Effect of Massa Medicata Fermentata on the intestinal flora of rats with functional dyspepsia.

BACKGROUND: Massa Medicata Fermentata (MMF) is one of the most commonly used traditional fermented Chinese medicines. MMF is widely used for the treatment of digestive diseases such as dyspepsia and flatulence in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). However, the therapeutic mechanism of MMF is not well understood. METHOD: In this study, SD rats received 0.1% iodoacetamide either alone or in combination with water platform sleep deprivation to induce functional dyspepsia and were administered MMF (1 or 3 g/kg/d, ig), mosapride citrate (Mosa., 2 mg/kg/d, ig) or saline for 21 days. After treatment, the sucrose preferences and gastric emptying rates of the rats were assessed; HE staining was used to detect the pathological changes in the rat duodenum; ELISA kits were used to detect motilin (MTL) in the rat duodenum and the serum contents of Interferon-λ (IFN-λ), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α). An approach based on 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing was utilized to explore the intestinal microflora in the colon contents of rats and the metabolism of the microflora to assess the potential mechanisms of MMF in ameliorating functional dyspepsia (FD). In addition, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to detect changes in short fatty acids (SCFAs) in the colon contents of rats. RESULTS: MMF reduced the serum levels of TNF-α, and IFN-λ, improved the morphology of duodenal intestinal villi and ameliorated intestinal mucosal lamina propria injury in FD rats, and the sucrose preference increased and the gastric emptying rate decreased in FD rats. MMF alleviated intestinal microflora disturbance and exerted a regulatory effect on Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes, reduced total SCAFs, Butyric Acid, Propionic acid-2-methyl, Butanoic Acid-3-methyl, and Hexanoic acid. CONCLUSIONS: These results showed that the effect of MMF on the intestinal flora and its metabolites may provide a new treatment strategy for FD.

Market survey on the traditional medicine of the Lijiang area in Yunnan Province, China.

BACKGROUND: Traditional markets are important trading places for medicinal plants, and researchers performing market surveys often engage in ethnobotanical research to record the herbal plants used locally and any related traditional knowledge. However, information on market-traded medicinal plants from traditional markets in the Lijiang area of Yunnan is not well documented. This research is an ethnobotanical survey focusing on medicinal plants traded in the traditional markets of the Lijiang area and contributes to the understanding of medicinal plants and related information used by the Naxi people. METHODS: Ethnobotanical surveys were performed for two years (2019-2020). Three traditional markets in the Lijiang area were investigated. The methods we used included literature research, participatory surveys and group discussions. The collected voucher specimens were identified using the botanical taxonomy method and were deposited in the herbarium. The data were analysed through the informant consensus factor and use frequency (UF). These medicinal plants were compared with the Information System of Chinese Rare and Endangered Plants from the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Those results were in turn compared with the Dongba Sutras and Yulong Ben Cao. RESULTS: A total of 277 species from 97 families were recorded, with Asteraceae providing the maximum numbers of medicinal plants. Among them, 248 species (89%) were wild plants and 266 species (92.39%) were from the local area. Root (40.43%) was the most common medicinal part. A total of 267 species (96.04%) had a UF value above 0.5. Eighty-three investigated human ailments were grouped into 16 categories. Diseases of the digestive system (166 mentions) were most frequently mentioned in this study. There were 19 species of nationally protected plants in China, including 2 species of first-level nationally protected plants and 17 species of second-level nationally protected plants. A total of 31 species of these medicinal plants can be found in the Dongba Sutra or Yulong Ben Cao. CONCLUSION: We surveyed the herbal medicine in the markets covering the Lijiang area, analysing and revealing the resource composition and current market situations. The medicinal plants used by the Naxi people are diverse and are used to treat a wide spectrum of body disorders. There are many wild medicinal plants, and to ensure sustainable development, their natural protection should be strengthened. Knowledge of the medicinal plants recorded in Naxi medical classics has ethnobotanical value and should be further developed.

A strategy for component-based Chinese medicines design approach of Polygonum orientale L. against hypoxia/reoxygenation based on uniform design-stepwise regression-simulated annealing.

Presently, optimal proportions and synergistic mechanisms of component-based Chinese medicines are critical for developing novel strategies to treat cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). A new multi-objective optimization algorithm based on uniform design (UD) and stepwise regression (SR) modeling is proposed to find the synergistic effect of orientin (Ori), quercitrin (Que) and vitexin (Vit), the three effective components from Polygonum orientale L., using the H9c2 cells injury induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). The optimal proportion of these three components was calculated by simulated annealing (SA). In this research, the excellent combination named OQV-e (Ori: Que: Vit =12.55 µM: 39.99 µM: 19.99 µM) could exert significant cardioprotection against the H9c2 cells injury induced by H/R through increasing cell viability, decreasing leakage rate of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the level of nitric oxide (NO). Moreover, western blot analysis revealed that OQV-e could activate autophagy by inhibiting the p-JNK/JNK signaling pathway, which showed that the method (UD-SR-SA) was a feasible strategy. Mathematical system modeling may be a considerable approach for the powerful mathematical analysis of the complex pharmacological effects of component-based Chinese medicines from herbal medicines, which might greatly enhance the efficiency to find new modern Chinese drugs for CVDs based on Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) with affirmative therapeutic effect.

