[Determination of ß-nicotinamide mononucleotide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in Dendrobium officinale and congeneric species by UPLC-MS/MS].

As anti-aging ingredients, ß-nicotinamide mononucleotide(NMN) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD~+) have attracted worldwide attention in recent years. After oral administration, NMN can be converted into NAD~+ in vivo and the latter is the actual ingredient which exerts anti-aging effect. In order to explore the "rejuvenating and anti-aging" effect of Dendrobium officinale, which was firstly recorded in Shennong's Herbal Classic of Materia Medica, this study established the quantitative method of UPLC-MS/MS for simultaneous determination of NMN and NAD~+ in D. officinale and the congeneric species for the first time, and 34 batches of samples were detected. UPLC conditions are as follows: ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column(2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.8 µm), gradient elution with acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid in water at the flow rate of 0.3 mL·min~(-1), and column temperature of 40 ℃. MS conditions were scanned electrospray ionization source and multiple reaction monitoring mode. The method was verified by systematic methodology. The mean recoveries of NMN and NAD~+ were 77.58% and 80.70%, respectively, with RSD of 3.6% and 4.3%, separately. All results showed that the content of NMN was higher in D. officinale than in the other congeneric species. Particularly, the content in fresh D. officinale stems was as high as 0.931 9 µg·g~(-1). NAD~+ was only found in D. officinale and the content was three times higher than that of NMN. This may be the reason that D. officinale topped the "nine famous anti-aging herbs". In addition, processing method influences the content of NMN and NAD~+ in Dendrobium. Specifically, the content of NMN and NAD~+ was in the order of fresh Dendrobium stems > dried Dendrobium stem segments > spiral or spring-like dried Dendrobium stems.

[Discussion on rationality of Yinpian commodity grades--Sophora flavescentis as an example].

In recent years, the establishment of the commercial grade of Yinpian [traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) pieces for decoction] in the TCM industry has been hotly disputed. In this article, Sophorae Flavescentis Radix(SFR) was selected as a representative example to investigated. Through systematic comparison and analysis, the different grades of SFR slices were traced, verified and evaluated. According to the current published local grade standards of SFR slices, the results showed that the first-class of SFR slices were mostly derived from the wild medicinal materials, the second-class were mostly originated from the cultivated materials in 3-4 years, and the third-class products were from a small number of lateral roots and short-growing years or harsh habitat of wild medicinal materials. On the basis of identifying the sources of different grades of SFR slices, the contents of the active components, including matrine, oxymatrine, oxysophocarpine, sophoridine, N-methyl-cytisine, sophocarpine, were quantitatively determined in typical samples, it was found that the grades were inversely proportional to the contents of active ingredients. In order to ensure the universality of the conclusion, the contents of different grades of commercial SFR slices were determined, and the conclusion was verified as "the commercial grades of SFR slices were inversely linked to their contents of active ingredients". This phenomenon is common in the determination of the commercial grade of Yinpian of radix and rhizome. Therefore, we propose that the method or standard of the commercial grade of Yinpian of radix and rhizome based on the size of Yinpian maybe not proper. Whether and how to classify Yinpian commercial grade is not only a multi-disciplinary issue, especially in combination with clinical efficacy, but also a big problem need to consider the production, commercial circulation and other processes link of quality risk and quality assurance, and should be treated with great caution.

[Quality standard of Perillae Folium based on multicomponent determination with HPLC method].

This research established the HPLC methods for the determination of perillaketone, perillaldehyde, caffeic acid, scutellarin, and rosmarinic acid in 33 batches of Perillae Folium. Kromasil C_(18)(4.6 × 250 mm, 5 µm) chromatographic column was used, and the mobile phase for determination of the perillaketone and perillaldehyde was methanol-water(55∶45) solution, at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min~(-1), with the column temperature at 30 ℃. The mobile phase for the determination of caffeic acid, scutellarin and rosmarinic acid was methanol(A)-0.2% phosphoric acid aqueous solution(B) with gradient elution(0-20 min, 25%-30% A; 20-60 min, 30%-43% A). The flow rate was 1.0 mL·min~(-1) and the column temperature was set at 30 ℃. The results showed that the established method can achieve good separation of the five components in samples, with a good linear relationship and high accuracy, indicating that the methods can be used for the determination of Perillae Folium. The results showed that all samples contained five components. And the content of rosmarinic acid(0.04%-1.57%) > scutellarin(0.03%-0.77%) > perillaldehyde(0.02%-0.66%) > perillaketone(0.03%-0.30%) > caffeic acid(0.006%-0.07%). Thirty-three Batches of Perillae Folium can be grouped into 5 categories. There are certain content rules and region specificities under different clusters. Perillaketone, perillaldehyde, and rosmarinic acid can be used as the main markers to evaluate the quality of Perillae Folium.

