Effect of apple high-methoxyl pectin on heat-induced gelation of silver carp myofibrillar protein.

The effect of adding apple high-methoxy pectin (HMP) (0-3 mg∙mL-1) on heat-induced gel characteristics of low concentration silver carp myofibrillar protein (MP) (15 mg∙mL-1) was studied. It was found that the hardness of gel increased by 20.6 times with adding 2 mg∙mL-1 HMP. Besides, HMP aided in the development of disulfide bonds and the aggregation of hydrophobic groups. During gel formation, the maximal storage modulus (G') of samples supplemented with 2 mg·mL-1 HMP was raised by a factor of 2.7. Of note, the images of SEM showed that protein and water were tightly combined with a proper amount of HMP and made its pores more uniform and dense. Meantime, the addition of moderate amounts of HMP enabled the formation of gels with favorable texture and performance at low concentration of MP was identified, which could provide a theoretical reference for the design and production of flesh low-calorie food gel.

Exploring the accumulation capacity of dominant plants based on soil heavy metals forms and assessing heavy metals contamination characteristics near gold tailings ponds.

Heavy metal contamination of soil commonly accompanies problems around gold mine tailings ponds. Fully investigating the distribution characteristics of heavy metals and the survival strategies of dominant plants in contaminated soils is crucial for effective pollution management and remediation. This study aims to investigate the contamination characteristics, sources of heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb, Hg, Cu, Zn, Cr, and Ni) in soils around gold mine tailings ponds areas (JHH and WZ) and to clarify the form distribution of heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb, Hg) in contaminated plots as well as their accumulation and translocation in native dominant plants. The results of the study showed that the concentrations of As, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in soil exceeded the national limits at parts of the sampling sites in both study areas. The Nemerow pollution index showed that both study areas reached extreme high pollution levels. Spatial analysis showed that the main areas of contamination were concentrated around metallurgical plants and tailings ponds, with Cd exhibiting the most extensive area of contamination. In the JHH, As (74%), Cd (66%), Pb (77%), Zn (47%) were mainly from tailings releases, and Cu (52%) and Hg (51%) were mainly from gold ore smelting. In the WZ, As (42%), Cd (41%), Pb (73%), Cu (47%), and Zn (41%) were mainly from tailings releases. As, Cd, Pb, and Hg were mostly present in the residue state, and the proportion of water-soluble, ion-exchangeable, and carbonate-bound forms of Cd (19.93%) was significantly higher than that of other heavy metals. Artemisia L. and Amaranthus L. are the primary dominating plants, which exhibited superior accumulation of Cd compared to As, Pb, and Hg, and Artemisia L. demonstrated a robust translocation capacity for As, Pb, and Hg. Compared to the concentrations of other forms of soil heavy metals, the heavy metal content in Artemisia L correlates significantly better with the total soil heavy metal concentration. These results offer additional systematic data support and a deeper theoretical foundation to bolster pollution-control and ecological remediation efforts in mining areas.

Moderate precipitation reduction enhances nitrogen cycling and soil nitrous oxide emissions in a semi-arid grassland.

The ongoing climate change is predicted to induce more weather extremes such as frequent drought and high-intensity precipitation events, causing more severe drying-rewetting cycles in soil. However, it remains largely unknown how these changes will affect soil nitrogen (N)-cycling microbes and the emissions of potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2 O). Utilizing a field precipitation manipulation in a semi-arid grassland on the Loess Plateau, we examined how precipitation reduction (ca. -30%) influenced soil N2 O and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions in field, and in a complementary lab-incubation with simulated drying-rewetting cycles. Results obtained showed that precipitation reduction stimulated plant root turnover and N-cycling processes, enhancing soil N2 O and CO2 emissions in field, particularly after each rainfall event. Also, high-resolution isotopic analyses revealed that field soil N2 O emissions primarily originated from nitrification process. The incubation experiment further showed that in field soils under precipitation reduction, drying-rewetting stimulated N mineralization and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in favor of genera Nitrosospira and Nitrosovibrio, increasing nitrification and N2 O emissions. These findings suggest that moderate precipitation reduction, accompanied with changes in drying-rewetting cycles under future precipitation scenarios, may enhance N cycling processes and soil N2 O emissions in semi-arid ecosystems, feeding positively back to the ongoing climate change.

