A LC-MS-based serum pharmacochemistry approach to reveal the compatibility features of mutual promotion/assistance herb pairs in Xijiao Dihuang decoction.

Xijiao Dihuang decoction (XDT), a famous formula, was usually used to improve the prognosis of patients with blood-heat and blood-stasis syndrome-related diseases. There were some mutual promotion and mutual assistance herb pairs in XDT. However, the exact functions of these herb pairs in the compatibility of XDT were not elucidated due to the lack of appropriate methodologies. Based on the theory of serum pharmacochemistry, a systematic method was established for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of characteristic components in the extracts and drug-containing plasma samples of XDT and its relational mutual promotion/assistance herb pairs. For qualitative analysis, 85 characteristic components were identified using the liquid chromatography with triple time-of-flight mass/mass spectrometry (LC-Triple QTOF-MS/MS) based on the mass defect filtering, product ion filtering, neutral loss filtering and isotope pattern filtering techniques. For quantitative detection, a relative quantitation assay using an extract ion chromatogram (EIC) of the full scan MS experiment was validated and employed to assess the quantity of the 85 identified compounds in the test samples of single herb, herb pairs and XDT. The results of multivariate statistical analyses indicated that both the assistant and guide herbs could improve the solubilization of active compounds from the sovereign and minister herbs in XDT in vitro, might change the trans-membrane transportation, and regulate metabolism in vivo. The methods used in present study might be also valuable for the investigation of multiple components from other classic TCM formulas for the purpose of compatibility feature study.

Amino acids-targeted metabolomics reveals novel diagnostic biomarkers for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which mainly comprises ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), is a common chronic intestinal inflammatory disease that affects the ileum, rectum, and colon. Currently, the diagnosis of IBD is based on clinical history, physical examination and complementary diagnostic tests. It is challenging for physicians to make a definitive diagnosis. This study aimed to analyze the variation in amino acid metabolites in IBD serum and to identify potential predictive biomarkers of IBD diagnosis and progression. Serum samples were collected from 158 UC patients, 130 CD patients and 138 healthy controls (HCs). The 37 amino acids in serum were determined by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer. A panel of three-amino-acid metabolites (taurine, homocitrulline and kynurenine) was identified as a specific biomarker panel of IBD. Receiver operating characteristic analysis (ROC) showed that the panel had a sensitivity of 88.4% with a specificity of 84.6% for discriminating CD patients from UC patients. The biomarkers identified are increased in CD compared to UC. Our approach demonstrated a strong relationship between serum amino acid levels and IBD. We successfully identified serum amino acid biomarkers associated with CD and UC. The biomarker panel has potential in clinical practice for IBD diagnosis and will provide new insights into IBD pathogenesis.

Integrated dose-response metabolomics with therapeutic effects and adverse reactions may demystify the dosage of traditional Chinese medicine.

BACKGROUND: Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used to treat various diseases for thousands of years. However, the uncertainty of dosage as well as the lack of systemic evaluation of pharmacology and toxicology is one major reason why TCM remains mysterious and is not accepted worldwide. Hence, we aimed to propose an integrated dose-response metabolomics strategy based on both therapeutic effects and adverse reactions to guide the TCM dosage in treatment. METHODS: The proposed methodology of integrated dose-response metabolomics includes four steps: dose design, multiple comparison of metabolic features, response calculation and dose-response curve fitting. By comparing the changes of all metabolites under different doses and calculating these changes through superposition, it is possible to characterize the global disturbance and thus describe the overall effect and toxicity of TCM induced by different doses. Rhubarb, commonly used for constipation treatment, was selected as a representative TCM. RESULTS: This developed strategy was successfully applied to rhubarb. The dose-response curves clearly showed the efficacy and adverse reactions of rhubarb at different doses. The rhubarb dose of 0.69 g/kg (corresponding to 7.66 g in clinic) was selected as the optimal dose because it was 90% of the effective dose and three adverse reactions were acceptable in this case. CONCLUSION: An integrated dose-response metabolomics strategy reflecting both therapeutic effects and adverse reactions was established for the first time, which we believe is helpful to uncover the mysterious veil of TCM dosage. In addition, this strategy benefits the modernization and internationalization of TCM, and broadens the application of metabolomics.

Explore the interaction between root metabolism and rhizosphere microbiota during the growth of Angelica sinensis.

