In vitro and in vivo antibacterial studies of volatile oil from Atractylodis Rhizoma against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and multidrug resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius strains from canine pyoderma.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Atractylodis Rhizoma is extensively employed in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of skin and gastrointestinal ailments. Its active components have been proven to demonstrate numerous beneficial properties, including antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-ulcer activities. Furthermore, the volatile oil from Atractylodis Rhizoma (VOAR) has been reported to effectively inhibit and eradicate pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Of particular concern is Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, the predominant pathogen responsible for canine pyoderma, whose increasing antimicrobial resistance poses a serious public health threat. VOAR merits further investigation regarding its antibacterial potential against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. AIM OF THE STUDY: The study aims to verify the in vitro antibacterial activity of VOAR against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. And a superficial skin infection model in mice was established to assess the in vivo therapeutic effect of VOAR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty strains of S. pseudintermedius were isolated from dogs with pyoderma, and the drug resistance was analyzed by disc diffusion method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of VOAR were determined through the broth dilution method. The growth curve of bacteria in a culture medium containing VOAR was monitored using a UV spectrophotometer. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to observe the effects of VOAR on the microstructure of S. pseudintermedius. The impact of VOAR on the antibiotic resistance of S. pseudintermedius was assessed using the disc diffusion method. Twenty mice were randomly divided into four groups: the control group, the physiological saline group, the VOAR group, and the amikacin group. With the exception of the control group, the skin barrier of mice was disrupted by tap stripping, and the mice were subsequently inoculated with S. pseudintermedius to establish a superficial skin infection model. The modeled mice were treated with normal saline, VOAR, and amikacin for 5 days. Following the treatment period, the therapeutic effect of each group was evaluated based on the measures of body weight, skin symptoms, tissue bacterial load, tissue IL-6 content, and histopathological changes. RESULTS: The MIC and MBC of VOAR against 30 clinical isolates of S. pseudintermedius were found to be 0.005425% and 0.016875%, respectively. VOAR could exhibit the ability to delay the entry of bacteria into the logarithmic growth phase, disrupt the bacterial structure, and enhance the antibacterial zone in conjunction with antibiotic drugs. In the superficial skin infection model mice, VOAR significantly reduced the scores for skin redness (P < 0.0001), scab formation (P < 0.0001), and wrinkles (P < 0.0001). Moreover, VOAR markedly reduced the bacterial load (P < 0.001) and IL-6 content (P < 0.0001) in the skin tissues of mice. Histopathological observations revealed that the full-layer skin structure in the VOAR group was more complete, with clearer skin layers, and showed significant improvement in inflammatory cell infiltration and fibroblast proliferation compared to other groups. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that VOAR effectively inhibits and eradicates Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in vitro while also enhancing the pathogen's sensitivity to antibiotics. Moreover, VOAR exhibits a pronounced therapeutic effect in the superficial skin infection model mice.

Three new triterpenoids with their bioactives from the roots of Rosa cymosa.

Three new triterpenoids, 2α, 3α, 20ß, 23-tetrahydroxyurs-13 (18)-en-28-oic-acid (1) (Figure 1), 2ß, 3α, 20ß, 23-tetrahydroxyurs-13(18)-en-28-oic-acid (2), and 2α, 3α-dihydroxyurs-12(13), 18(19)-dien-28-oic-acid (3) were isolated from the roots of R. cymosa. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods, including NMR, MS, and IR spectroscopic analyses data. All the isolates were evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro. The results showed that compound 2 displayed moderate anti-inflammatory activity with IC50 value of 9.4 µM.

A Newly Discovered Phenylethanoid Glycoside from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni Affects Insulin Secretion in Rat INS-1 Islet ß Cells.

The tea-like beverage Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (Stevia) is popular in China because it reduces blood glucose and has a sweet taste. In this work, a comprehensive quality assessment of Stevia led to the discovery of five phenylethanoid glycosides, namely steviophethanoside (1), cuchiloside (2), salidroside (3), icariside D (4), and tyrosol (5). Of them, compound 1 is a novel compound. Mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy were employed to confirm the absolute configuration. A hydrolytic step with 4 N TFA at 95 °C for 4 h was used to confirm the monosaccharides. In addition, Discovery Studio 4.0 was used to predict the ADME and toxicity activity of compound 1. The results suggested that compound 1 was biocompatible and had poor toxicity, which was verified by rat INS-1 islet ß cells through an MTT assay. Meanwhile, a significant stimulatory effect on INS-1 cells was observed, which indicated a hypoglycemic effect of compound 1. This is the first report that describes a natural, novel, and hypoglycemic phenylethanoid glycoside in Stevia.