Dietary acetic acid suppress high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice by altering taurine conjugated bile acids metabolism.

Vinegar is widely used in Chinese diet as a traditional condiment, and its functional component acetic acid has been proposed to prevent obesity, while its mechanism is still unclear. Bile acids (BAs) have been reported to have a protective effect on obesity. This study demonstrated that high-fat diet induced obesity (DIO) seriously disturbed BAs balance by significantly decreasing hepatic BAs synthesis and increasing fecal BAs excretion. However, acetate supplemented in the high-fat diet can restore BAs balance by mainly promoting hepatic taurine conjugated BAs (tauro-BAs) synthesis and decreasing fecal tauro-BAs excretion. The tauro-BAs, as the antagonists, inhibited the intestinal-liver farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15)-FGF receptor 4 (FGFR4) signaling pathway, and negatively regulated the production of hepatic BAs. Present study provided important clues for further investigation of the mechanism of acetic acid inhibiting DIO.

Modifications of Thermal-Induced Northern Pike (Esox lucius) Liver Ferritin on Structural and Self-Assembly Properties.

Ferritin, as an iron storage protein, regulates iron metabolism and delivers bioactive substances. It has been regarded as a safe, new type of natural iron supplement, with high bioavailability. In this paper, we extracted and purified ferritin from northern pike liver (NPLF). The aggregation stabilities, assemble properties, and structural changes in NPLF were investigated using electrophoresis, dynamic light scattering (DLS), circular dichroism (CD), UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) under various thermal treatments. The solubility, iron concentration, and monodispersity of NPLF all decreased as the temperature increased, and macromolecular aggregates developed. At 60 °C and 70 °C, the α-helix content of ferritin was greater. The content of α-helix were reduced to 8.10% and 1.90% at 90 °C and 100 °C, respectively, indicating the protein structure became loose and lost its self-assembly ability. Furthermore, when treated below 80 °C, NPLF maintained a complete cage-like shape, according to the microstructure. Partially unfolded structures reassembled into tiny aggregates at 80 °C. These findings suggest that mild thermal treatment (80 °C) might inhibit ferritin aggregation while leaving its self-assembly capacity unaffected. Thus, this study provides a theoretical basis for the processing and use of NPLF.

Integrated Microarray Analysis to Identify Genes and Small-Molecule Drugs Associated with Stroke Progression.

Several blood biomarkers are now considered increasingly important for stratifying risk, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating the response to therapy in ischemic stroke. The purpose of the present study was to identify the key genes associated with ischemic stroke progression and elucidate the potential therapeutic small molecules. Microarray datasets related to stroke for GSE58294, GSE22255, and GSE16561 were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were filtered using the Limma package. DAVID was then searched to perform gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses. Based on the DEGs, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was developed using Cytoscape, and MCODE was applied to conduct module analysis. Finally, to identify the potential drugs for ischemic stroke, the connectivity map (CMap) database was used. Sixty DEGs were identified after analyzing the three datasets. The GO data analysis revealed that the DEGs were significantly associated with biological processes, including positive regulation of programmed cell death, protein localization in organelles, and positive regulation of apoptosis. KEGG analysis showed that the DEGs were particularly enriched in the Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and Huntington's disease. We selected five DEGs with high connectivity (CYBB, SYK, DUSP1, TNF, and SP1) that significantly predicted stroke progression. In addition, CMap prediction showed ten small molecules that could be used as adjuvants when treating ischemic stroke. The outcomes of the present study indicated that the five genes mentioned above can be considered potential targets for developing new medications that can modify the ischemic stroke process, and mycophenolic acid was the most promising small molecule to treat ischemic stroke.

Temporal variation analysis and risk assessment of neonicotinoid residues from tea in China.

