Eugenia gracillima essential oil has pharmaceutical applications in pain and inflammation without toxic effects in mice.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Eugenia gracillima is widely used by the population in the manufacture of pulps and jellies, with popular reports of its use in the treatment of infections in the urinary system, respiratory and dermatological problems. A previous study reports that EO from E. gracillima leaves proved to be a promising antioxidant agent in combating the promastigote forms of protozoa. Despite this, this species has been little studied due to its pharmacological properties. STUDY OBJECTIVE: In this study, an essential oil extracted (EO) from Eugenia gracillima leaves was evaluated for its acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and behavioral effects in mice. METHODS: The EO was obtained by hydrodistillation, and the composition analysis was performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Acute toxicity assessment was performed with observation of hematological parameters and histopathological evaluation, as well as tests to investigate antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory activities and behavioral effects. RESULTS: Chromatographic analysis showed D-germacrene (16.10%), γ-muurolene-g (15.60%) and bicyclogermacrene (8.53%) as the majority of compounds. In the toxicity evaluation, no death or physiological changes were observed in mice treated with a single oral dose of up to 5000 mg/kg, and it did not lyse erythrocytes in vitro. The hematological parameters evaluated were not changed after treatment; however, 5,000 mg/kg promoted an increase in transaminase levels. In the histopathological evaluation, only the animals that received the dose of 5000 mg/kg showed discrete leukocyte infiltration around the centrilobular vein in the liver. Antinociceptive activity was detected through tests of acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin, and tail flick, promoted in part by the opioid receptor pathway. In the evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity, a reduction in inflammation was observed in the paw edema test and a decrease in the migration of leukocytes and neutrophils in the peritonitis test. The open field and elevated plus maze tests showed that EO did not affect the animals' motor functions or exploratory activity. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the essential oil of E. gracillima has potential for the development of pharmaceutical formulations with analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions in non-toxic concentrations.

Essential oil from the leaves of Eugenia pohliana DC. (Myrtaceae) alleviate nociception and acute inflammation in mice.

Eugenia pohliana DC.(Myrtaceae) is used in folk medicine by communities in Brazil. However, there are no reports on its biological activity. This is the first study to identify the components of E. pohliana essential oil (EpEO) and evaluate their antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in an in vivo model at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg. The essential oil (EO) was obtained by hydrodistillation, and the analysis was performed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Antinociceptive activity was evaluated by writhing tests, tail movement, and formalin (neurogenic and inflammatory pain); naloxone was used to determine the nociception mechanism. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by oedema and peritonitis tests. We found that (E)-ß-caryophyllene (BCP) (15.56%), δ-cadinene (11.24%) and α-cadinol (10.89%) were the major components. In the writhing test, there was a decrease in writing by 42.95-70.70%, in the tail movement, an increase in latency time by 69.12-86.63%, and in the formalin test, there was a reduction in pain neurogenic by 29.54-61.74%, and inflammatory pain by 37.42-64.87%. The antinociceptive effect of EpEO occurs through the activation of opioid receptors. In addition, a reduction in inflammation by 74.93‒81.41% was observed in the paw edema test and inhibition of the influx of leukocytes by 51.86‒70.38% and neutrophils by 37.74‒54.72% in the peritonitis test. It was concluded that EpEO has antinociceptive effect by the opioid pathway, as shown by the inhibitory effect of naloxone, and anti-inflammatory actions, and that its use does not cause hemolytic damage or behavioral change.