Relationship between Serum Selenium Level and Self-Reported History of Kidney Stone.

A relationship may exist between selenium and kidney calculi, but there is a lack of research in this field at present. Our study explored the relationship between the serum selenium level and a medical history of adult kidney calculi. We utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 2011 and 2016. Participants self-reported their history of kidney stones, while serum selenium levels were measured using inductively coupled plasma dynamic reaction cell mass spectrometry. Our findings indicate a negative correlation between serum selenium levels and the risk of kidney stone history. In the multiple-adjusted model, the lowest serum selenium level group had a higher risk than the other groups. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of ever having kidney stones for the highest serum selenium level group was 0.54 (0.33-0.88). In the results of stratified analysis, this relationship was still significant in the groups of women and those 40-59 years. We also found that as a nonlinear dose-response relationship between serum selenium levels and the history of kidney stones disease. In our research, we found that people with higher serum selenium levels had a lower risk of having a history of kidney stones. We concluded that selenium may have a protective effect on kidney stones. In the future, more population studies are needed to explore the relationship between selenium and kidney stones.

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Pyrrole-2-carboxamide Derivatives as Mycobacterial Membrane Protein Large 3 Inhibitors for Treating Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis.

In this work, pyrrole-2-carboxamides were designed with a structure-guided strategy based on the crystal structure of MmpL3 and a pharmacophore model. The structure-activity relationship studies revealed that attaching phenyl and pyridyl groups with electron-withdrawing substituents to the pyrrole ring and attaching bulky substituents to the carboxamide greatly improved anti-TB activity. Most compounds showed potent anti-TB activity (MIC < 0.016 µg/mL) and low cytotoxicity (IC50 > 64 µg/mL). Compound 32 displayed excellent activity against drug-resistant tuberculosis, good microsomal stability, almost no inhibition of the hERG K+ channel, and good in vivo efficacy. Furthermore, the target of the pyrrole-2-carboxamides was identified by measuring their potency against M. smegmatis expressing wild-type and mutated variants of the mmpL3 gene from M. tuberculosis (mmpL3tb) and determining their effect on mycolic acid biosynthesis using a [14C] acetate metabolic labeling assay. The present study provides new MmpL3 inhibitors that are promising anti-TB agents.

The association between urinary phytoestrogens and depressive symptoms.

Present evidence outlining the association between different types of phytoestrogens and depressive symptoms in the general population is limited and contradictory. Data from the 2007-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were used to examine their association. Phytoestrogens were measured in urine samples and depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models were used to evaluate associations. In one model, lignans and enterolactone were inversely associated with the prevalence of depressive symptoms. Compared with the lowest quartile (Q1), the odds ratios (ORs; 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) for participants in the highest quartile of lignans and enterolactone were 0.44 (0.27-0.72) and 0.42 (0.26-0.67) for depressive symptoms, respectively. Additionally, the dose-response relationships between urinary lignans or enterolactone and depressive symptoms showed a linear trend. Our results suggest that urinary lignans and enterolactone are inversely associated with the prevalence of depressive symptoms.

Threshold effects and interactive effects of total zinc and selenium intake on cognitive function in older adults.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The aim of this study was to assess threshold effects and interactive effects of total zinc and selenium intake on cognitive function in older adults. METHODS: We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014. Zinc and selenium intake were obtained through two 24-h dietary recalls. Cognitive performance was evaluated by the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Smooth curve fitting, two-piecewise multivariable linear regression models, binary logistic regression model, multiplicative interactions model, and additive interactions model were used to evaluate the association between zinc, selenium intake and their interactive effect on cognitive function. RESULTS: A total of 2450 participants aged 60 years or older were included. Zinc and selenium intake was non-linearly associated with cognitive function. The inflection point for zinc intake was 8.94 mg/d in males and 7.58 mg/d in females. When zinc intake was below inflection point, zinc intake was positively associated with the DSST test in males (ß = 1.02, 95% CI, 0.44 to 1.60) and females (ß = 0.94, 95% CI, 0.26 to 1.62). When zinc intake above inflection point, there is no association between zinc intake and the DSST test in both sexs. The inflection point for selenium intake was 186.33 µg/d in males and 68.40 µg/d in females. Among males, the ß (95% CIs) was 0.03 (0.01,0.06) to the left side of the inflection point and -0.06 (-0.10, -0.02) to the right of the inflection point. Among females, the ß (95% CIs) was 0.13 (0.04,0.22) to the left side of the inflection point and 0.01 (-0.01,0.04) to the right of the inflection point. Besides, zinc and selenium have significant interaction on DSST test only in females (P = 0.028, RERI = 0.418). CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated that zinc and selenium intake was non-linearly associated with cognitive function in different sex. There was an interactive effect between zinc and selenium intake on improving cognitive function, especially in females.