The extensive use of neonicotinoids (NEOs) has caused the release of wide-ranging of residues to the environment and food, and their potential health risks are now receiving more attention. In this study, three surveys were conducted to obtain the overall profiles of NEO residue levels (seven NEOs and one metabolite) in Chinese tea over a period of seven years. A total of 726 tea samples were tested, and nearly 87% of the samples were found to have detectable NEO residues. The overall average detection frequency of acetamiprid was the highest, reaching 73%. Imidacloprid residues in 4.6% of the samples exceeded the Chinese maximum residue limits, whereas clothianidin and nitenpyram had been detected in Chinese tea samples since 2014. The applications of thiacloprid and thiamethoxam gradually increased, and some tea samples with high residue levels appeared in China. These findings signal the replacement of new and old varieties of NEOs in China. Both long- and short-term cumulative exposures to NEOs were calculated based on optimistic and pessimistic models recommended in the EFSA guidelines. In the three survey periods, the average total imidacloprid-equivalent concentrations were 484.63, 1713.36, and 1148.34 µg/kg, respectively. Combined with the refined point estimates and probabilistic models used in this study, the hazard quotients of NEO residues in tea for Chinese tea consumers were found to be low and within the bounds of safety.

Simultaneous determination of neonicotinoids and fipronils in tea using a modified QuEChERS method and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry.

The widespread use of neonicotinoids (NEOs) and fipronils (FIPs) as insecticides in modern agriculture has been widely investigated because of their adverse effects on human health. This study aimed to develop an accurate quantitative approach to analyze NEOs and FIPs in tea by using a modified QuEChERS method based on dispersive solid-phase extraction procedure coupled with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. To minimize matrix interferences largely, we selected polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) and strong cationic exchange adsorbent (PCX) as dispersive adsorbents to eliminate polyphenols and caffeine from tea extract, respectively. Under optimal conditions, a slight matrix effect was observed for NEOs and FIPs due to the highest reductions of polyphenols and caffeine (94% and 88%, respectively). The method was validated by the European Medicines Agency and Eurachem guidelines and was successfully applied to tea samples for NEOs and FIPs analysis. NEOs and FIPs were commonly detected in tea.

A highly-efficient and cost-effective pretreatment method for selective extraction and detection of perchlorate in tea and dairy products.

In view of the high polarity and ubiquitous occurrence of perchlorate, achieving an ultra-trace analysis has become a challenging task. The present study aimed to develop a simple and generic pretreatment protocol based on cold-induced liquid-liquid extraction to efficiently extract perchlorate from tea and dairy products and remarkably decrease potential matrix interferences and laborious cleanup. By optimizing the pretreatment conditions, the enrichment factor of perchlorate increased by 7.79 times under the compromise between the matrix effect and extraction recovery. The validated method presented satisfactory selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, and matrix effect, providing recoveries of 78.2%-106.2% with RSDr ranging from 1.2% to 7.9% and RSDR less than 10.7% for tea and dairy products. This pretreatment protocol depended only on shaking, freezing, and centrifugation in one step, without additional equipment or tedious operations, which will be explored to a greater extent in complex biological or food matrices.

Integrating pyrolysis and ex-situ catalytic reforming by microwave heating to produce hydrocarbon-rich bio-oil from soybean soapstock.

The composite catalysts were synthesized with SiC powder and ZSM-5 and were characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, pyridine-infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The catalysts showed a high heating rate and excellent catalytic performance for pyrolysis vapors, and the product fractional distribution and chemical compositions of bio-oil in a tandem system (microwave pyrolysis and microwave ex-situ catalytic reforming) was examined. Experimental results confirmed the quality of bio-oil produced by the microwave-induced catalytic reforming was better than that product through electric heating. Additionally, 36.94 wt% of bio-oil was obtained using the catalyst with 20%ZSM-5/SiC under the following conditions: feed-to-catalyst ratio, 2:1; pyrolysis temperature, 550 °C; and catalytic temperature, 350 °C. The selectivities of hydrocarbons reached up to 75.88%. After five cycles, the activity of the regenerated composite catalyst was retained at 95% of the original catalyst.