Angelica sinensis is a medicinal plant widely used to treat multiple diseases in Asia and Europe, which contains numerous active components with therapeutic value. The interaction between root and rhizosphere microorganisms is crucial for the growth and quality formation of medicinal plants. But the micro-plant-metabolite regulation patterns for A. sinensis remain largely undetermined. Here, we collected roots and rhizosphere soils from A. sinensis in seedling stage (M) and picking stage (G), respectively cultivated for one year and two years, generated metabolite for roots, microbiota data for rhizospheres, and conducted a comprehensive analysis. Changes in metabolic and microbial communities of A.sinensis over growth were distinct. The composition of rhizosphere microbes in G was dominated by proteobacteria, which had a strong correlation with the synthesis of organic acids, while in M was dominated by Actinobacteria, which had a strong correlation with the synthesis of phthalide and other organoheterocyclic compounds, flavonoids, amines, and fatty acid. Additionally, co-occurrence network analysis identified that Arthrobacter was found to be strongly correlated with the accumulation of senkyunolide A and n-butylidenephthalide. JGI 0001001.H03 was found to be strongly correlated with the accumulation of chlorogenic acid. Based on rhizosphere microorganisms, this study investigated the correlation between root metabolism and rhizosphere microbiota of A. sinensis at different growth stages in traditional geoherb region, which could provide references for exploring the quality formation mechanism of A. sinensis in the future.

Structural determination and pro-angiogenic effect of polysaccharide from the pollen of Typha angustifolia L.

Four fractions of polysaccharides (TPP-1, TPP-2, TPP-3, and TPP-4) were isolated and purified from the pollen of Typha angustifolia L., and the structure of TPP-3 was furtherly determined by HPGPC (High Performance Gel Permeation Chromatography), monosaccharide composition analysis, methylation analysis and NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance). TPP-3 was found to be a homogeneous heteropolysaccharide with an average molecular weight of 5.5 × 104 Da and composed of eight types of monosaccharides. The pro-angiogenic activities of TPP-3 were verified on HUVECs and VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor II (VRI)-induced vascular defect zebrafish model. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism investigation showed that its pro-angiogenic activities were closely related with the activation of VEGF/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Transcriptome-Wide m6A Methylome Profiling in Sorghum following GA3 Treatment under Salt Stress.

Sorghum ("Jitian 3") is a salt-tolerant seed cultivar used regularly in marginal lands, such as those with saline soils. Herein, we examined the potential of employing gibberellic acid (GA3) as an inducer of sorghum development during salt stress. Thus far, there have been no reports on the signaling network involved in the GA3-mediated regulation of sorghum development. In this study, we demonstrated that the stimulating properties of 50 mg/L GA3 on sorghum development was far superior to other GA3 concentrations under a 150 mM NaCl salinity condition. Furthermore, using methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-seq), we established an m6A methylation (m6A-M) profile in sorghum following exposure to 50 mg/L GA3. Overall, 23,363 m6A peaks and 16,200 m6A genes were screened among the GA3-treated and control leaves. These identified peaks were shown to be primarily enriched in the coding, as were the 3'- and 5'-untranslated regions. In addition, we employed m6A and transcript expression cross-analysis to identify 70 genes with differential transcript expression and simultaneous m6A-M. Intriguingly, the principal gene, LOC8066282, which is associated with LOC8084853, was shown to be intricately linked to the phosphatidylinositol signaling, which in turn regulates sorghum development and response to salt stress. This investigation presents a novel RNA m6A-M profile in sorghum, which may facilitate new insights into the underlying signaling behind salt stress resistance. This work will also benefit future investigations on foreign GA3 administration of sorghum.

Fuzzy identification of bioactive components for different efficacies of rhubarb by the back propagation neural network association analysis of UPLC-Q-TOF/MSE and integrated effects.

