[Analysis on Driving Factors, Reduction Potential, and Environmental Effect of Inorganic Fertilizer Input in Chongqing].

In this study, we sought to quantify the effect of planting structure change on fertilizer input and environmental cost in Chongqing and develop scientific and rational strategies for chemical fertilizer reduction. Based on the crop fertilizer quota standard and large sample farmer survey data under the medium productivity level in Chongqing, we evaluated and analyzed the application reduction potential and environmental benefits of fertilizer with the difference method and life cycle assessment. The results showed that:① since Chongqing became a municipality directly under the central government (1997), Chongqing crop planting structure had greatly changed, and the proportion of food crop (rice, corn, wheat, bean, and potato) decreased by 21%. The area of fruits and vegetables increased from 3.36×105 hm2 to 1.05×106 hm2, and their proportion increased by 20%. ② Nearly 55% of fertilizers had been consumed by vegetable (37%) and citrus production systems, and 11%, 12%, and 12% of fertilizers were consumed by rice, corn, and potato, respectively. ③ The total fertilizer reduction of the Chongqing planting industry could reach up to 1.69×105 tons during the period of "the 14th Five-Year Plan," with a fertilizer reduction potential of 18.6%. The fertilizer reduction potential (reduction amount) of rice, corn, citrus, and vegetables would reach 0.3% (2.9×102 tons), 12% (1.45×104 tons), 21% (3.65×104 tons), and 30% (1.18×105 tons), respectively. On the other hand, the rape system was insufficient in phosphorus potassium fertilizers, and the corn tended to be insufficient in potash fertilizer. ④ The current production level was low, and the nitrogen loss, greenhouse gas emissions, and eutrophication potential in the planting industry of Chongqing reached 1.81×105 tons (N), 1.43×107 tons (CO2-eq), and 1.74×105 tons (PO4-eq). With the increase in the realization degree of the crop quota standard (60%-100%), the reactive nitrogen loss, greenhouse gas emissions, and eutrophication potential decreased by 14.9%-24.9%, 10.1%-16.7%, and 13.8%-23%, respectively. The structure of the planting industry in Chongqing significantly changed, the total fertilizer consumption in Chongqing tended to decline gradually, and the fertilization intensity of commercial crops stayed at a high level. The agricultural fertilizer reduction potential and the reactive nitrogen and greenhouse gas emission reduction potential were large, especially for citrus and vegetable production systems. However, it is also necessary to pay attention to insufficient corn potash fertilizer and rape phosphorus potassium fertilizer investment and carry out collaborative promotion of fertilizer reduction.

Analysis of fuzhisan and quantitation of baicalin and ginsenoside Rb(1) by HPLC-DAD-ELSD.

Fuzhisan (FZS) is a traditional Chinese medicine composed of Radix Ginseng Rubra (Araliaceae family), Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Labiatae family), Angelica sinensis (Oliv) Diels (Umbelliferae family), Anemone altaica Fisch. Ex C.A. Mey (Araceae family) and Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Leguminosae family). To establish the chemical fingerprint of the components of FZS and quantify the components, baicalin and ginsenoside Rb(1), a high performance liquid chromatography method coupled with diode array and evaporative light scattering detectors (DAD-ELSD) was developed. Separation of 36 components from 12 batches of FZS was performed on a C(18) column, with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 0.1% acetic acid-water, with gradient elution at a column temperature of 30 degrees C. The optimum detection wavelength was set at 335 nm, the drift tube temperature of ELSD was set at 80 degrees C, the carrier gas pressure was 25 psi, and the gain = 10. The similarity among 12 batches of FZS was over 0.95. Five constituents of FZS, namely baicalin, ferulic acid, and ginsenosides Rg(1), Re, and Rb(1), were identified based on their retention times (RT). Calibration curves for baicalin and ginsenoside Rb1 showed good linearity (r (2) > 0.9992); recoveries ranged from 95% to 99%. This quantification method is reproducible and simple, and may provide a tool to assess the quality of FZS.

[Progress of study on treatment of Alzheimer's disease with active ingredients of Chinese herbal medicines].

In order to advance the treatment of Alzheimer's disease with active ingredients of Chinese herbal medicines and the research on these ingredients and their effective targets in treating the disease, the relative representative literatures published in recent years were reviewed and summarized in this paper.

[Fingerprinting of Fuzhisan by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and evaporative light scattering detector].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a method for fingerprinting of Fuzhisan (FZS, a traditional Chinese medicinal preparation) using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-UV/ELSD) to allow simultaneous determination of 5 major constituents in the preparation. METHODS: HPLC-UV/ELSD analysis was performed on water AlltechC18 column (5 microm, 4.6 mm x 250 mm) with a mixture of acetonitrile (A) and 0.1% acetice acid water (B) as the mobile phase. The solvent A gradient for elution was 0, 12%; 25, 20%; 30, 20%; 75, 30%; 105, 40%; 120, 80%; 130, 12%, with the flow rate of 1.0 ml/min; and the column temperature at 30 degrees . The detective wavelength was 335 nm, drift tube temperature was 80 degrees , pressure of nebulizer gas was 25 psi. The similarities between the HPLC-UV/ELSD fingerprints of the 12 extracts were calculated using similarity evaluation software. RESULTS: The fingerprint of FZS was established and the 5 major constituents were identified. The complementarity between the fingerprints of UV and ELSD was analyzed, showing good correlation between 12 batches of FZS. CONCLUSION: The method for fingerprinting can simultaneously characterize the main chemical constituents in FZS and allows stable, effective and comprehensive quality control and evaluation of FZS for a single sample.