Association of Dietary Vitamin D Intake, Serum 25(OH)D3, 25(OH)D2 with Cognitive Performance in the Elderly.

BACKGROUND: As life expectancy increases, cognitive performance decline in the elderly has become one of the major global challenges. We aimed to evaluate the association of dietary vitamin D (VD), serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3), 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 (25(OH)D2), and total 25-hydroxyvitamin (25(OH)D) concentration with cognitive performance in older Americans. METHODS: The data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2011-2014 was used. The cognitive performance was assessed by the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) Word Learning sub-test, Animal Fluency test, and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). A binary logistic regression model was applied to evaluate the association between VD and cognitive performance, and restricted cubic spline model was adopted to evaluate the dose-response relationship. RESULTS: While comparing to the lowest dietary VD intake group, the multivariate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the highest dietary VD intake group were 0.51 (0.36-0.72) for the Animal Fluency test score and 0.45 (0.31-0.66) for DSST score, respectively; and those of serum total 25(OH)D and 25(OH)D3 concentration were 0.68 (0.47-0.97) and 0.62 (0.44-0.86) for DSST score. L-shaped relationships were identified for dietary VD intake, serum total 25(OH)D and 25(OH)D3 concentration with cognition performance. The associations between dietary VD intake, serum total 25(OH)D and cognitive performance were non-significant when stratified by gender. CONCLUSIONS: The study indicates that dietary VD intake, serum total 25(OH)D and 25(OH)D3 concentration were positively associated with cognitive performance. Further studies are needed to clarify the possible effects of dietary VD intake and serum 25(OH)D2, 25(OH)D3 on cognitive performance.

Associations of Dietary ω-3, ω-6 Fatty Acids Consumption with Sleep Disorders and Sleep Duration among Adults.

The relationship between ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids consumption and sleep disorders or duration are controversial. Therefore, we used the data of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2016 in this cross-sectional study to explore their relationships. ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids consumption was assessed using two 24 h dietary recall interviews. Sleep disorders and sleep duration were based on self-reported data. Logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline analyses were used. Compared with tertile one, the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of sleep disorders for the second tertile of ω-6 fatty acid intake and the highest tertile of ω-6:ω-3 ratio were 1.30 (1.04-1.62) and 1.36 (1.08-1.70), respectively. Inverse U-shaped and linear dose-response relationships were observed between dietary ω-6 fatty acid intake and ω-6:ω-3 ratio and sleep disorders, respectively. In addition, ω-3 fatty acid consumption was adversely related to sleep disorders in men and the OR (95% CI) was 0.68 (0.49-0.95). Compared with normal sleep duration, ω-3 fatty acid consumption was negatively related to very short, short, and long sleep duration risk. The relative risk ratios (RRRs) were 0.53 (0.35-0.81), 0.79 (0.67-0.93), and 0.81 (068-0.98), respectively. The RRR of very short sleep for ω-6 fatty acid consumption was 0.57 (0.45-0.73). Our study indicates that ω-6 fatty acid consumption and the ω-6:ω-3 ratio are positively associated with the risk of sleep disorders, while the negative association between ω-3 fatty acids and sleep disorders may exist only in men. Furthermore, ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acid consumption are negatively related to the risk of non-normal sleep duration.

Association between coffee consumption and functional disability in older US adults.

