[Research progress on active ingredients of Coicis Semen].

As a common medicinal and edible resource in China, Coicis Semen has a long history of cultivation and medicinal use. Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) clinically believes that Coicis Semen has the effect of strengthening the spleen and tonifying the lungs, clearing heat and dampness, removing pus and paralysis, and stopping diarrhea. Therefore, it is used to treat edema, foot odor, spleen deficiency, diarrhea, and other symptoms. The above effects are closely related to the active ingredients of Coicis Semen, such as esters, fatty acids, polysaccharides, proteins, as well as phenolic acids, sterols, flavonoids, lactams, triterpenes, alkaloids, and adenosine. Modern research has found that Coicis Semen also has anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and hypotensive effects and other pharmacological activities, and it can improve immunity and regulate lipid metabolism. Coicis Semen is widely distributed in China, mainly produced in Guizhou, Yunnan, Fujian, Sichuan, and other places, and the quality of Coicis Semen from different origins varies. From ancient times to the present, Coicis Semen processing methods have experienced the process from simple to complex, and the types of auxiliary materials are more extensive, such as soil, bran, and river sand. These processing methods have been inherited from generation to generation. Nowadays, the commonly used methods are bran-fried, stir-fried, sand-fried, etc. In this paper, by reviewing the relevant literature in China and abroad in recent years, the main active ingredients and related pharmacological effects of Coicis Semen are sorted out, and the effects of different origins and processing methods on the chemical composition of Coicis Semen are summarized, with a view to providing references for the comprehensive development and utilization of Coicis Semen and the further study of its mechanism of action.

[Rapid detection of zearalenone in Coicis Semen based on ELISA].

Zearalenone(ZEN) is a toxic metabolite produced by Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum, F. tricinctum, and other fungi, with estrogenic characteristics. Exposure to or ingestion of ZEN during pregnancy can cause reproductive dysfunction, miscarriage, stillbirth, and malformation, and seriously endanger human life and health. The detection methods for ZEN in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition) are liquid chromatography(LC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS), and it is stipulated that ZEN should not exceed 500 µg in 1 000 g of Coicis Semen. Although these detection methods by instruments can achieve the qualitative and quantitative analysis of ZEN in Coicis Semen, their high detection cost and long periods hinder the rapid screening of a large number of samples in the field. In this study, the synthesized ZEN hapten was conjugated with bovine serum albumin(BSA) and ovalbumin(OVA) to obtain the complete ZEN antigen. By virtue of antibody preparation techniques, ZEN monoclonal antibody 4F6 was prepared, which showed 177.5%, 137.1%, and 109.7% cross-reactivity with ZEN structural analogs zearalanol, zearalenone, and α-zearalenol, respectively, and no cross-reactivity with other fungal toxins such as aflatoxin. Direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(dcELISA) based on ZEN monoclonal antibody 4F6 was developed for the determination of ZEN in Coicis Semen with an IC_(50) of 1.3 µg·L~(-1) and a detection range of 0.22-21.92 µg·L~(-1). The recoveries were 83.91%-105.3% and the RSD was 4.4%-8.0%. The established dcELISA method was used to determine the ZEN residuals in nine batches of Coicis Semen samples, and the results were validated by LC-MS. The correlation between the two detection methods was found to be 0.993 9, indicating that the established dcELISA could be used for the rapid qualitative and quantitative detection of ZEN residuals in Coicis Semen.

[Contamination status and exposure risk of mycotoxins in Coicis Semen].

By investigating the contamination status and predicting the exposure risk of mycotoxin in Coicis Semen, we aim to provide guidance for the safety supervision of Chinese medicinal materials and the formulation(revision) of mycotoxin limit standards. The content of 14 mycotoxins in the 100 Coicis Semen samples collected from five major markets of Chinese medicinal materials in China was determined by UPLC-MS/MS. The probability evaluation model based on Monte Carlo simulation method was established after Chi-square test and One-way ANOVA of the sample contamination data. Health risk assessment was performed on the basis of margin of exposure(MOE) and margin of safety(MOS). The results showed that zearalenone(ZEN), aflatoxin B_1(AFB_1), deoxynivalenol(DON), sterigmatocystin(ST), and aflatoxin B_2(AFB_2) in the Coicis Semen samples had the detection rates of 84%, 75%, 36%, 19%, and 18%, and the mean contamination levels of 117.42, 4.78, 61.16, 6.61, and 2.13 µg·kg~(-1), respectively. According to the limit standards in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition), AFB_1, AFs and ZEN exceeded the standards to certain extents, with the over-standard rates of 12.0%, 9.0%, and 6.0%, respectively. The exposure risks of Coicis Semen to AFB_1, AFB2, ST, DON, and ZEN were low, while 86% of the samples were contaminated with two or more toxins, which needs more attention. It is suggested that the research on the combined toxicity of different mycotoxins should be strengthened to accelerate the cumulative exposure assessment of mixed contaminations and the formulation(revision) of toxin limit standards.

