is 100% after 120 days. Western bolt analysis confirms that BPs suppress carcinoma growth via the apoptosis and autophagy pathways. In addition, administration of BPs into mice suffering from leukemia results in tumor suppression and long survival. Conclusions: This study reveals that BPs constitute a type of bioactive anti-cancer agents and provides insights into the application of inorganic nanomaterials to cancer therapy.

Property-Activity Relationship of Black Phosphorus at the Nano-Bio Interface: From Molecules to Organisms.

As a novel member of the two-dimensional nanomaterial family, mono- or few-layer black phosphorus (BP) with direct bandgap and high charge carrier mobility is promising in many applications such as microelectronic devices, photoelectronic devices, energy technologies, and catalysis agents. Due to its benign elemental composition (phosphorus), large surface area, electronic/photonic performances, and chemical/biological activities, BP has also demonstrated a great potential in biomedical applications including biosensing, photothermal/photodynamic therapies, controlled drug releases, and antibacterial uses. The nature of the BP-bio interface is comprised of dynamic contacts between nanomaterials (NMs) and biological systems, where BP and the biological system interact. The physicochemical interactions at the nano-bio interface play a critical role in the biological effects of NMs. In this review, we discuss the interface in the context of BP as a nanomaterial and its unique physicochemical properties that may affect its biological effects. Herein, we comprehensively reviewed the recent studies on the interactions between BP and biomolecules, cells, and animals and summarized various cellular responses, inflammatory/immunological effects, as well as other biological outcomes of BP depending on its own physical properties, exposure routes, and biodistribution. In addition, we also discussed the environmental behaviors and potential risks on environmental organisms of BP. Based on accumulating knowledge on the BP-bio interfaces, this review also summarizes various safer-by-design strategies to change the physicochemical properties including chemical stability and nano-bio interactions, which are critical in tuning the biological behaviors of BP. The better understanding of the biological activity of BP at BP-bio interfaces and corresponding methods to overcome the challenges would promote its future exploration in terms of bringing this new nanomaterial to practical applications.

Biodegradable Bi2 O2 Se Quantum Dots for Photoacoustic Imaging-Guided Cancer Photothermal Therapy.

As new 2D layered nanomaterials, Bi2 O2 Se nanoplates have unique semiconducting properties that can benefit biomedical applications. Herein, a facile top-down approach for the synthesis of Bi2 O2 Se quantum dots (QDs) in a solution is described. The Bi2 O2 Se QDs with a size of 3.8 nm and thickness of 1.9 nm exhibit a high photothermal conversion coefficient of 35.7% and good photothermal stability. In vitro and in vivo assessments demonstrate that the Bi2 O2 Se QDs possess excellent photoacoustic (PA) performance and photothermal therapy (PTT) efficiency. After systemic administration, the Bi2 O2 Se QDs accumulate passively in tumors enabling efficient PA imaging of the entire tumors to facilitate imaging-guided PTT without obvious toxicity. Furthermore, the Bi2 O2 Se QDs which exhibit degradability in aqueous media not only have sufficient stability during in vivo circulation to perform the designed therapeutic functions, but also can be discharged harmlessly from the body afterward. The results reveal the great potential of Bi2 O2 Se QDs as a biodegradable multifunctional agent in medical applications.

Black Phosphorus-Based Multimodal Nanoagent: Showing Targeted Combinatory Therapeutics against Cancer Metastasis.

In breast cancer chemophotothermal therapy, it is a great challenge for the development of multifunctional nanoagents for precision targeting and the effective treatment of tumors, especially for metastasis. Herein, we successfully design and synthesize a multifunctional black phosphorus (BP)-based nanoagent, BP/DTX@PLGA, to address this challenge. In this composite nanoagent, BP quantum dots (BPQDs) are loaded into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) with additional conjugation of a chemotherapeutic agent, docetaxel (DTX). The in vivo distribution results demonstrate that BP/DTX@PLGA shows striking tropism for targeting both primary tumors and lung metastatic tumors. Moreover, BP/DTX@PLGA exhibits outstanding controllable chemophotothermal combinatory therapeutics, which dramatically improves the efficacy of photothermal tumor ablation when combined with near-light irradiation. Mechanistically, accelerated DTX release from the nanocomplex upon heating and thermal treatment per se synergistically incurs apoptosis-dependent cell death, resulting in the elimination of lung metastasis. Meanwhile, in vitro and in vivo results further confirm that BP/DTX@PLGA possesses good biocompatibility. This study provides a promising BP-based multimodal nanoagent to constrain cancer metastasis.