The effect of coffee consumption on functional disability has been scarcely investigated. Thus, this study aimed to examine the association between coffee consumption and functional disability in older American adults. Participants (≥60 years old, n 7704) were from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2016. Coffee consumption was assessed through two 24-h dietary recall interviews. Five domains of functional disability including lower extremity mobility (LEM), general physical activity (GPA), leisure and social activities (LSA), activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) were self-reported. Age- and multivariate-adjusted logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline analyses were used. Total coffee consumption was inversely associated with LEM, GPA, LSA and IADL disability. Compared with non-drinkers of total coffee, those who consumed ≥2 cups/d reported lower odds of LEM (OR 0·67, 95 % CI 0·50, 0·91), GPA (OR 0·65, 95 % CI 0·47, 0·88), LSA (OR 0·61, 95 % CI 0·45, 0·83) and IADL (OR 0·59, 95 % CI 0·44, 0·78) disability. The dose-response analyses confirmed these relationships. Intake of ≥2 cups/d caffeinated coffee was also inversely linked to GPA (OR 0·67, 95 % CI 0·48, 0·92), LSA (OR 0·66, 95 % CI 0·46, 0·93) and IADL (OR 0·57, 95 % CI 0·43, 0·75) disability, whereas the inverse association of 2+ cups/d decaffeinated coffee was only on LEM (OR 0·43, 95 % CI 0·23, 0·81) and LSA (OR 0·39, 95 % CI 0·16, 0·94) disability. The present study suggested that coffee consumption was inversely associated with functional disability in older American adults. Those associations of diverse coffee types differed across domains of functional disability.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of diamino substituted cyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione derivatives for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) ATP synthase is an important target for treating drug-resistant infections and sterilizing the bacteria, spurring intensive efforts to develop new TB therapeutics based on this target. In this work, four novel series including furan-2(5H)-ketone (3, 4), maleimide (5) and squaramide (6) derivatives were designed, respectively, through the strategy of scaffold morphing and hydrogen-bond introduction, using the selective Mtb ATP synthase inhibitor compound 2 as the lead compound. The result demonstrated that diamino substituted cyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione compounds 6ab and 6ah displayed good to excellent in vitro anti-TB activities (MIC 0.452-0.963 µg/mL) with low cytotoxicity (IC50 > 64 µg/mL). In addition, not only did compound 6ab show effective activity against clinically isolated resistant strains, it also revealed good druggability profiles including improved metabolic stability, no hERG channel inhibition potential, and acceptable oral bioavailability. The preliminary result of docking study and in vitro anti-bedaquiline-resistant strain test compared to compound 2 suggested that Mtb ATP synthase is most likely the target of compound 6ab. The structure-activity relationship laid a good foundation for the identification of novel squaramides as a potential treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis.

Associations of Urinary Phytoestrogen Concentrations with Sleep Disorders and Sleep Duration among Adults.

Current evidence on the relationship of phytoestrogens with sleep is limited and contradictory. In particular, studies on individual phytoestrogens and sleep have not been reported. Thus, this study aimed to appraise the associations of individual phytoestrogens with sleep disorders and sleep duration. This cross-sectional study comprising 4830 adults utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2010. Phytoestrogens were tested in urine specimens. Sleep disorders and sleep duration were based on a self-reported doctor's diagnosis and usual sleep duration. The main analyses utilized logistic and multinomial logistic regression models and a restricted cubic spline. In the fully adjusted model, compared with tertile 1 (lowest), the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals (CIs)) of sleep disorders for the highest tertile of urinary concentrations of enterolactone, enterodiol, and O-desmethylangolensin were 0.64 (0.41-1.00), 1.54 (1.07-2.21), and 1.89 (1.26-2.85), respectively. Linear inverse, approximatively linear positive, and inverted L-shaped concentration-response relationships were found between enterolactone, enterodiol, and O-desmethylangolensin and sleep disorders, respectively. Compared with normal sleep (7-8 h/night), the relative risk ratio (RRR) (95% CI) of very short sleep for enterolactone was 0.56 (0.36-0.86), and the RRR (95% CI) of long sleep risk for genistein was 0.62 (0.39-0.99). Furthermore, negative associations of genistein with sleep disorders and enterolactone with long sleep risk, as well as positive associations of enterodiol with both long and very short sleep, were observed in the stratified analysis by age or gender. Finally, a notable finding was that urinary O-desmethylangolensin concentration was positively related to sleep disorders in both females aged 40-59 years and non-Hispanic Whites but inversely associated with sleep disorders in both females aged 60 years or over and other Hispanics. Our findings suggested that enterolactone and genistein might be beneficial for preventing sleep disorders or non-normal sleep duration among adults, and enterodiol might be adverse toward this goal. However, the association of O-desmethylangolensin with sleep disorders might be discrepant in different races and females of different ages.

