Garcinia linii extracts exert the mediation of anti-diabetic molecular targets on anti-hyperglycemia.

Different portions (stem GIS and leaf GIL) of Garcinia linii were extracted by ethanol/water and crude extracts were employed to investigate the contents of total phenol and flavonoids, antioxidation activities, and inhibitory activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase via enzymatic assay and OGTT and OSTT for lowering glucose levels. The data revealed that GlS and GlL contained different levels of flavonoids and total phenol. Furthermore, the results showed the extracts exhibited remarkable antioxidation activities and inhibitory activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. In silico docking studies were done using Gold software and the probable molecules retrieved from PubChem were docked with several anti-diabetic relate targets, the results showed several components of G. linii could potentially inhibit diabetic molecules when compared with clinic drugs. The cell glucose uptake data also confirmed that GlL and GlS could retain the active component in the regulation of insulin, AMPK, PPARγ, and DPP4. In vivo, the evidence showed G. linii extracts including syringaldehyde suppressed effect of hyperglycemia on OSTT and OGTT assays. These results suggest that G. linii extract has a potential therapeutic value for the treatment of diabetes in humans.

The Exploration of Natural Compounds for Anti-Diabetes from Distinctive Species Garcinia linii with Comprehensive Review of the Garcinia Family.

Approximately 400 Garcinia species are distributed around the world. Previous studies have reported the extracts from bark, seed, fruits, peels, leaves, and stems of Garcinia mangostana, G. xanthochymus, and G. cambogia that were used to treat adipogenesis, inflammation, obesity, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. Moreover, the hypoglycemic effects and underlined actions of different species such as G. kola, G. pedunculata, and G. prainiana have been elucidated. However, the anti-hyperglycemia of G. linii remains to be verified in this aspect. In this article, the published literature was collected and reviewed based on the medicinal characteristics of the species Garcinia, particularly in diabetic care to deliberate the known constituents from Garcinia and further focus on and isolate new compounds of G. linii (Taiwan distinctive species) on various hypoglycemic targets including α-amylase, α-glucosidase, 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), insulin receptor kinase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) via the molecular docking approach with Gold program to explore the potential candidates for anti-diabetic treatments. Accordingly, benzopyrans and triterpenes are postulated to be the active components in G. linii for mediating blood glucose. To further validate the potency of those active components, in vitro enzymatic and cellular function assays with in vivo animal efficacy experiments need to be performed in the near future.