Coicis Semen for the treatment of malignant tumors of the female reproductive system: A review of traditional Chinese medicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics.

Coicis Semen is an important food product and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) derived from the dried and mature seeds of Coix lacryma-jobi L.var.ma-yuen (Roman.) Stapf. An increasing number of studies have investigated its use, either alone or in combination with other botanical drugs, to treat female reproductive system malignancies, and its pharmacological effects have been confirmed clinically. This review aims to provide an overview of Coicis Semen's historical role in treating female reproductive system malignancies based on TCM theory, to summarize clinical trials results, and to analyze information pertaining to the main phytochemical components, pharmacokinetics, related anti-cancer pharmacological effects, and toxicology of Coicis Semen. Information on Coicis Semen was collected from internationally accepted scientific databases. Seventy-four clinical trials were identified that used Coicis Semen in combination with other Chinese medicine to treat female reproductive system malignancies, most of which demonstrated good anti-tumor efficacy and few adverse reactions. To date, more than 80 individual compounds have been isolated from this botanical drug. In terms of anti-tumor effects, Coix seed oil has been studied the most. Pharmacokinetic data suggest that the active ingredients in Coicis Semen are widely distributed after administration, and Coicis Semen and its active compounds play a beneficial role in treating female reproductive system malignancies. Mechanistically, the anti-cancer effects may be related to inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and promotion of apoptosis, inhibition of tumor angiogenesis, suppression of the chronic inflammatory microenvironment of tumors, modulation of immune function, and regulation of the female reproductive system. Most acute toxicity and genotoxicity studies have shown that Coicis Semen is non-toxic. However, the existing studies have many limitations, and the future research direction should emphasize 1) the relationship between drug concentration and pharmacological action as well as toxicity; 2) the structural modification or the synthesis of analogues led by the active ingredients of Coicis Semen to enhance pharmacological activities and bioavailability; 3) accurately revealing the anti-cancer pharmacological effects of Coicis Semen and its compounds through multi-omics technology. We hope that this review can determine future directions and inform novel drug development for treating female reproductive malignancies.

[Development of a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of vomitoxin (DON) in Coicis Semen].

Coicis Semen is a common bulk medicinal material used for both medicine and food, which has the effect of promoting diuresis, draining dampness, invigorating the spleen and checking diarrhea. It is derived from Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen of the family Poaceae, and is easily contaminated by fungi such as Fusarium graminearum and F. flavum due to climate reasons to produce vomitoxin. The guiding principles for determination of vomitoxin in Chinese medicinal materials in Chinese Pharmacopoeia are mainly HPLC and LC-MS, which have long detection period and are time-consuming and laborious, and thus cannot meet the requirements of on-site quality inspection of drugs. The complete antigen of vomitoxin-protein was obtained by chemical derivatization of vomitoxin. The monoclonal antibody against vomitoxin was prepared by classic monoclonal antibody preparation technology, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) method for detection of vomitoxin in Coicis Semen was established through methodological investigation. The IC_(50) based on the ELISA for vomitoxin in Coicis Semen was 3.88 µg·L~(-1), and the average recoveries and the RSD were 77.32%-93.73% and 4.6%-9.7%, respectively. With the established ELISA method, the vomitoxin residue in 14 batches of Coicis Semen samples were determined and validated by LC-MS, and the correlation between the two assays was found to be 0.997 8, indicating that the established ELISA method could be used for quantitative determination of vomitoxin residue in Coicis Semen and could achieve the rapid quantitative determination of the vomitoxin residue.

[Research on revision of origins to Chinese medicinal materials in 2020 edition of Chinese pharmacopoeia].