Discovery of a Conformationally Constrained Oxazolidinone with Improved Safety and Efficacy Profiles for the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious public health challenge, and the research and development of new anti-TB drugs is an essential component of the global strategy to eradicate TB. In this work, we discovered a conformationally constrained oxazolidinone 19c with improved anti-TB activity and safety profile through a focused lead optimization effort. Compound 19c displayed superior in vivo efficacy in a mouse TB infection model compared to linezolid and sutezolid. The druggability of compound 19c was demonstrated in a panel of assays including microsomal stability, cytotoxicity, cytochrome P450 enzyme inhibition, and pharmacokinetics in animals. Compound 19c demonstrated an excellent safety profile in a battery of safety assays, including mitochondrial protein synthesis, hERG K+, hCav1.2, and Nav1.5 channels, monoamine oxidase, and genotoxicity. In a 4 week repeated dose toxicology study in rats, 19c appeared to have less bone marrow suppression than linezolid, which has been a major liability of the oxazolidinone class.

Association of Coffee, Decaffeinated Coffee and Caffeine Intake from Coffee with Cognitive Performance in Older Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014.

The aim of this study was to examine the association of coffee, caffeinated coffee, decaffeinated coffee and caffeine intake from coffee with cognitive performance in older adults. we used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014. Coffee and caffeine intake were obtained through two 24-hour dietary recalls. Cognitive performance was evaluated by the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) test, Animal Fluency test and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Binary logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models were applied to evaluate the association of coffee and caffeine intake with cognitive performance. A total of 2513 participants aged 60 years or older were included. In the fully adjusted model, compared to those reporting no coffee consumption, those who reported 266.4-495 (g/day) had a multivariate adjusted odd ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.56(0.35-0.89) for DSST test score, compared to those reporting no caffeinated coffee consumption, those who reported ≥384.8 (g/day) had a multivariate-adjusted OR (95% CI) of 0.68(0.48-0.97) for DSST test score, compared to the lowest quartile of caffeine intake from coffee, the multivariate adjusted OR (95% CI) of the quartile (Q) three was 0.62(0.38-0.98) for the CERAD test score. L-shaped associations were apparent for coffee, caffeinated coffee and caffeine from coffee with the DSST test score and CERAD test score. No significant association was observed between decaffeinated coffee and different dimensions of cognitive performance. Our study suggests that coffee, caffeinated coffee and caffeine from coffee were associated with cognitive performance, while decaffeinated coffee was not associated with cognitive performance.

Association of Zinc, Iron, Copper, and Selenium Intakes with Low Cognitive Performance in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

BACKGROUND: The association of zinc, iron, copper, and selenium intakes with cognitive function is poorly understood so far. OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations of dietary and total zinc, iron, copper, and selenium intakes with low cognitive performance. METHODS: Cross-sectional study data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014 was used. Zinc, iron, copper, and selenium intakes from foods and supplements were estimated from two non-consecutive 24-hour diet recalls. Cognitive function was measured by the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD) Word Learning sub-test, Animal Fluency test, and Digit Symbol Substitution test (DSST). For each cognitive measurement, people whose score were lower than the age group stratified lowest quartile were defined as low cognitive performance. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models were applied to examine the associations of dietary and total zinc, iron, copper, and selenium intakes with different measures of low cognitive performance. RESULTS: A total of 2,332 adults aged 60 years or older were included. The association between zinc, iron, copper, and selenium intake and low cognitive performance was significant in different test. Compared with the lowest quartile of total copper intake, the weighted multivariate adjusted ORs (95% CI) of the highest quartile were 0.34 (0.16-0.75) for low cognitive performance in DSST. L-shaped associations between total copper or selenium and low cognitive performance in DSST and animal fluency were found. CONCLUSION: Dietary and total zinc, copper, and selenium intakes might be inversely associated with the prevalence of low cognitive performance.