BACKGROUND: Rhei Radix et Rhizoma (rhubarb), as one of the typical representatives of multi-effect traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), has been utilized in the treatment of various diseases due to its multicomponent nature. However, there are few systematic investigations for the corresponding effect of individual components in rhubarb. Hence, we aimed to develop a novel strategy to fuzzily identify bioactive components for different efficacies of rhubarb by the back propagation (BP) neural network association analysis of ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for every data (UPLC-Q-TOF/MSE) and integrated effects. METHODS: Through applying the fuzzy chemical identification, most components of rhubarb were classified into different chemical groups. Meanwhile the integration effect values of different efficacies can be determined by animal experiment evaluation and multi-attribute comprehensive indexes. Then the BP neural network was employed for association analysis of components and different efficacies by correlating the component contents determined from UPLC-Q-TOF/MSE profiling and the integration effect values. Finally, the effect contribution of one type of components may be totaled to demonstrate the universal and individual characters for different efficacies of rhubarb. RESULTS: It suggested that combined anthraquinones, flavanols and their polymers may be the universal character to the multi-functional properties of rhubarb. Other components contributed to the individuality of rhubarb efficacies, including stilbene glycosides, anthranones and their dimers, free anthraquinones, chromones, gallic acid and gallotannins, butyrylbenzenes and their glycosides. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrated that the bioactive components for different efficacies of rhubarb were not exactly the same and can be systematically differentiated by the network-oriented strategy. These efforts will advance our knowledge and understanding of the bioactive components in rhubarb and provide scientific evidence to support the expansion of its use in clinical applications and the further development of some products based on this medicinal herb.

[Research progress on pesticide residues of Angelicae Sinensis Radix].

The demand for Angelicae Sinensis Radix, the dry root of Angelica sinensis, has been increasing year by year. However, the continuous cropping obstacles, frequent occurrence of pests and diseases, overuse of chemical pesticides, excessive pesticide residues and other problems in Angelicae Sinensis Radix production have attracted much attention. In this paper, we summarized the common diseases and pests attacking Angelica sinensis as well as the detection methods and characteristics of pesticide residues in Angelicae Sinensis Radix from 2002 to 2021. Additionally, we compared the limit standards of pesticide residues in Angelicae Sinensis Radix in and out of China and put forward suggestions for the high-quality and green development of Angelicae Sinensis Radix industry conside-ring the existing problems. The pesticide residues in Angelicae Sinensis Radix have been changing from organochlorines to organophosphorus pesticides. In recent years, some organophosphorus pesticides such as phorate, phoxim, isofenphos-methyl, phorate-sulfoxide, fenamiphos, isocarbophos, omethoate, and triazophos in Angelicae Sinensis Radix have seriously exceeded the standards. The detection methods of pesticide residues has evolved from chromatography to high performance chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS), and some new detection techniques such as immunoassay have also been applied. Pesticide residues have become a primary factor that restricting the development of Angelicae Sinensis Radix industry. Therefore, moderate application of pesticides, establishment of ecological planting system, and strict limit standards of pesticide residues are necessary to solve the pesticide residue problem.

Serum Pharmacochemistry Combining Network Pharmacology to Discover the Active Constituents and Effect of Xijiao Dihuang Tang Prescription for Treatment of Blood-Heat and Blood-Stasis Syndrome-Related Disease.

Xijiao Dihuang Tang (XDT), a classic TCM prescription, has been used to clinically treat blood-heat and blood-stasis syndrome- (BHSS-) related diseases, including hemorrhagic stroke and sepsis. However, the active constituents and mechanism of XDT in the treatment of BHSS-related diseases have not been elucidated due to the lack of appropriate methodologies. In this study, serum pharmacochemistry and network pharmacology were used to explore the active constituents and the mechanism of XDT in the treatment of BHSS-related diseases. The effects of XDT were evaluated using dry yeast-induced rats as rat models with BHSS, which demonstrated the antipyretic and anticoagulant properties of XDT. The HPLC-QTOF/MS/MS assay was used to identify 60 serum constituents of XDT (SCXDT). Then, 338 targets of 60 SCXDT were predicted by integrating multiple databases and the MACCS fingerprint similarity prediction method. The degree of topological properties with targets of 19 key active constituents in SCXDT was identified and evaluated in glutamate-induced PC12 cells. Subsequently, 338 targets of 60 SCXDT were mainly involved in biological processes such as inflammation, coagulation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis, as well as oxidative contingencies via compound-target-disease network analysis. The core targets including IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF, NOS3, and MAPK1 were identified using protein-protein interaction network analysis, whereas dozens of signaling pathways such as the p38MAPK signaling pathway were identified using functional pathway enrichment analysis. The results indicated that XDT has broad therapeutic and neuroprotective effects on inflammation, coagulation, oxidative stress, cell proliferation, and apoptosis in dry yeast-induced rats with BHSS and glutamate-induced PC12 cells by regulating the p38MAPK signaling pathway. This study not only discovered the active constituents of XDT but also elaborated its mechanisms in the treatment of BHSS-related diseases by intervening in a series of targets, signaling pathways, and biological processes such as inflammation, coagulation, oxidative stress, neuroprotection. The findings in this study provide a novel strategy for exploring the therapeutic efficacy of TCM prescriptions.