Next-Gen Therapeutics for Skin Cancer: Nutraceuticals.

Growing modernization and lifestyle changes with limited physical activity have impacted diet and health, leading to an increased cancer mortality rate worldwide. As a result, there is a greater need than before to develop safe and novel anticancer drugs. Current treatment options such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery, induce unintended side effects, compromising patient's quality of life, and physical well-being. Therefore, there has been an increased global interest in the use of dietary supplements and traditional herbal medicines for treatment of cancer. Recently, nutraceuticals or "natural" substances isolated from food have attracted considerable attention in the cancer field. Emerging research suggests that nutraceuticals may indeed prevent and protect against cancer. The intent of this article is to review some of the current spice-derived nutraceuticals in the treatment of melanoma and skin cancer.

Fast microwave-assisted ex-catalytic co-pyrolysis of bamboo and polypropylene for bio-oil production.

The ex-catalytic co-pyrolysis of bamboo and polypropylene (PP) with HZSM-5 was investigated with microwave assistance. The influences of catalytic temperature, feedstock/catalyst ratio, and bamboo/PP ratio on the product yields and chemical components of bio-oil from the co-pyrolysis were studied. When the catalytic temperature, feedstock/catalyst ratio, and bamboo/PP ratio were 250 °C, 1:2, and 2:1, respectively, the bio-oil yield reached its maximum value at 61.62 wt%. The oxygenate proportion compounds decreased with increasing catalyst content. The PP addition improved the proportions of aromatics and naphthenic hydrocarbons. The bio-oil was upgraded significantly from the jet fuel perspective. A synergistic effect also existed between bamboo and PP.

Microwave-assisted acid pretreatment of alkali lignin: Effect on characteristics and pyrolysis behavior.

This study performed microwave-assisted acid pretreatment on pure lignin. The effects of microwave temperature, microwave time, and hydrochloric acid concentration on characteristics and pyrolysis behavior of lignin were examined. Results of ultimate analysis revealed better properties of all pretreated samples than those of raw lignin. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed breakage of ßO4 bond and aliphatic side chain, decrease in OH groups, and formation of CO groups in pretreatment. Microwave temperature exerted more significant influence on lignin structure. Thermal stability of treated lignin was improved and insensitive to short microwave time and acid concentration under mild conditions. Resulting from improved alkyl-phenols and decreased alkoxy-phenols, microwave-assisted acid pretreatment of lignin yielded bio-oil with excellent quality. Total yield of phenols in pyrolysis vapors (200 °C) improved to 14.15%, whereas that of guaiacols decreased to 22.36%. This study shows that microwave-assisted acid pretreatment is a promising technology for lignin conversion.

Bisphenol A Metabolites and Bisphenol S in Paired Maternal and Cord Serum.

Human studies show associations between maternal bisphenol A (BPA) exposure and developmental effects in children, yet biomonitoring of BPA metabolites in maternal and fetal serum remains limited, and less is known for BPA alternatives. BPA-glucuronide, BPA-sulfate, and bisphenol S (BPS) were quantified in 61 pairs of maternal and cord sera from Chinese participants. Total BPS was only detectable in four maternal (<0.03-0.07 ng/mL) and seven cord sera (<0.03-0.12 ng/mL), indicating low exposure but providing the first evidence that BPS crosses the human placenta. Total BPA metabolites in cord serum were significantly higher than in maternal serum (p < 0.05), suggesting that these may be formed in the fetus or cleared more slowly from the fetoplacental compartment. Unlike the pharmacokinetic results from controlled oral exposure studies in which BPA-glucuronide is the major BPA metabolite, here, BPA-sulfate was the dominant metabolite (GM: 0.06 and 0.08 ng/mL), significantly higher than BPA-glucuronide (GM: 0.02 and 0.04 ng/mL) (p < 0.01) in both maternal and cord sera. Moreover, the proportion of BPA-sulfate increased with total BPA. These are the first human data for BPA metabolites in paired maternal and cord serum, and results suggest that the human fetus and pregnant mother have unique exposure to BPA metabolites. Direct analysis of BPA metabolites in serum provides complementary information for evaluating early life-stage exposure and risks of BPA.