Congmujingnosides B-G, triterpene saponins from the stem of Aralia chinensis and their protective effects against H2O2-induced myocardial cell injury.

Phytochemical investigation of the stem of Aralia chinensis yielded six new oleanane-type triterpene saponins named as congmujingnosides B-G (1-6). The new ones were elucidated on the basis of the chemical and spectroscopic analysis. Protective effects of compounds 1-6 were tested against H2O2-induced H9c2 cardiomyocyte injury, and the data showed that compounds 1 and 5 had significant cell-protective effects. No significant DPPH radical scavenging activity was observed for compounds 1-6.

New naphtoquinones derivatives from the edible bulbs of Eleutherine americana and their protective effect on the injury of human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

Seven new naphthoquinone derivatives, named eleutherins A-G (1-7), were isolated from the edible bulbs of Eleutherine americana (Hong-Cong), which belongs to the Iridaceae family. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis including high-resolution-electron spray ionization-mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) and 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. The absolute configurations of compounds 1-4 were determined by experimental and calculated data. Additionally, a hypothetical biosynthetic pathway of 1-7 was postulated. All the isolates were evaluated for their protective effect against the injury of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro. Eleutherins A and B (1-2) showed a potential protective effect on microvessels.

Quantitative Evaluation of Twelve Major Components of Sulfur-Fumigated Astragali Radix with Different Durations by UPLC-MS.

In this study, an improved UPLC-MS (Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) method for simultaneously quantifying twelve major components belonging to two chemical types was developed and validated, and was applied to quantitatively compare the quality of sulfur-fumigated Astragali Radix of different durations and of the fresh reference sample. The results showed that the contents of triterpenes astragaloside III and astragaloside IV decreased moderately, while the flavonoids calycosin, formononetin, and 7,2'-dihydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxyisoflavane decreased significantly. The corresponding flavonoid glycosides increased accordingly, which indicated the occurrence of chemical transformation of flavonoids and glycosides in the process of sulfur-fumigation. These transformations were further confirmed by the synthesis of flavonoid glycosides under simulated sulfur-fumigation circumstances. Furthermore, the sulfur-fumigated duration varied in proportion with the contents of compounds 7, 11, and 12. These results suggest that the established method was precise, accurate and sensitive enough for the global quality evaluation of sulfur-fumigated Astragali Radix. Further, sulfur-fumigation not only changes the proportions of bioactive components, but also causes chemical transformation in Astragali Radix.

New polyoxypregnane glycosides from Aspidopterys obcordata vines with antitumor activity.

Nine new polyoxypregnane glycosides, obcordatas A-I (1-9), were isolated from Aspidopterys obcordata Hemsl vines. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods. Separated compounds were evaluated for antitumor activities against the human cancer cell lines AGS, SW480, HuH-7 and MCF-7, and compounds 1-6 and 9 showed selective cytotoxicity against HuH-7 cells with IC50 values of 8.7, 10.2, 7.5, 12.1, 16.5, 14.3, and 17.4 µM, respectively. Flow cytometry experiments showed that the effects of compound 1 on the cell cycle were attributable to cell cycle arrest at G1/S phase.

Cucurbitane-type triterpenes from the tubers of Hemsleya penxianensis and their bioactive activity.

The tubers of the medicinal plant Hemsleya penxianensis (Cucurbitaceae) yielded 11 cucurbitane-type triterpenes Xuedanencins A-K by silica gel column, ODS column, and pre-HPLC techniques. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis and examined alongside existing data from prior studies. Separated compounds were evaluated for cytotoxic activity against the Hela human cancer cell line and compounds 7 and 8 showed significant cytotoxicity with IC50 values at 1.82 and 2.45 µM, respectively.

New Cassane Diterpenoids from Caesalpinia sappan and their Antiplasmodial Activity.

One new cassane diterpene possessing an unusual N bridge between C-19 and C-20 named caesalsappanin R (1), as well as another new diterpene caesalsappanin S (2), were isolated from the seeds of Caesalpinia sappanwith methanol extract. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis and examined alongside existing data from prior studies. Their biological activities were profiled by their antiplasmodial activity.

[Studies on chemical constituents of Clinopodium chinense].