Serum lipidomics reveals distinct metabolic profiles for asymptomatic hyperuricemic and gout patients.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to characterize the systemic lipid profile of patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia (HUA) and gout using lipidomics, and to find potential underlying pathological mechanisms therefrom. METHODS: Sera were collected from Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine as centre 1 (discovery and internal validation sets) and Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine as centre 2 (external validation set), including 88 normal subjects, 157 HUA and 183 gout patients. Lipidomics was performed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography plus Q-Exactive mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q Exactive MS). Differential metabolites were identifed by both variable importance in the projection ≥1 in orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis mode and false discovery rate adjusted P ≤ 0.05. Biomarkers were found by logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: In the discovery set, a total of 245 and 150 metabolites, respectively, were found for normal subjects vs HUA and normal subjects vs gout. The disturbed metabolites included diacylglycerol, triacylglycerol (TAG), phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, etc. We also found 116 differential metabolites for HUA vs gout. Among them, the biomarker panel of TAG 18:1-20:0-22:1 and TAG 14:0-16:0-16:1 could differentiate well between HUA and gout. The area under the receiver operating characteristic ROC curve was 0.8288, the sensitivity was 82% and the specificity was 78%, at a 95% CI 0.747, 0.9106. In the internal validation set, the predictive accuracy of TAG 18:1-20:0-22:1 and TAG 14:0-16:0-16:1 panel for differentiation of HUA and gout reached 74.38%, while it was 84.03% in external validation set. CONCLUSION: We identified serum biomarkers panel that have the potential to predict and diagnose HUA and gout patients.

The pharmacokinetic profiles of mogrosides in T2DM rats.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Luohanguo (LHG) extract major contenting mogrosides, as a nonnutritive sweetener, has been reported to exert a hypoglycemic effect on diabetic patients and animals. As the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs were changed with diabetes, it may lead to the different pharmacological of mogrosides between diabetic and normal subjects. AIMS OF THE STUDY: To characterise the pharmacokinetic profiles of mogrosides in T2DM rats. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: High-fat diet and streptozocin induced type 2 diabetic mellitus rats were used to investigate the pharmacokinetic behavior of mogroside V and mogrosides IIIA1, IIA1, and IA1 after T2DM rats orally administrated with mogroside V and 1-3 glucose residues' mogrosides, respectively. The validated convenient UPLC-QTOF/MS and UPLC-MS/MS methods were established to use in the pharmacokinetic studies of mogrosides in normal and T2DM rats. Additionally, the expression of the intestinal tight junction protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) was also detected by immunohistochemical analysis, which assessed the function of passive intestinal permeability in T2DM rats. RESULTS: The results showed that for rats treated with mogroside V, its metabolite mogroside IIIA1 has a significant increase (p < 0.05) in maximum plasma concentration (Cmax, 163.80 ± 25.56 ng/mL) and area under the plasma concentration (AUC0-t, 2327.44 ± 474.63 h·ng/mL) in T2DM rats compared with in normal rats. The mean residence time (MRT0-t, 12.04 ± 0.97 h) of mogroside V showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in T2DM rats. However, the mogrosides IIIA1, IIA1and IA1 showed no statistical differences in the normal and T2DM rats after administered with 1-3 glucose residues' mogrosides. Furthermore, the expression level of ZO-1 in the duodenum and colon of T2DM rats were downregulated. CONCLUSION: The pharmacokinetic profiles of mogroside V and its metabolite mogroside IIIA1 in T2DM rats and normal rats showed some difference, it might be affected by the metabolic changes in the pathological state of T2DM.

Studies on blood enrichment and anti-tumor effects of combined Danggui Buxue Decoction, Fe and rhEPO based on colon cancer-related anemia model and gut microbiota modulation.