The origins of 9 species of the Chinese medicinal materials in the 2015 edition of the Chinese pharmacopoeia(ChP) has revised in the 2020 edition of ChP. The revision is based on the investigation and textual research on the problems found after screening the original plants, animals or minerals of all the Chinese medicinal materials in the 2015 edition. Among them the Chinese names of Alismatis Rhizoma, Cassiae Semen, Coicis Semen, Corydalis Bungeanae Herba and Echinopsis Radix all do not match to the Latin scientific names, and also do not match the name of the actual medicinal origins. In addition, Alismatis Rhizoma has the omission of original plant. There is confusion about the Chinese name and the family name of the original insect of Cera Chinensis. The original mineral of Gypsum Fibrosum has the wrong group names. Alumstone and melanterite, the original mineral of Alumen and Melanteritum respectively, of which the group names are missing. To solve these problems, field survey and literature research were conducted on the medicinal materials and their origins. The source of these problems are explored. The correct origins and the Chinese names or Latin names are all determined according to the research results to the situation, in which the Chinese and Latin names of the original plants of the medicinal materials do not match. The correct family name and group name are obtained through textual research by taxonomy if the names are confused or mis-sing. The scientific evidence and correct results of revision in the 2020 edition of ChP are determined at last.

Research on revision of origins to Chinese medicinal materials in 2020 edition of Chinese pharmacopoeia / 中国中药杂志

The origins of 9 species of the Chinese medicinal materials in the 2015 edition of the Chinese pharmacopoeia(ChP) has revised in the 2020 edition of ChP. The revision is based on the investigation and textual research on the problems found after screening the original plants, animals or minerals of all the Chinese medicinal materials in the 2015 edition. Among them the Chinese names of Alismatis Rhizoma, Cassiae Semen, Coicis Semen, Corydalis Bungeanae Herba and Echinopsis Radix all do not match to the Latin scientific names, and also do not match the name of the actual medicinal origins. In addition, Alismatis Rhizoma has the omission of original plant. There is confusion about the Chinese name and the family name of the original insect of Cera Chinensis. The original mineral of Gypsum Fibrosum has the wrong group names. Alumstone and melanterite, the original mineral of Alumen and Melanteritum respectively, of which the group names are missing. To solve these problems, field survey and literature research were conducted on the medicinal materials and their origins. The source of these problems are explored. The correct origins and the Chinese names or Latin names are all determined according to the research results to the situation, in which the Chinese and Latin names of the original plants of the medicinal materials do not match. The correct family name and group name are obtained through textual research by taxonomy if the names are confused or mis-sing. The scientific evidence and correct results of revision in the 2020 edition of ChP are determined at last.

[Historical evolution of Coicis Semen processing methods].

Coicis Semen is widely used as a raw material which can be used as both medicine and food among people. According to the ancient monographs on materia medica and relevant documents on the processing specifications in various provinces and cities, herba logical study on the historical evolution of the processing methods of Coicis Semen was conducted in this paper from the aspects of collecting and processing methods of Coicis Semen, the processing methods in the past dynasties and the nature, flavour and efficacy of Coicis Semen. The results showed that the processing methods of Coicis Semen recorded in monographs on materia medica mainly included stir-frying, glutinous rice stir-frying, salt processing(including salt cooking and salt stir-frying), stir-frying with the earth scraped from the wall facing east, and ginger juice stir-frying, etc. Among them, stir-frying, and stir-frying with the earth scraped from the wall facing east are still used nowadays. The bran stir-frying is the improved version of glutinous rice stir-frying in order to be adaptive to the modern-day situation and the needs of the present. In addition, the ancient shell removal and kernel keeping method are also included in the processing procedures in modern local processing specifications, which are combined with frying to form a new method named "Fazhi" processing( "Fazhi" means a processing method of multiple procedures). The 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia records that Coicis Semen is helpful to clear dampness and promote diuresis, strengthen the spleen and prevent diarrhea, eliminate impediment, discharge pus, resolve toxin and a mass, etc., which are consistent with those contained in ancient monographs on materia medica. After the "Fazhi" processing, the cold nature of Coicis Semen has been removed and its nature,flavour and meridian tropism have been changed, so its application scopes expanded. The results of this study clearly traced the history of the collecting and proces-sing of Coicis Semen, summarized the nature, flavour and efficacy of Coicis Semen contained in both ancient and modern literature, and provided a historical basis for the standardization of the subsequent processing technology of Coicis Semen, the clinical application of various processed products, and the further development and utilization of medicinal materials.

