Role of ferroptosis in effects of anesthetics on multiple organ diseases: A literature review.

Anesthesiologists are often faced with patients combined with a series of organ injuries, such as acute lung injury, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, and neurodegenerative diseases. With the in-depth study of these diseases, we are more aware of the choice and rational use of anesthetics for the prognosis of these patients. Ferroptosis is a new type of programmed cell death. This unique pattern of cell death, driven by an imbalance between oxides and antioxidants, is regulated by multiple cellular metabolic events, including redox homeostasis, iron handling, mitochondrial activity, and lipids peroxidation. Numerous studies confirmed that anesthetics modulate ferroptosis by interfering its machineries such as cystine-import-glutathione-glutathione peroxidase 4 axis, Heme oxygenase 1, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and iron homeostasis system. In this literature review, we systemically illustrated possible involvement of ferroptosis in effects of anesthetics and adjuvant drugs on multiple organ diseases, hoping our work may serve as a basis for further studies on regulating ferroptosis through anesthetics related pharmacological modulation and promoting the rational use of anesthetics.

Structural properties of Phoenix oolong tea polysaccharide conjugates and the interfacial stability in nanoemulsions.

BACKGROUND: Tea polysaccharide conjugate (TPC) is a naturally occurring active substance that is extracted from tea. Owing to its benefits in enhancing human immunity and antioxidant effects, TPC is widely used in culinary products. The binding mode of polysaccharides and proteins in TPC, however, has not been well studied; it may be closely related to their functional properties, especially emulsification. RESULTS: The molecular weights and monosaccharide compositions of TPC were determined by ion chromatography and high-performance gel permeation chromatography. Although the functional groups of polysaccharides and proteins were confirmed by infrared spectroscopy, the presence of proteins could not be detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ultraviolet spectroscopy. It was hypothesized that the hydrophobic groups of the proteins in TPC were wrapped by polysaccharide chains, thus making the proteins undetectable. The rheology and interfacial protein adsorption results show that TPC forms a viscoelastic film at the oil-water interface to prevent the aggregation of oil droplets, thereby enhancing the stability of the emulsion. Based on these structural and emulsifying properties of TPC, the binding mode of polysaccharides and proteins along with their phase behavior at the oil-water interface of the emulsion was speculated. CONCLUSION: In TPC, the hydrophilic groups of the proteins are linked to polysaccharides by covalent interactions, where the hydrophobic groups are wrapped with the polysaccharide chains with the help of hydrophobic forces to form a hydrophobic core. The unique binding of polysaccharides and proteins in TPC enhances its amphiphilic properties, which can be effectively distributed at the oil-water interface and form stable emulsions. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Dachaihu decoction ameliorates pancreatic fibrosis by inhibiting macrophage infiltration in chronic pancreatitis.

AIM: To explore the role of macrophages in chronic pancreatitis (CP) and the effect of Dachaihu decoction (DCHD) on pancreatic fibrosis in mice. METHODS: KunMing mice were randomly divided into a control group, CP group, and DCHD group. In the CP and DCHD groups, mice were intraperitoneally injected with 20% L-arginine (3 g/kg twice 1 d/wk for 6 wk). Mice in the DCHD group were administered DCHD intragastrically at a dose of 14 g/kg/d 1 wk after CP induction. At 2 wk, 4 wk and 6 wk post-modeling, the morphology of the pancreas was observed using hematoxylin and eosin, and Masson staining. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) serum levels were assayed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Double immunofluorescence staining was performed to observe the co-expression of F4/80 and IL-6 in the pancreas. Inflammatory factors including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) and IL-6 were determined using real time-polymerase chain reaction. Western blot analysis was used to detect fibronectin levels in the pancreas. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, mice with 20% L-arginine-induced CP had obvious macrophage infiltration and a higher level of fibrosis. IL-6 serum concentrations were significantly increased. Double immunofluorescence staining showed that IL-6 and F4/80 were co-expressed in the pancreas. With the administration of DCHD, the infiltration of macrophages and degree of fibrosis in the pancreas were significantly attenuated; IL-6, MCP-1 and MIP-1α mRNA, and fibronectin levels were reduced. CONCLUSION: The dominant role of macrophages in the development of CP was mainly related to IL-6 production. DCHD was effective in ameliorating pancreatic fibrosis by inhibiting macrophage infiltration and inflammatory factor secretion in the pancreas.