Association between dietary carotenoid intakes and hypertension in adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2014.

OBJECTIVE: Few epidemiological studies concentrated on dietary carotenoids and hypertension since new hypertension guideline released in 2017. Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate their association. METHODS: Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2014 were used in this cross-sectional study. Dietary carotenoids data were obtained from 24-h dietary recall interviews. Hypertension was defined as SBP at least 130 mmHg or DBP at least 80 mmHg, taking antihypertensive medicine or self-report. Logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline models were applied to explore the associations between α-carotene, ß-carotene, ß-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein with zeaxanthin, and total carotenoids from diet and supplements and hypertension. Total carotenoids showed significant reductive risk of hypertension at 100 µg/kg per day and over. RESULTS: A total of 17 398 adults aged 20 years and over were identified. High dose of ß-carotene, lycopene, lutein with zeaxanthin, and total carotenoids were significantly associated with decreased risk of hypertension in crude results. After multivariate-adjustment in model 2, the odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) of ß-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein with zeaxanthin and total carotenoids for hypertension were 0.79 (0.67-0.93), 0.85 (0.73-0.98), 0.69 (0.58-0.83), 0.73 (0.62-0.86) for the highest versus lowest quartile intakes, respectively. Dose-response analyses showed that all of the carotenoids were inversely associated with hypertension in a linear manner. Total carotenoids showed significant effect of lower risk of hypertension at 100 µg/kg per day. CONCLUSION: Intakes of α-carotene, ß-carotene, ß-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein with zeaxanthin, and total carotenoids were inversely associated with hypertension in US adults. The intake of total carotenoids was suggested at least 100 µg/kg per day for general adult population.

Association of Dietary n3 and n6 Fatty Acids Intake with Hypertension: NHANES 2007-2014.

We conducted this cross-sectional study in the American general population to explore the association of dietary n3 and n6 fatty acids intake and the risk of hypertension. We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2014 in this study. We obtained dietary n3 and n6 fatty acids data through two 24 h dietary recall interviews and n3, n6 fatty acids intake were adjusted by weight. We defined hypertension as now taking prescribed medicine for hypertension or blood pressure above 130/80 mmHg. We applied binary logistic regression, multinomial logistic regression, and restricted cubic spline to evaluate the associations of dietary n3 and n6 fatty acids intake with hypertension. A total of 18,434 participants were included in this study. In the multivariate-adjusted model 2, the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of hypertension were 0.58 (0.49-0.68), 0.53 (0.45-0.63), and 0.92 (0.80-1.06) for the highest versus the lowest tertile of dietary n3, n6 fatty acids intake and n6:n3 ratio, respectively. Further excluded participants with hypertension history, the ORs with 95% CI of newly diagnosed hypertension were 0.60 (0.50-0.73), 0.52 (0.43-0.62), and 0.95 (0.79-1.14) for the highest versus lowest tertile of dietary n3, n6 fatty acids intake and n6:n3 ratio, respectively. Dose-response analyses showed that the risk of hypertension was associated with dietary n3 and n6 fatty acids intake. Our study suggested that dietary n3 and n6 fatty acids intake were inversely associated with the risk of hypertension in US adults.