Twenty-eight compounds were isolated and purified from Clinopodium chinense by Sephedax LH-20, ODS, MCI and preparative HPLC. Their structures were identified as apigenin (1), apigenin-7-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (2), apigenin-7-O-ß-D-glucuronopyranoside (3), thellungianol (4), apigenin-7-O-ß-D-rutinoside (5), luteolin (6), luteolin-4'-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (7), apigenin-7-O-ß-D-pyranglycuronate butyl ester (8), luteolin-7-O-ß-D-rutinoside (9), luteolin-7-O-ß-D-noehesperidoside (10), acacetin (11), acacetin-7-O-ß-D-glucuronopyranoside (12), buddleoside (13), naringenin (14), pruning (15), nairutin (16), isosakuranetin (17), isosakuranin (18), didymin (19), hesperidin (20), kaempferol (21), quercetin (22), kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rahmnoside (23), p-hydroxycinnamic acid (24), caffeic acid (25), cis-3-[2-[1-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-1 -hydroxymethyl]-1,3-ben-zodioxol-5-yl]-(E)-2-propenoic acid (26), mesaconic acid (27), gentisic acid 5-O-ß-D-(6'-salicylyl)-glucopyranoside (28). Among them, compounds 7, 9-10, 12, 23, 26-28 were isolated from the Clinopodium for the first time. The protective effects of compounds 1-6, 8-17 and 19 against H2O2-induced H9c2 cardiomyocyte injury were tested, compounds 15 exhibited significantly protective effects. Compared with the cell viability of (62.12±6.18)% in the model, pruning exhibited viabilities of (84.25±7.36)% at 25.0 mg•L⁻¹, respectively, using quercetin as a positive control [cell viability of (84.55±8.26)%, 20 mg•L⁻¹].

Hepatoprotective Effect of Aqueous Extract from the Seeds of Orychophragmus violaceus against Liver Injury in Mice and HepG2 Cells.

Orychophragmus violaceus (O. violaceus) is a kind of edible wild herb in north China and its seeds have medical potential, however, the effect of O. violaceus seeds on liver injury and the mechanism of action remains poorly understood. Thus, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of O. violaceus seeds on liver injury and further explore the molecular mechanism of the beneficial effects using aqueous extract from the seeds of O. violaceus (AEOV). Mice were orally administrated with saline, AEOV, and biphenyldicarboxylate for 4 days, and were then injected subcutaneously with 0.1% carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) dissolved in corn oil. Sixteen hours later, mice were sacrificed and blood samples were collected. Then, the serum was separated and used for biochemical assay. Livers were excised and were routinely processed for histological examinations. Enzyme activities and protein levels in liver homogenates were detected using commercial kits or by western blot analysis. Additionally, the hepatoprotective effect of AEOV in vitro was evaluated using epigoitrin, the major alkaloid compound isolated from AEOV. We found that AEOV attenuated liver injury induced by CCl4 as evidenced by decreased levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aminotransferase (AST) in serum, improvement of liver histopathological changes, and substantial attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammation via regulation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor κB (NFκB) pathways. These effects of AEOV were comparable to that of biphenyldicarboxylate which was commonly used as a hepatoprotective reference. Moreover, pretreatment of HepG2 cells with epigoitrin improved cell viability, decreased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, attenuated the NFκB pathway, and elevated the Nrf2 pathway after exposure to H2O2. These results suggest that AEOV could effectively prevent CCl4-induced liver injury in mice via regulating the Nrf2 and NFκB pathways, and reveal the cytoprotective effects of epigoitrin against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells.

New cucurbitane triterpenoids with cytotoxic activities from Hemsleya penxianensis.

Seven new cucurbitane triterpenoids, Pengxianencins A-G (1-7) including one alkaloid, were isolated from the ethanol extract of the tubers of Hemsleya penxianensis. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data, including 1D and 2D NMR spectra as well as HR-ESI-MS. The evaluation of inhibition activity against human Hela, MCF-7, and A-549 cell lines showed that compounds 1, 4, 6, 7 have different levels of cytotoxic activities, with IC50 values ranging from 1.67 to 45.28µM.

Oleanane triterpene saponins with cardioprotective activity from Clinopodium polycephalum.

Two new triterpene saponins, clinopodiside VI (1) and saikosaponin c (2), along with six known saikosaponins (3-8), were isolated from the plant of Clinopodium polycephalum. Compounds 1-3 showed moderate inhibition against H9c2 cell damage induced by H2O2.

Compositions, Formation Mechanism, and Neuroprotective Effect of Compound Precipitation from the Traditional Chinese Prescription Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang.