Catalytic co-pyrolysis of waste vegetable oil and high density polyethylene for hydrocarbon fuel production.

In this study, a ZrO2-based polycrystalline ceramic foam catalyst was prepared and used in catalytic co-pyrolysis of waste vegetable oil and high density polyethylene (HDPE) for hydrocarbon fuel production. The effects of pyrolysis temperature, catalyst dosage, and HDPE to waste vegetable oil ratio on the product distribution and hydrocarbon fuel composition were examined. Experimental results indicate that the maximum hydrocarbon fuel yield of 63.1wt. % was obtained at 430°C, and the oxygenates were rarely detected in the hydrocarbon fuel. The hydrocarbon fuel yield increased when the catalyst was used. At the catalyst dosage of 15wt.%, the proportion of alkanes in the hydrocarbon fuel reached 97.85wt.%, which greatly simplified the fuel composition and improved the fuel quality. With the augment of HDPE to waste vegetable oil ratio, the hydrocarbon fuel yield monotonously increased. At the HDPE to waste vegetable oil ratio of 1:1, the maximum proportion (97.85wt.%) of alkanes was obtained. Moreover, the properties of hydrocarbon fuel were superior to biodiesel and 0# diesel due to higher calorific value, better low-temperature low fluidity, and lower density and viscosity.

Hyphenation of supercritical fluid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for fast determination of four aflatoxins in edible oil.

RATIONALE: Aflatoxins (AFTs) are of great concern all over the world. Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) has the advantage of fast, high resolution and excellent compatibility with a broad range of organic solvents and samples, thus hyphenating SFC with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) can be used for the easy and fast determination of AFTs in edible oils. METHODS: Edible oil was spiked with isotope-labeled aflatoxin standards, diluted with hexane and extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction was directly loaded to an SFC apparatus and separated on a UPC(2) 2-EP column with CO2 -methanol gradient elution. A post-column make-up flow was introduced to facilitate mass spectrometry performance, and the mixture was analyzed by MS/MS with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source. RESULTS: The SFC conditions including separation column, modifier and sample solvent were optimized, and the four target aflatoxins were baseline separated. The ESI interface parameters were also investigated, implicating the make-up flow as a critical factor for sensitive determination by SFC-MS/MS. The LOQs for the AFTs were 0.05-0.12 µg L(-1) , while the RSDs were lower than 8.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Supercritical fluid chromatography was successfully coupled to tandem mass spectrometry to establish a simple, fast and sensitive method for the analysis of four aflatoxins in edible oil. This shows the combination of SFC-MS/MS has great potential in determination of trace contaminants in food. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Optimal dosing regimen of biapenem in Chinese patients with lower respiratory tract infections based on population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling and Monte Carlo simulation.

In this study, a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model of biapenem in Chinese patients with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) was developed and optimal dosage regimens based on Monte Carlo simulation were proposed. A total of 297 plasma samples from 124 Chinese patients were assayed chromatographically in a prospective, single-centre, open-label study, and pharmacokinetic parameters were analysed using NONMEN. Creatinine clearance (CLCr) was found to be the most significant covariate affecting drug clearance. The final PPK model was: CL (L/h)=9.89+(CLCr-66.56)×0.049; Vc (L)=13; Q (L/h)=8.74; and Vp (L)=4.09. Monte Carlo simulation indicated that for a target of ≥40% T>MIC (duration that the plasma level exceeds the causative pathogen's MIC), the biapenem pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) breakpoint was 4µg/mL for doses of 0.3g every 6h (3-h infusion) and 1.2g (24-h continuous infusion). For a target of ≥80% T>MIC, the PK/PD breakpoint was 4µg/mL for a dose of 1.2g (24-h continuous infusion). The probability of target attainment (PTA) could not achieve ≥90% at the usual biapenem dosage regimen (0.3g every 12h, 0.5-h infusion) when the MIC of the pathogenic bacteria was 4µg/mL, which most likely resulted in unsatisfactory clinical outcomes in Chinese patients with LRTIs. Higher doses and longer infusion time would be appropriate for empirical therapy. When the patient's symptoms indicated a strong suspicion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Acinetobacter baumannii infection, it may be more appropriate for combination therapy with other antibacterial agents.