Docking- and pharmacophore-based virtual screening for the identification of novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein tyrosine phosphatase B (MptpB) inhibitor with a thiobarbiturate scaffold.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) protein tyrosine phosphatase B (MptpB) is an important virulence factor for Mtb that contributes to survival of the bacteria in macrophages. The absence of a human ortholog makes MptpB an attractive target for new therapeutics to treat tuberculosis. MptpB inhibitors could be an effective treatment to overcome emerging TB drug resistance. Adopting a structure-based virtual screening strategy, we successfully identified thiobarbiturate-based drug-like MptpB inhibitor 15 with an IC50 of 22.4 µM, and as a non-competitive inhibitor with a Ki of 24.7 µM. Importantly, not only did it exhibit moderate cell membrane permeability, compound 15 also displayed potent inhibition of intracellular TB growth in the macrophage, making it an excellent lead compound for anti-TB drug discovery. To the best of our knowledge, this novel thiobarbiturate is the first class of MptpB inhibitor reported so far that leveraged docking- and pharmacophore-based virtual screening approaches. The results of preliminary structure-activity relationship demonstrated that compound 15 identified herein was not a singleton and may inspire the design of novel selective and drug-like MptpB inhibitors.

Associations Between Copper and Zinc and Risk of Hypertension in US Adults.

Evidence linking copper and zinc to hypertension are limited and conflicting. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2014 were used. Zinc and copper intake from diet and supplements was assessed with 24-h dietary recall. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg/diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg/treatment with hypertensive medications. In a sensitivity analysis, according to the 2017 American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association guideline, hypertension was also defined as SBP ≥ 130 mmHg/DBP ≥ 80 mmHg/treatment with hypertensive medications. A total of 17,811 adults (8430 men and 9381 women) were included. After adjustment for age, gender, body mass index (BMI), race, educational level, smoking status, family income, and total daily energy intake, the OR of hypertension for highest vs. lowest quartile intake of copper, zinc, and copper/zinc ratio was 1.11 (0.90-1.37), 1.11 (0.90-1.35), and 0.95 (0.81-1.11), respectively. In stratified analysis by BMI (< 25 kg/m2, 25-30 kg/m2, > 30 kg/m2), no significant association was found between hypertension and intakes of copper, zinc, and copper/zinc ratio (highest vs. lowest quartile) in multivariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, the OR of hypertension for highest vs. lowest quartile levels of serum copper, zinc, and copper/zinc ratio was 1.11 (0.61-2.04), 1.43 (0.84-2.44), and 0.68 (0.34-1.33), respectively. Similar results were found in the sensitivity analysis. Zinc and copper might be not independently associated with hypertension in US adults.

Association of total zinc, iron, copper and selenium intakes with depression in the US adults.

BACKGROUND: The aim of present study was to examine the associations of total zinc, iron, copper and selenium intakes from diet and supplements with depression. METHODS: Cross-sectional study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009-2014 in the present study. Logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline models were applied to examine the associations of total zinc, iron, copper and selenium intakes with depression. RESULTS: A total of 14834 adults aged 18 years or older (7399 men and 7435 women) were included in the present study. Total zinc, iron, copper and selenium intakes were inversely associated with depression in unadjusted model and age- and gender-adjusted model. The multivariate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of depression were 0.68 (0.49-0.94) and 0.46 (0.32-0.67) for the highest versus lowest quartile of copper and selenium intakes, respectively. The inverse associations of depression were statistically significant for the quartile 3 versus lowest quartile of total zinc (OR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.49-0.99) and iron intake (OR: 0.66 95% CI: 0.50-0.87). Compared to those below the RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance), participants who met the RDA for zinc (OR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.56-0.99), copper (OR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.56-0.82) and selenium (OR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.39, 0.71) had significantly lower odds of depression. LIMITATIONS: This was a cross-sectional study, limiting causal inferences. Assessment of depression was based on a self- report scale. CONCLUSION: Total zinc, iron, copper and selenium intakes may be inversely associated with depression.

Calcium Intake and the Risk of Ovarian Cancer: A Meta-Analysis.