Colon cancer-related anemia (CCRA) is mainly caused by systemic inflammation, intestinal bleeding, iron deficiency and chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression in colon cancer. However, the best therapeutic schedule and related mechanism on CCRA were still uncertain. Studies on blood enrichment and anti-tumor effects of combined Danggui Buxue Decoction (DBD), Fe and rhEPO based on CCRA and gut microbiota modulation were conducted in this paper. Here, CCRA model was successfully induced by subcutaneous inoculation of CT-26 and i.p. oxaliplatin, rhEPO + DBD high dosage + Fe (EDF) and rhEPO + DBD high dosage (ED) groups had the best blood enrichment effect. Attractively, EDF group also showed antitumor activity. The sequencing results of gut microbiota showed that compared to P group, the relative abundances of Lachnospiraceae and opportunistic pathogen (Odoribacter) in ED and EDF groups were decreased. Interestingly, EDF also decreased the relative abundances of cancer-related bacteria (Helicobacter, Lactococcus, Alloprevotella) and imbalance-inducing bacteria (Escherichia-Shigella and Parabacteroides) and increased the relative abundances of butyrate-producing bacteria (Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014), however, ED showed the opposite effects to EDF, this might be the reason of the smaller tumor volume in EDF group. Our findings proposed the best treatment combination of DBD, rhEPO and Fe in CCRA and provided theoretical basis and literature reference for CCRA-induced intestinal flora disorder and the regulatory mechanism of EDF.

Total Flavonoids of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Alleviates Irinotecan-Induced Colitis via Modification of Gut Microbiota and Fecal Metabolism.

Irinotecan (CPT-11)-induced gastrointestinal toxicity strongly limits its anticancer efficacy. Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., especially flavonoids, has strong anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Herein, we investigate the protective effect of the total flavonoids of G. uralensis (TFGU) on CPT-11-induced colitis mice from the perspective of gut microbiota and fecal metabolism. The body weight and colon length of mice were measured. Our results showed that oral administration of TFGU significantly attenuated the loss of body weight and the shortening of colon length induced by CPT-11. The elevated disease activity index and histological score of colon as well as the up-regulated mRNA and protein levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 in the colonic tissue of CPT-11-treated mice were significantly decreased by TFGU. Meanwhile, TFGU restored the perturbed gut microbial structure and function in CPT-11-treated mice to near normal level. TFGU also effectively reversed the CPT-11-induced fecal metabolic disorders in mice, mainly call backing the hypoxanthine and uric acid in purine metabolism. Spearman's correlation analysis further revealed that Lactobacillus abundance negatively correlated with fecal uric acid concentration, suggesting the pivotal role of gut microbiota in CPT-11-induced colitis. Since uric acid is a ligand of the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, TFGU was further validated to inhibit the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by CPT-11. Our findings suggest TFGU can correct the overall gut microbial dysbiosis and fecal metabolic disorders in the CPT-11-induced colitis mice, underscoring the potential of using dietary G. uralensis as a chemotherapeutic adjuvant.

Regulating the gut microbiota and SCFAs in the faeces of T2DM rats should be one of antidiabetic mechanisms of mogrosides in the fruits of Siraitia grosvenorii.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The Siraitia grosvenorii fruits extract (SG, in which mogrosides are the main components), considered as a non-nutritional sweetener, has an antidiabetic effect. Our previous studies have confirmed that an extract of mogrosides being rich in triterpene glycosides with 1-3 glucosyl residues, designated as low-polar S. grosvenorii glycosides (L-SGgly), had a significant antidiabetic effect. However, whether the mechanism through impacting on gut microbiota to exert the antidiabetic effect of mogrosides remains unclear. AIMS OF THE STUDY: To explore the potential mechanism of mogrosides (SG and L-SGgly) on gut microbiota and faecal metabolites in the treatment of diabetes. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In this study, the effects of SG and L-SGgly on gut microbiota and faecal endogenous metabolites were explored by sequencing the 16S rRNA V3-V4 region of gut microbiota, and detecting with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight MS (LC-Q-TOF/MS), respectively. In particular, correlation analyses revealed how these influences affect the anti-hyperglycaemic effect, to give the underlying antidiabetic mechanisms of the mogrosides in S. grosvenorii fruits. RESULTS: After a 14-day treatment with SG and L-SGgly for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ), the disordered gut microbiota in the faeces of T2DM rats were recovered. At the same time, the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentration significantly increased and the deoxycholic acid and 1ß-hydroxycholic acid content decreased in the faeces of T2DM rats. Moreover, correlation analyses provided the evidences that gut microbiota and its metabolites could be the target for exerting the anti-hyperglycaemic effects of SG and L-SGgly. Especially, Elusimicrobium, Lachnospiraceae_UCG-004, acetate, butyrate, and 1ß-hydroxycholic acid would be the potential dominant bacteria and biomarkers for SG and L-SGgly in reducing the blood glucose and insulin resistance of T2DM rats. CONCLUSION: It is the first time that a mechanism of targeting on gut microbiota for the antidiabetic effect of mogrosides in S. grosvenorii fruits has been proposed.