Discovery of potential pharmacodynamic ingredients of Dang-Gui-Si-Ni decoction based on absorbed ingredients and molecular docking.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The Dang-Gui-Si-Ni (DGSN) decoction as a classic prescription has been widely used for thousands of years in the clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Especially in recent years, the potential efficacy of TCM for the treatment of Raynaud's syndrome has attracted great attention as there are still no specific remedies for this disease. However, the active constituents and underlying mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic benefits are not well understood, which makes it difficult to ensure quality control or to design research and drug development strategies. To identify the potential pharmacodynamic ingredients (PPIs) of TCM will help to achieve suitable process control procedures for industrial production and large-scale manufacturing. AIM OF THE STUDY: In the present study, we propose a multi-dimensional qualitative analysis method combining water-decoction spectra, in-vitro intestinal absorption spectra, in-vivo plasma spectra, and molecular docking of components to quickly identify the PPIs for the DGSN decoction of TCM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Water-based decoctions of DGSN were prepared in accordance with the clinical use registered in ancient books. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q/TOF-MS) coupled with computerized modelling activity screening was used to quickly identify the PPIs of the DGSN decoction. Bioactive compounds absorbed in vitro were identified using the everted intestinal sac model from rats and compounds absorbed in vivo were confirmed in portal vein blood samples obtained following oral administration in rats. Molecular docking validation experiments were adopted to predict the binding activity to coagulation factors I, II, VII, X, and IX. The active components were further confirmed by pharmacodynamics analysis. The anticoagulant activity of the DGSN decoction was verified using rat models. RESULTS: Thirty-one compounds were identified in the DGSN decoction. According to the in vivo experiments, 22 compounds that could be absorbed in vivo were detected by the everted intestinal sac model in rats. This model greatly reduces the scope of PPIs and is easy to perform. Ten compounds were detected in the portal vein blood in rats. The compounds detected in plasma provide stronger evidence supporting the PPIs. Molecular docking in vitro experiments indicated that 7 compounds exhibited better binding activity with coagulation factors I, II, VII, X, and IX. The animal experiments confirmed that the DGSN decoction could improve the microcirculation, providing indirect proof of anticoagulant activity suggested by the molecular docking studies. Finally, based on the multi-dimensional methods, 9 potential compounds present in the DGSN decoction were identified as PPIs (i.e., ferulic acid, paeoniflorin, albiflorin, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, liquiritin, liquiritin apioside, cinnamaldehyde and glycyrrhizic acid). CONCLUSION: Overall, this study combined the water-decoction spectra, intestinal absorption spectra in vitro, plasma spectra in vivo, and molecular docking studies to establish a multi-dimensional qualitative analysis method of the DGSN decoction. Meanwhile, 9 compounds in DGSN decoction were identified as PPIs using this method, and are proposed for application as quality standards for complex TCM prescriptions.

[Recommendations on quality standards of Alismatis Rhizoma in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition)].

The present research was launched to improve the quality standards of Alismatis Rhizoma and supply scientific evidence and recommendations for the quality control of Alismatis Rhizoma in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(Ch. P) 2020 edition. The contents of water, total ash, heavy metals and deleterious element, pesticide residues and alcohol-soluble extract were analyzed according to the methods listed in the volume Ⅳ of Ch. P 2015 edition. Alisol B 23-acetate, alisol C 23-acetate and reference herbs were used to identify Alismatis Rhizoma by TLC method, which was developed by using a mixture of dichloromethane-methanol(15∶1) as developing solvent on silica gel GF_(254 )precoated plates. In HPLC method, alisol B 23-acetate and alisol C 23-acetate were separated with acetonitrile-water as the mobile phase and detected at 208 nm and 246 nm, respectively. Thirty-seven batches of crude drugs, thirty batches of prepared slices and nineteen batches of salt prepared slices of Alismatis Rhizoma were determined according to the methods established. The quality standards established based on the research results were specific and repeatable, and suitable for the quality evaluation of Alismatis Rhizoma. We recommended that the botanical sources, TLC examination, alcohol-soluble extract of salt prepared slices and content determination should be revised in the Ch. P 2020 edition.

Potential Neurogenesis of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells on Electrospun Catalpol-Loaded Composite Nanofibrous Scaffolds.

Catalpol, a natural active ingredient extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine, was verified exhibiting beneficial effects on neural differentiation compared with commonly used chemical inducers by our previous studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of catalpol-loaded scaffold on guiding neuronal differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hASCs). Fabrication technique of catalpol loading into the electrospun poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes/silk fibroin nanofibrous scaffolds was successfully established. The topographical and mechanical properties of the nanofibers scaffolds were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and tensile instrument, respectively. In vitro catalpol release was studied in phosphate-buffered solution at 37 °C. Immunnocytochemistry, RT-PCR, and western blot assays were performed to estimate hASCs neuronal differentiation, and it was shown that catalpol has significantly upregulated the expressions of ßIII-tubulin and Nissl. Our experiments demonstrated that catalpol, as a traditional Chinese medicine extract, could be encapsulated into composite nanofibers and induce differentiation of hASCs into neural-like cells, which might offer new avenues in nerve regeneration.