Compounds in the form of precipitation (CFP) are universally formed during the decocting of Chinese prescriptions, such as Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang (HLJDT). The formation rate of HLJDT CFP even reached 2.63% ± 0.20%. The identification by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS(n)) proved that the main chemical substances of HLJDT CFP are baicalin and berberine, which is coincident with the theory that the CFP might derive from interaction between acidic and basic compounds. To investigate the formation mechanism of HLJDT CFP, baicalin and berberine were selected to synthesize a simulated precipitation and then the baicalin-berberine complex was obtained. Results indicated that the melting point of the complex interposed between baicalin and berberine, and the UV absorption, was different from the mother material. In addition, ¹H-NMR integral and high-resolution mass spectroscopy (HR-MS) can validate that the binding ratio was 1:1. Compared with baicalin, the chemical shifts of H and C on glucuronide had undergone significant changes by ¹H-, (13)C-NMR, which proved that electron transfer occurred between the carboxylic proton and the lone pair of electrons on the N atom. Both HLJDT CFP and the baicalin-berberine complex showed protective effects against cobalt chloride-induced neurotoxicity in differentiated PC12 cells. It is a novel idea, studying the material foundation of CFP in Chinese prescriptions.

Cassane diterpenes with oxygen bridge from the seeds of Caesalpinia sappan.

The seeds of the medicinal plant Caesalpinia sappan yielded fourteen cassane-type diterpenes, including six new rearranged ones named as caesalppans A-F (1-6). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature data. The isolated new compounds 1-6 possess lactone-type cassane diterpenoid skeleton with an oxygen bridge between C-19 and C-20, and were tested cytotoxic activity against four cancer cell lines using the MTT method.

Two new abietane diterpenoid glycosides from Clinopodium chinense.

Two new abietane diterpenoid glycosides, named clinopoditerpenes B (1) and C (2), were isolated from Clinopodium chinese. The structures of the new compounds were determined on the basis of extensive spectral analysis. Compound 1 exhibited cardioprotective effect against H2O2-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cells.

Four new phenolic acid with unusual bicycle [2.2.2] octane moiety from Clerodendranthus spicatus and their anti-inflammatory activity.

Four new phenolic acids, clerodens A-D (1-4) possessing an unusual bicycle [2.2.2] octane moiety were isolated from the whole plants of Clerodendranthus spicatus. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods, including NMR, MS, and ECD data. All isolates were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activities on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7, and compound 4 showed significant inhibitory activities with IC50 value of 6.8 µM.

[Quantitative determination of sibricose A5 and sibricose A6 in Polygalae radix].

OBJECTIVE: To establish the method for quantitative determination of sibricose A5 and sibricose A6 in Polygalae Radix by HPLC. METHOD: The ultrasonic extracting method was applied in sample pre-treatment. The HPLC procedure was performed on the chromatographic column of Agela Promosil C18 (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm), the mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid water solution (10:90). The detection wavelength was 330 nm and flow velocity was 1 mL x min(-1). The column temperature was 30 degrees C. RESULT: The method has good linearity in the ranges of 0.0087-0.0694 g x L(-1) (r = 0.9993) for sibricose A5, 0.0090-0.0723 g x L(-1) (r=0.9991) for sibricose A6. The average recoveries of sibricose A5 and sibricose A6 were 101.7%, 97.87%, with the RSD of 1.7%, 1.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The method was simple, quick accurate and reliable. It is appropriate for the quantitative determination of sibricose A5 and sibricose A6 in Polygalae Radix.

New lanostane-type triterpene acids from wolfiporia extensa.

BACKGROUND: Dried sclerotia of Wolfiporia extensa (Polyporaceae) is used to invigorate the spleen and to tranquilize the mind in Chinese herbal medicine. Lanostane-type triterpene acids were regard as major secondary metabolites from dried sclerotia of W. extensa. RESULTS: Three new lanostane-type triterpene acids, 3-epi-benzoyloxyl-dehydrotumulosic acid (1), 3-epi-(3'-O-methyl malonyloxy)-dehydrotumulosic acid (2) and 3-epi-(3'-hydroxy-3'-methylglutaryloxyl)-dehydrotumulosic acid (3), were isolated from the sclerotia of W. extensa, together with 3 known lanostane derivatives (4-6). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D-NMR techniques. CONCLUSION: Six lanostane derivatives including three new triterpene acids and three known compounds were reported from the sclerotia of W. extensa in this paper.