Rapid Geographical Origin Identification and Quality Assessment of Angelicae Sinensis Radix by FT-NIR Spectroscopy.

Angelicae Sinensis Radix is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine and spice in China. The purpose of this study was to develop a methodology for geographical classification of Angelicae Sinensis Radix and determine the contents of ferulic acid and Z-ligustilide in the samples using near-infrared spectroscopy. A qualitative model was established to identify the geographical origin of Angelicae Sinensis Radix using Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy. Support vector machine (SVM) algorithms were used for the establishment of a qualitative model. The optimum SVM model had a recognition rate of 100% for the calibration set and 83.72% for the prediction set. In addition, a quantitative model was established to predict the content of ferulic acid and Z-ligustilide using FT-NIR. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) algorithms were used for the establishment of a quantitative model. Synergy interval-PLS (Si-PLS) was used to screen the characteristic spectral interval to obtain the best PLSR model. The coefficient of determination for calibration (R2C) for the best PLSR models established with the optimal spectral preprocessing method and selected important spectral regions for the quantitative determination of ferulic acid and Z-ligustilide was 0.9659 and 0.9611, respectively, while the coefficient of determination for prediction (R2P) was 0.9118 and 0.9206, respectively. The values of the ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD) of the two final optimized PLSR models were greater than 2. The results suggested that NIR spectroscopy combined with SVM and PLSR algorithms could be exploited in the discrimination of Angelicae Sinensis Radix from different geographical locations for quality assurance and monitoring. This study might serve as a reference for quality evaluation of agricultural, pharmaceutical, and food products.

Comparatively Evaluating the Role of Herb Pairs Containing Angelicae Sinensis Radix in Xin-Sheng-Hua Granule by Withdrawal Analysis.

The present study aims to investigate the roles of herb pairs containing Angelicae Sinensis Radix (Danggui) in Xin-Sheng-Hua Granule (XSHG) on hemolytic and aplastic anemia (HAA) mice. HAA model mice were induced by acetyl phenylhydrazine and cyclophosphamide; then the samples of XSHG and its decomposed recipes (DY, DC, DT, DH, DJ, and DZ) were orally administrated to these mice. Indicators of peripheral blood routine, organ index, and ATPase activities were tested. Moreover, the main effective components in these samples were also analyzed by UHPLC-TQ-MS/MS. Clear separation between the control and model groups from score plot of principal component analysis (PCA) was easily seen, indicating that HAA model was successfully conducted. Afterwards, relative distance calculation method between dose groups and control group from PCA score plot was adopted to evaluate the integrated effects of hematinic function of different samples. And the orders of hematinic effects were as follows: XHSG > DJ > DT > DZ > DH > DC > DY. Further analysis of these samples by UHPLC-TQ-MS/MS revealed that XSHG underwent complicated changes when herb pairs containing Danggui were excluded from XSHG, respectively. Compared with XSHG, the vast majority of active compounds in sample DY (formula minus herb pair Danggui-Yimucao) decreased significantly, which could partly explain why herb pair Danggui-Yimucao made great contribution to XSHG. These findings showed that withdrawal analysis method is a valuable tool to analyze the impacts of herb pairs containing Danggui on XSHG, which could lay foundation to reveal the compatibility rules of this formula.