Research progress on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Coicis Semen / 中草药

Coicis Semen is a common traditional Chinese medicine for medicine and food homology, with high nutritional value, known as "the King of Gramineae". It contains fatty acids and esters, polysaccharides, flavonoids, triterpenes, alkaloids, sterols, lactams, starch and other compounds, which exerts different effects in the treatment of diseases of Coicis Semen to achieve the purpose of treatment. Recent research has found that Coicis Semen not only has a good effect of removing dampness and diuresis in the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, but also can treat a variety of cancers, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, fatty liver, rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases. Furthermore, it can enhance immunity and regulate intestinal flora. It also can be used as the treatment for medicinal diet auxiliary diseases, and the clinical adverse reactions are less, and the medication is safer. Kanglaite injection with Coicis Semen oil as the main raw material has been widely used in the clinical treatment of a variety of cancers, and many health foods and medicinal diets are also under development. This paper mainly discusses the research progress on the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Coicis Semen, hoping to provide reference for the further study of Coicis Semen.

Innovation of pulvis modification technology in traditional Chinese medicine preparations: A case study of Shenling Baizhu Pulvis / 中草药

Objective: To study the powder properties and powder modification technology of Shenling Baizhu Pulvis (SBP), so as to lay a foundation for the study of the suitability of powder modification technology in the solid preparation of traditional Chinese medicine. Methods: The characterization and evaluation methods of powder in the field of materials science and pharmaceutical science were used for reference to evaluate the grouping of single medicinal materials in the particle design and the process rationality of composite particles. The preparation process of composite particles of SBP was optimized by L9(34) orthogonal test, and the surface properties of the composite particles were evaluated by SEM, IR and XRD. Results: The study on the powder properties of prescription raw materials showed that there was a good correlation between the grinding time and the particle size. Finally, the best process for composite particles was as following: the pulverization temperature for powders of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Dioscoreag Rhizoma, Nelumbinis Semen, Lablab Semen Album, Coicis Semen and Platycodonis Radix was -10 ℃ for 45 min, and then pulverization for another 4 min after adding with Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, Poria, Amomi Fructus and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. The results showed that the composite particles were well formed and the preparation process was stable and feasible. Conclusion: The powder modification technology solves the powder defects in the preparation process of traditional powder, which provides experimental basis for powder modification technology to improve the quality of traditional Chinese medicine solid preparation and promote the development and upgrading of powder, pill and other traditional dosage forms.

Historical evolution of Coicis Semen processing methods / 中国中药杂志

Coicis Semen is widely used as a raw material which can be used as both medicine and food among people. According to the ancient monographs on materia medica and relevant documents on the processing specifications in various provinces and cities, herba logical study on the historical evolution of the processing methods of Coicis Semen was conducted in this paper from the aspects of collecting and processing methods of Coicis Semen, the processing methods in the past dynasties and the nature, flavour and efficacy of Coicis Semen. The results showed that the processing methods of Coicis Semen recorded in monographs on materia medica mainly included stir-frying, glutinous rice stir-frying, salt processing(including salt cooking and salt stir-frying), stir-frying with the earth scraped from the wall facing east, and ginger juice stir-frying, etc. Among them, stir-frying, and stir-frying with the earth scraped from the wall facing east are still used nowadays. The bran stir-frying is the improved version of glutinous rice stir-frying in order to be adaptive to the modern-day situation and the needs of the present. In addition, the ancient shell removal and kernel keeping method are also included in the processing procedures in modern local processing specifications, which are combined with frying to form a new method named "Fazhi" processing( "Fazhi" means a processing method of multiple procedures). The 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia records that Coicis Semen is helpful to clear dampness and promote diuresis, strengthen the spleen and prevent diarrhea, eliminate impediment, discharge pus, resolve toxin and a mass, etc., which are consistent with those contained in ancient monographs on materia medica. After the "Fazhi" processing, the cold nature of Coicis Semen has been removed and its nature,flavour and meridian tropism have been changed, so its application scopes expanded. The results of this study clearly traced the history of the collecting and proces-sing of Coicis Semen, summarized the nature, flavour and efficacy of Coicis Semen contained in both ancient and modern literature, and provided a historical basis for the standardization of the subsequent processing technology of Coicis Semen, the clinical application of various processed products, and the further development and utilization of medicinal materials.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by an ethanol extract of Coicis semen in Chang liver cells.