A review of the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and quality control of the ethnic medicinal plant Persicaria orientalis (L.) Spach in China.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Persicaria orientalis (L.) Spach (syn. Polygonum orientale L.) is a potent medicinal herb widely used in many ethnic groups, such as the Han, Tibetan, Mongolian, Zhuang, Miao, Yao, Yi, Korean, Dong, Hani, Lisu, Naxi and She people in China. Aims of the review: This article aims to present the research progress on P. orientalis, which is helpful to understand the multi-purpose of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) and prompt its medicinal value. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Information on P. orientalis was obtained from published materials, including monographs on medicinal plants, ancient and modern recorded classics, pharmacopoeias and electronic databases, such as Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer, AGRIS, Europe PMC, SCI Finder, PubMed, CNKI, Wanfang DATA, J-STAGE, classical treatises of modern pharmaceutical science and Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae (FRPS). RESULTS: Clinical applications of traditional medicine of P. orientalis have therapeutic effects for dispelling rheumatism, promoting digestion, aiding diuresis and activating blood circulation. A total of 153 chemical constituents have been identified from P. orientalis, including flavonoids, carboxylic acids, phenolic acids, amino acids, hydrocarbons, chromones, lignans, volatile oils, amides and other components. Its active ingredients have a wide range of pharmacological effects, such as anti-oxidative, anti-aging, anti-inflammation, analgesia, anti-myocardial ischemia, anti-abortion, and anti-rheumatoid arthritis, as well as protective effects on cerebral ischemia and liver injury. By establishing stable detection methods, the quality standards of P. orientalis medicinal materials have been guaranteed, such as determination of the iconic components, harvesting periods and optimization of specific components extraction processes. CONCLUSIONS: P. orientalis has different pharmacological activities based on the diversity of chemical constituents. However, the existing reports mainly focus on the extracts, and these studies on its corresponding compounds are not clear enough. The information suggests that P. orientalis has good potential medicinal value, and more attention should be paid to further explore its bioactive components.

[Usage of ethnomedicine on COVID-19 in China].

In December 2019, an outbreak of viral pneumonia began in Wuhan, Hubei Province, which caused the spread of infectious pneumonia to a certain extent in China and neighboring countries and regions, and triggered the epidemic crisis. The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) is an acute respiratory infectious disease listed as a B infectious disease, which is managed according to standards for A infectious disease. Traditional Chinese medicine and integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine have played an active role in the prevention and control of this epidemic. China's ethnomedicine has recognized infectious diseases since ancient times, and formed a medical system including theory, therapies, formula and herbal medicines for such diseases. Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic, Tibet Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Chuxiong Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan, Qiandongnan Autonomous Prefecture of Guizhou have issued the prevention and control programs for COVID-19 using Tibetan, Mongolian, Uygur, Yi and Miao medicines. These programs reflect the wisdom of ethnomedicine in preventing and treating diseases, which have successfully extracted prescriptions and preventive measures for the outbreak of the epidemic from their own medical theories and traditional experiences. In this paper, we summarized and explained the prescriptions and medicinal materials of ethnomedicine in these programs, and the origin of Tibetan medicine prescriptions and Mongolian medicine prescriptions in ancient books were studied. These become the common characteristics of medical prevention and treatment programs for ethnomedicine to formulate therapeutic programs under the guidance of traditional medicine theories, recommend prescriptions and prevention and treatment methods with characteristics of ethnomedicine, and focus on the conve-nience and standardization. However, strengthening the support of science and technology and the popularization to the public, and improving the participation of ethnomedicine in national public health services and the capacity-building to deal with sudden and critical diseases are key contents in the development of ethnomedicine in the future.

Systematic Identification of Pathogenic Streptomyces sp. AMCC400023 That Causes Common Scab and Genomic Analysis of Its Pathogenicity Island.

Potato scab, a serious soilborne disease caused by Streptomyces spp., occurs in potato-growing areas worldwide and results in severe economic losses. In this paper, the pathogenicity of Streptomyces strain AMCC400023, isolated from potato scabs in Hebei Province, China, was verified systematically by the radish seedling test, the potato tuber slice assay, the potted back experiment, and the detection of phytotoxin thaxtomin A. Morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics were determined, and the 16S ribosomal RNA analyses of Streptomyces sp. AMCC400023 were carried out. To obtain the accurate taxonomic status of the pathogen strain, the whole genome was sequenced, and the phylogenetic tree among 31 Streptomyces genomes was formed. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (isDDH) were analyzed, and at the same time, the toxicity-related genes between Streptomyces sp. AMCC400023 and Streptomyces scabiei were compared, all based on the whole-genome level. All of the data supported that, instead of a member of S. scabiei, test strain Streptomyces sp. AMCC400023 was a distinct phytopathogen of potato common scab, which had a relatively close relationship with S. scabiei while separating clearly from S. scabiei at least in the species level of taxonomic status. The complete pathogenicity island (PAI) composition of Streptomyces sp. AMCC400023 was identified, which contained a toxin region and a colonization region. It was conjectured that the PAI of Streptomyces sp. AMCC400023 might be directly or indirectly acquired from S. scabiei 87-22 by horizontal gene transfer, or at the very least, there was a very close homologous relationship between the two pathogens as indicated by a series of analyses, such as phylogenetic relationships among 31 Streptomyces species, ANI and isDDH analyses, PAI structure mapping, thaxtomin A synthetic gene cluster tree construction, and most important, the collinearity analysis at the genome level.