Integration of organ metabolomics and proteomics in exploring the blood enriching mechanism of Danggui Buxue Decoction in hemorrhagic anemia rats.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Danggui Buxue Decoction (DBD), as a classical Chinese medicine prescription, is composed of Danggui (DG) and Huangqi (HQ) at a ratio of 1:5, and it has been used clinically in treating anemia for hundreds of years. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to explore the treatment mechanisms of DBD in anemia rats from the perspective of thymus and spleen. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, a successful hemorrhagic anemia model was established, and metabolomics (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) and proteomics (label-free approach) together with bioinformatics (Gene Ontology analysis and Reactome pathway enrichment), correlation analysis (pearson correlation matrix) and joint pathway analysis (MetaboAnalyst) were employed to discover the underlying mechanisms of DBD. RESULTS: DBD had a significant blood enrichment effect on hemorrhagic anemia rats. Metabolomics and proteomics results showed that DBD regulated a total of 10 metabolites (lysophosphatidylcholines, etc.) and 41 proteins (myeloperoxidase, etc.) in thymus, and 9 metabolites (L-methionine, etc.) and 24 proteins (transferrin, etc.) in spleen. With GO analysis and Reactome pathway enrichment, DBD mainly improved anti-oxidative stress ability of thymocyte and accelerated oxidative phosphorylation to provide ATP for splenocyte. Phenotype key indexes were strongly and positively associated with most of the differential proteins and metabolites, especially nucleosides, amino acids, Fabp4, Decr1 and Ndufs3. 14 pathways in thymus and 9 pathways in spleen were obtained through joint pathway analysis, in addition, the most influential pathway in thymus was arachidonic acid metabolism, while in spleen was the biosynthesis of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. Furthermore, DBD was validated to up-regulate Mpo, Hbb and Cp levels and down-regulate Ca2+ level in thymus, as well as up-regulate Fabp4, Ndufs3, Tf, Decr1 and ATP levels in spleen. CONCLUSION: DBD might enhance thymus function mainly by reducing excessive lipid metabolism and intracellular Ca2+ level, and promote ATP production in spleen to provide energy.

Regulation of serum lipidomics and amino acid profiles of rats with acute myocardial ischemia by Salvia miltiorrhiza and Panax notoginseng herb pair.

BACKGROUND: Salvia miltiorrhiza and Panax notoginseng herb pair (DQ) has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for a long history to prevent and treat the coronary heart disease. However, its protective mechanisms against myocardial ischemia during coronary heart disease remain not well-understood. PURPOSE: In this study, we aimed to explore the protective mechanisms of DQ on myocardial ischemia from the perspective of serum lipidomics and amino acids (AAs). METHODS: Rats were orally administrated with low-dose DQ (L-DQ, 0.24 g/kg) and high-dose DQ (H-DQ, 0.96 g/kg) for two weeks and subcutaneously injected with isoproterenol (ISO, 65 mg/kg) for two consecutive days (13th and 14th days) to induce acute myocardial ischemia (AMI). Heart histopathology and serum biochemical indices were examined. The specifically altered serum lipid metabolites were profiled via lipidomics approach, while serum AA profiles were analyzed using UHPLC-TQ-MS/MS. RESULTS: Cardiac marker enzymes (CK, CK-MB, LDH and cTn-I) were significantly upregulated in AMI rats with some of which significantly dropped to normal level in L- and H-DQ groups. Serum TC, TG, HDL, LDL, VLDL and FFA were improved in AMI rats treatment with L- and H-DQ. Further, the PCA based on lipidomics showed serum lipid metabolites in L- and H-DQ groups were closer to control group than that in model group. Compared with model group, H-DQ pretreatment significantly reduced SM (d34:1) and CE (20:4), and increased FA (20:5), PC (26:1), TG (56:9), TG (54:7), MG (17:0), Cer (d32:0) and Cer (d34:0), whereas L-DQ significantly alleviated the perturbed levels of CE (20:4), FA (20:5), MG (17:0), and SM (d34:1). Moreover, there was a significant increment for leucine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, lysine and glutamate but a significant reduction for tryptophan in the serum of rats in model group as compared to control group. Intriguingly, H-DQ could significantly decrease the levels of glutamate, lysine, isoleucine, and BCAAs (the sum of leucine, isoleucine and valine) after AMI, while L-DQ had no significant effects on the above altered AAs. The Western blotting results implied that H-DQ could promote the myocardial BCAA catabolism in AMI rats by activation of BCKDHA, whereas by inhibition of BCKDHK. CONCLUSION: This study presents evidence for the therapeutic effects of DQ on AMI injury, in part, via co-regulating lipid and AA metabolisms.