Several epidemiological studies have evaluated the association between calcium intake and the risk of ovarian cancer. However, the results of these studies remain controversial. Thus, we performed a meta-analysis to explore the association between calcium intake and the risk of ovarian cancer. Pubmed, Embase and Web of Science were searched for eligible publications up to April 2017. Pooled relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the random-effects model. Small-study effect was estimated using Egger's test and the funnel plot. Among 15 epidemiological studies involving 493,415 participants and 7453 cases eligible for this meta-analysis, 13 studies were about dietary calcium intake, 4 studies about dairy calcium intake and 7 studies about dietary plus supplemental calcium intake. When comparing the highest with the lowest intake, the pooled RRs of ovarian cancer were 0.80 (95% CI 0.72-0.89) for dietary calcium, 0.80 (95% CI 0.66-0.98) for dairy calcium and 0.90 (95% CI 0.65-1.24) for dietary plus supplemental calcium, respectively. Dietary calcium was significantly associated with a reduced risk of ovarian cancer among cohort studies (RR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.74-0.99) and among case-control studies (RR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.64-0.89). In subgroup analysis by ovarian cancer subtypes, we found a statistically significant association between the dietary calcium (RR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.69-0.88) and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). This meta-analysis indicated that increased calcium intake might be inversely associated with the risk of ovarian cancer; this still needs to be confirmed by larger prospective cohort studies.

Coffee consumption and the risk of cutaneous melanoma: a meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Results from epidemiologic studies on coffee consumption and the risk of cutaneous melanoma are inconsistent. We conducted a meta-analysis to assess the associations between the consumption of total coffee, caffeinated coffee and decaffeinated coffee and the risk of cutaneous melanoma, respectively. METHODS: A literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE for relevant articles published up to August 2015. Pooled relative risks (RRs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with a random-effects model. Dose-response relationship was assessed by restricted cubic spline. RESULTS: Twelve studies involving 832,956 participants for total coffee consumption, 5 studies involving 717,151 participants for caffeinated coffee consumption and 6 studies involving 718,231 participants for decaffeinated coffee consumption were included in this meta-analysis. Compared with the lowest level of consumption, the pooled RRs were 0.80 (95 % CI 0.69-0.93, I (2) = 53.5 %), 0.85 (95 % CI 0.71-1.01, I (2) = 65.0 %) and 0.92 (95 % CI 0.81-1.05, I (2) = 0.0 %) for the consumption of total coffee, caffeinated coffee and decaffeinated coffee, respectively. In subgroup analysis by study design, the pooled RRs in cohort studies and case-control studies were 0.83 (95 % CI 0.72-0.97) and 0.74 (95 % CI 0.51-1.07) for total coffee consumption, respectively. Dose-response analysis suggested cutaneous melanoma risk decreased by 3 % [0.97 (0.93-1.00)] and 4 % [0.96 (0.92-1.01)] for 1 cup/day increment of total coffee and caffeinated coffee consumption, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis suggests that coffee consumption may reduce the risk of cutaneous melanoma.

Coffee and caffeine consumption and depression: A meta-analysis of observational studies.

OBJECTIVE: The results from observation studies on the relationship between coffee intake and risk of depression and the relationship between caffeine consumption and depression remain controversial. We conducted a meta-analysis with a dose-response analysis to quantitatively summarize the evidence about the association between coffee and caffeine intakes and risk of depression. METHOD: Relevant articles were identified by researching PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and WANFANG DATA in English or Chinese from 1 January 1980 to 1 May 2015. Case-control, cohort or cross-sectional studies evaluating coffee or caffeine consumption and depression were included. A random-effects model was used to combine study-specific relative risk and 95% confidence interval. Dose-response relationship was assessed by restricted cubic spline functions. RESULTS: Data were obtained from 11 observation articles; 330,677 participants from seven studies in seven articles were included in the coffee-depression analysis, while 38,223 participants from eight studies in seven articles were involved in the caffeine-depression analysis. Compared with the lowest level consumption, the pooled relative risk (95% confidence interval) for coffee-depression and caffeine-depression was 0.757 [0.624, 0.917] and 0.721 [0.522, 0.997], respectively. For dose-response analysis, evidence of a linear association was found between coffee consumption and depression, and the risk of depression decreased by 8% (relative risk = 0.92, 95% confidence interval = [0.87, 0.97], p = 0.002) for each cup/day increment in coffee intake; a nonlinear association was found between caffeine consumption and depression, the risk of depression decreased faster and the association became significant when the caffeine consumption was above 68 mg/day and below 509 mg/day. CONCLUSIONS: Coffee and caffeine consumption were significantly associated with decreased risk of depression.