Direct determination of fatty acid esters of 3-chloro-1, 2-propanediol in edible vegetable oils by isotope dilution - ultra high performance liquid chromatography - triple quadrupole mass spectrometry.

A selective and sensitive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography - triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method coupled with matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) extraction was developed for the direct determination of fatty acid esters of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD esters) in edible vegetable oils. The method integrated the isotope dilution technique, MSPD extraction and UHPLC - MS/MS analysis with multi-reaction monitoring mode (MRM). Matrix-matched calibration curves showed good linearity within the range of 0.01-10mgL(-1) with the correlation coefficient not less than 0.999. Limits of detection (LODs) and limit of quantification (LOQs) of the 3-MCPD esters fell into the range of 0.0001-0.02mgkg(-1) and 0.0004-0.05mgkg(-1), respectively. The recoveries for the spiked extra virgin olive oils ranged from 94.4% to 108.3%, with the relative standard deviations (RSD) ranging from 0.6% to 10.5%. The method was applied for the oil sample (T2642) of the official Food Analysis Performance Assessment Scheme (FAPAS) in 2014 and other real samples from supermarket, and the results showed that the present method was comparative to the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method based on the improved German Society for Fat Science (DGF) standard method C-III 18 (09) except for palm oil.

[Screening and confirmation of copper chlorophyll adulteration in olive oils].

OBJECTIVE: To develop a qualitative screening method by high performance liquid chromatograph-photo-diode array (HPLC-PDA) and a confirmation method by ultra performance liquid chromatograph-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Qtof-MSMS) for Copper Chlorophyll in olive oils. METHODS: Commercial liposoluble copper chlorophyll diluted by petroleum ether was purified and concentrated by sep-pak silica solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges, the injection was separated by symmetry shield RP18 column, and detected by the PDA at the wavelength 430 nm. The injection was separated by ACQUITY UPLC BEH (18)C and determined by UPLC-Qtof-MSMS in negative atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mode, then confirmed by the exact mass of parent ion and secondary fragment ion provided by the mass spectrum. Samples from supermarket were screened for Cu-pyropheophytin a by established method. RESULTS: Cu-pyropheophytin a could be used for discrimination as indicative compound whether the olive oils were mixed with copper chlorophyll. 25 samples including olive oil, soybean oil and spirulina from supermarket were screened, Cu-pyropheophytin a was found in one type of olive oil. CONCLUSION: This method could be used for screening and qualitative analysis of Copper Chlorophyll in olive oils for its accuracy , reliability and excellent specificity.

Organochlorine pesticides and pyrethroids in Chinese tea by screening and confirmatory detection using GC-NCI-MS and GC-MS/MS.

One hundred and one tea samples including green tea, dark tea, scented tea, black tea, and oolong tea were screened and confirmed for the contamination of 31 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 19 pyrethroids (PYs) by gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). 50 pesticides, 3 deuterium-labeled PYs, and 24 (13)C-labeled OCPs were separated well with the limits of detection (LODs) ranging from 0.02 to 4.5 µg/kg for GC-NCI-MS, and the positive samples were verified by GC-MS/MS with LODs of 0.1-5.0 µg/kg. High detection rates for some PYs, such as 63.4% for bifenthrin (not detected (ND)-3.848 mg/kg), 55.4% for λ-cyhalothrin (ND-3.244 mg/kg), 46.5% for cypermethrin (ND-0.499 mg/kg), and 24.8% for fenvalerate (ND-0.217 mg/kg), were found in the 101 tea samples. Endosulfan, DDTs, HCHs, and heptachlor, the persistent OCPs, were frequently detected with rates of 63.4% (ND-1.802 mg/kg), 56.4% (ND-0.411 mg/kg), 24.8% (ND-0.377 mg/kg), and 15.8% (ND-0.100 mg/kg), respectively.