Inherent Chemotherapeutic Anti-Cancer Effects of Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials.

Low-dimensional nanomaterials (LDNs) are receiving increasing attention in cancer therapy owing to their unique properties, especially the large surface area-to-volume ratio. LDNs such as metallic nanoparticles (NPs), hydroxyapatite NPs, graphene derivatives, and black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets have been proposed for drug delivery, photothermal/photodynamic therapies, and multimodal theranostic treatments. The therapeutic effectiveness is mainly based on the physical characteristics of LDNs, but their inherent bioactivity has not been fully capitalized. In this Minireview, recent advances in the anti-cancer effects of various types of LDNs with inherent chemotherapeutic bioactivity are described and the bioactivity mechanisms are discussed on the cellular and molecular levels. BP, one of the newest and exciting members of the LDN family, is highlighted owing to the excellent inherent bioactivity, selectivity, and biocompatibility in cancer therapy. LDNs and related derivatives possess inherent bioactivity and selective chemotherapeutic effects suggesting large potential as nanostructured anti-cancer agents in cancer therapy.

InSe Nanosheets for Efficient NIR-II-Responsive Drug Release.

Near-infrared-II (NIR-II) biowindow is appealing from the perspectives of larger maximum permissible exposure in comparison with the near-infrared-I biowindow, so the NIR-II-responsive drug-delivery nanoplatform is highly desirable. In this work, two-dimensional InSe nanosheets (InSe NSs) are modified with poly(ethylene glycol) and evaluated as an effective NIR-II-responsive cancer treatment nanoplatform. The InSe NSs synthesized by liquid exfoliation exhibit prominent NIR-II-responsive photothermal conversion efficiency (39.5%) and photothermal stability. Moreover, the InSe NSs have a doxorubicin (DOX) loading capacity as high as 93.6%, along with excellent NIR-II-responsive DOX release characteristic. The superior synergistic chemo/photothermal effects have also been demonstrated by the in vitro experiments in killing cancer cells. In combination with good biocompatibility, the InSe NSs have great potential in therapeutic applications.

[Expert consensus statement on Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid in clinical practice].

Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid has effects in clearing away heat and detoxifying,and is used to treat pharynx and throat swelling caused by the syndrome of excessive heat and toxin accumulation. Its efficacy is to relieve swelling and pain( redness,swelling and hot pain). It is included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia of 2015 Edition,and has been listed in provincial health insurance directories of Shaanxi,Jiangsu,Liaoning,Hunan,Tianjin,Xinjiang and Hebei. It has been recommended by health departments of Beijing,Chongqing and other provinces as a preferred drug for the prevention and treatment of H1 N1 and HFMD,and listed in the diagnosis and Treatment Guide of HFMD by the Ministry of Health,the Clinical Application Guide of Chinese Patent Medicine edited by the Lung Department Disease Branch of China Association of Chinese Medicine,and the Clinical Practice Guide of Single Administration/Combined Administration of Antibiotics in Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases by China Association of Chinese Medicine. To further improve the clinician's understanding of drugs and better guide the rational clinical application,we invited front-line clinical experts from respiratory department,infectious department and dermatology of traditional Chinese and Western medicine to develop and compile the expert consensus. The consensus fully considered the clinical evidence and the expert clinical experience to give recommendations for clinical problems with evidence support and consensus suggestions for clinical problems without evidence support by the nominal group method.This consensus is based on clinical research evidence and expert experience in a simple and clear format,which provides a preliminary reference for the clinical use of the drug.

Black Phosphorus: Bioactive Nanomaterials with Inherent and Selective Chemotherapeutic Effects.

Black phosphorus nanosheets (BPs) are demonstrated to be highly bioactive anti-cancer agents because of their inherent and selective chemotherapeutic effects. Fast intracellular biodegradation of BPs and acute elevation of phosphate anions were observed from different types of cancer cells due to the stronger intracellular oxidative stress and accelerated energy metabolism, but normal cells are not affected. Selective biodegradation of BPs induced G2/M phase arrest and subsequent apoptosis- and autophagy-mediated cell death in cancer cells but not normal cells. The selectivity was superior to that of the traditional chemotherapeutic agent, doxorubicin (DOX). In vivo assessment confirmed the efficiency of BPs in suppressing tumor growth. This study provides insights into nanostructured bioactive anti-cancer agents and reveals a new direction for nanomedicine research.