[Live biotherapeutic products: the forefront of innovative drug development driven by biotechnology].

As human microbiome research advances, a large body of evidence shows that microorganisms are closely related to human health. Probiotics were discovered and used as foods or dietary supplements with health benefits in the last century. Microorganisms have shown broader application prospects in human health since the turn of the century, owing to the rapid development of technologies such as microbiome analysis, DNA synthesis and sequencing, and gene editing. In recent years, the concept of "next-generation probiotics" has been proposed as new drugs, and microorganisms are considered as "live biotherapeutic products (LBP)". In a nutshell, LBP is a living bacterial drug that can be used to prevent or treat certain human diseases and indications. Because of its distinct advantages, LBP has risen to the forefront of drug development research and has very broad development prospects. This review introduces the varieties and research advances on LBP from a biotechnology standpoint, followed by summarizing the challenges and opportunities for LBP clinical implementations, with the aim to facilitate LBP development.

Effects of dietary dandelion extract on the growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, liver histology, and immune and apoptosis-related genes expression of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀) at different feeding period.

The study explored on the effects of dietary 0.4% dandelion extract on the growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, liver histology and the expression levels of immune and apoptosis-related genes in the head kidney and spleen of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀) at different feeding period. The results showed that the weight gain rate (WGR) of the hybrid grouper were significantly increased at the second and fourth weeks (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in WGR at the eighth week (P > 0.05). Compared with the control group, dietary dandelion extracts supplementation improve lipid metabolism, reduce lipid accumulation in liver and maintain normal liver histology at the second and fourth weeks. At the end of the second week, the relative expression levels of antioxidant related genes (MnSOD, GPX and GR) in the head kidney of hybrid grouper fed with dandelion extract increased significantly; at the end of week 4 and week 8, the relative expression levels of antioxidant related genes other than MnSOD did not change significantly. However, in the spleen of hybrid grouper, the expression of these antioxidant genes showed the opposite trend. At the end of the eighth week, dietary dandelion extract supplementation significantly increased the expression of inflammatory response related genes in head kidney of hybrid grouper, but showed the opposite trend in spleen. In conclusion, the short-term (2 or 4 weeks) application of 0.4% dandelion extract in feed had the effects of growth improvement, liver protection and immune stimulation on hybrid grouper due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The beneficial effect of dandelion extract on hybrid grouper was time-dependent, and its action time on different immune organs of hybrid grouper was not synchronous.

The effects of dietary compound plant extracts on growth performance, liver and intestine health, and immune related genes expression in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀).

The study explored on the effect of dietary compound plant extract supplementation on the growth performance, serum biochemical indicators, liver and intestinal morphological and gene expression levels in the head kidney and spleen of the hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatusâ™‚× Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀). The compound plant extracts (BDG) was a mixture of Bupleurum edulis extract, dandelion extract and Ginkgo biloba extract in a ratio of 1:4:1. Basal diets supplemented with BDG at 0, 0.75, 1.5, 3 and 6 g/kg were fed hybrid grouper for 8 weeks. The results showed that dietary 0.75 and 1.5 g/kg BDG supplementation could significantly increase the WGR and SGR of hybrid grouper (P < 0.05). And dietary 0.75 g/kg BDG could also significantly decrease serum aspartate aminotransferase, glucose and lactate dehydrogenase in hybrid grouper (P < 0.05). Dietary BGD supplementation protected the integrity of liver and intestinal morphological structure, reduced the accumulation of liver fat. Dietary BDG supplementation might enhance the immunity of hybrid grouper by regulating the expression of antioxidant and inflammation-related genes in head kidney and spleen of hybrid grouper. Our study demonstrated that the growth promoting effect of Bupleurum extract, dandelion extract and Ginkgo biloba extract in the ratio of 1:4:1 as a compound feed additive was better than any of them as a feed additive alone, and the dosage was less. The optimal additive dosage of BDG was 0.75 g/kg in hybrid grouper diets.