Comparative analysis of the main active constituents from different parts of Leonurus japonicus Houtt. and from different regions in China by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry.

A rapid, sensitive and convenient analytical method of ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole linear ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTRAP®/MS2) was proposed for the simultaneous determination of characteristic alkaline and acidic components covering many structure types including alkaloids, phenolic acids, phenylpropanoids and flavonoids in Leonurus japonicus Houtt. (LJ). The proposed method was first reported and validated by assessing the matrix effects, linearity, limit of detections, limit of quantifications, precision, repeatability, stability and recovery of target components. The developed UPLC-QTRAP®/MS2 was successfully applied to simultaneously determine all target compounds in 38 batches of LJ from 11 different producing regions in China and five organs (including root, caulis, branch, flower and leaf) of LJ from the same stand planting base in Jiangsu Province (China). The result showed that LJ in different regions with different geographical position would affect the accumulation of different compounds, and the significant discrepancies of some target compounds were also observed in different organs of LJ due to different biosynthetic pathway and enzymes in different organs. Furthermore, both hierarchical clustering analysis and principal components analysis were performed to classify the 38 batches of LJ samples from different producing regions on the basis of target compounds. As a result, the samples could be mainly clustered into different groups, which were similar with areas classification. Overall, the presented method would be helpful for the comprehensive utilization and development of LJ resources.

Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of a special fraction of Luohanguo extract on obese T2DM rats.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Luohanguo (LHG), a traditional Chinese medicine, could clear heat, moisten the lung, soothe the throat, restore the voice, and lubricate intestine and open the bowels. LHG has been utilized for the treatment of sore throats and hyperglycemia in folk medicine as a homology of medicine and food. The hypoglycemic pharmacology of LHG has attracted considerable attention, and mogrosides have been considered to be active ingredients against diabetes mellitus. We have found that these mogrosides could be metabolized into their secondary glycosides containing 1-3 glucose residues in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats in previous studies. These metabolites may be the antidiabetic components of LHG in vivo. Thus far, no reports have been found on reducing blood glucose of mogrosides containing 1-3 glucose residues. AIMS OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to confirm that mogrosides containing 1-3 glucose residues were the active components of LHG for antidiabetic effects and to understand their potential mechanisms of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS: First, the special fraction of mogrosides containing 1-3 glucose residues was separated from a 50% ethanol extract of LHG, and the chemical components were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and named low-polar Siraitia grosvenorii glycosides (L-SGgly). Second, the antidiabetic effects of L-SGgly were evaluated by HFD/STZ-induced (high-fat diet and streptozocin) obese T2DM rats by indexing fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS), and insulin resistance, and then compared with other fractions in the separation process. The changes in serum lipid levels were also detected. Finally, possible mechanisms of antidiabetic activity of L-SGgly were identified as increasing GLP-1 levels and activating liver AMPK in T2DM rats. RESULTS: The chemical analysis of L-SGgly showed that they contain 11-oxomogroside V, mogroside V, mogroside III, mogroside IIE, mogroside IIIA1, mogroside IIA1, and mogroside IA1, respectively. The total content of the mogrosides in L-SGgly was 54.4%, including 15.7% mogroside IIA1 and 12.6% mogroside IA1. L-SGgly showed excellent effects on obese T2DM rats compared with the other fractions of LHG extract, including significantly reducing the levels of FBG (p < 0.001) and modifying insulin resistance (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, they could significantly decrease the content of triglyceride (p < 0.01), total cholesterol (p < 0.01), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < 0.01) and free fatty acid (p < 0.001) and increase the content of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < 0.001) in serum of T2DM rats. Moreover, L-SGgly can significantly increase (p < 0.01) GLP-1 levels and decrease (p < 0.01) IL-6 levels in T2DM rat serum. AMPK-activating activity in T2DM rats was also upregulated by L-SGgly, but no statistical significance was shown. CONCLUSION: L-SGgly, fractions separated from LHG extract, were verified to have obvious anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects on T2DM rats. Furthermore, L-SGgly regulated insulin secretion in T2DM rats by increasing GLP-1 levels. These findings provide an explanation for the antidiabetic role of LHG.