BACKGROUND: It is well known that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a huge role in development of metabolic diseases. Specially, ER stress-induced cellular dysfunction has a significant involvement in the pathogenesis of human chronic disorders. This study was designed to study to assess whether an ethanol extract of Coicis Semen (CSE) and coixol induces the ER stress in Chang liver cells. METHODS: Coicis Semen was mixed with 95% ethanol at a ratio of 1:10 (w/v) and freeze dried. Chang liver cells were seeded to 96-well plates and treated with or without CSE (100, 200, 300, 500, or 1000 µg/mL) or coixol (100, 200, 300, 500, 750, or 1000 µg/mL). cell viability was analyzed with MTT assay. Effects of CSE and coixol on expression of the genes for ER stress markers were determined with qRT-PCR and the expression of the protein levels of ER stress markers were determined with western blotting. RESULTS: The concentration causing 50% inhibition (IC50) for CSE and coixol was 250 and 350 µg/mL, respectively. The CSE and coixol increased the gene expression of BiP and CHOP in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, CSE and coixol dose-dependently increased the the expression of XBP1. CONCLUSIONS: CSE or coixol may have cytotoxic effect to Chang liver cells and, may induce ER stress and stimulate the UPR via activation of the PERK and IRE1 pathways in normal liver cells.

Exploring lipid markers of the quality of coix seeds with different geographical origins using supercritical fluid chromatography mass spectrometry and chemometrics.

BACKGROUND: Lipids, a group of primary metabolites, could be used as quality markers of Traditional Chinese medicine. PURPOSE: The present study was designed to develop a research method to explore lipid markers of the quality of coix seeds with different geographical origins. STUDY DESIGN: The geographical origins of coix seeds were divided into three regions based on the latitude. A central composite design (CCD test) was used to optimize the chromatographic parameters of supercritical fluid chromatography to obtain optimal lipid profile of coix seed. METHODS: An untargeted method based on ultra-performance convergence chromatography - quadrupole/time-of-flight hybrid mass spectrometry (UPC2-QTOF) was developed. Four chromatographic parameters were optimized using CCD test, and a fusion index established by Derringer function was used to evaluate. The lipid profile of 27 batches of coix seeds were acquired and processed by Progenesis QI software, and the MS/MS spectrums were obtained to identify, simultaneously. The difference lipids were explored by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The lipids that showed differences depending on their seeds' geographical origin were selected as markers of the quality of coix seeds from the three regions. RESULTS: A Torus 2-PIC (1.7 µm, 100 mm × 3.0 mm) was selected as the optimal column of the untargeted method which the run time was only 8 minutes. From the CCD test, the interaction of chromatographic parameters between column temperature and backpressure was founded which the optimal parameters were 55 °C and 2600 psi, respectively. Thirty-two peaks in the lipid profile of coix seed were tentatively identified, of which 20 were triglyceride, and 12 were diglyceride. Nine features that could potentially be used to distinguish the coix seeds by their geographical origin were identified, most of which were diglycerides, such as OP. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm that UPC2-QTOF combined with chemometrics could be used as an efficient method for exploring potential lipid markers of the quality of herbal medicine.

Comparison of the diuretic effects of Descurainiae Semen, Coicis Semen and Plantaginis Semen / 中成药

AIM To compare the diuretic effects of Descurainiae Semen (DS),Coicis Semen (CS) and Plantaginis Semen (PS),and to observe their mechanical similarities and differences.METHODS Metabolic cage method was applied to investigating the diuretic effects of DS (2.34 g/kg),CS (7.00 g/kg) and PS (3.50 g/kg),whose diuretic mechanisms were studied by cryoscopic method,enzyme method,ion selective electrode method,ELISA and Western blot.RESULTS DS,CS and PS obviously increased saline-loaded rats' urine volume (P ＜ 0.05) and reduced their body weight (P ＜ 0.05) after administration for 7 h,which exhibited no significant effects on urine creatinine (Ucr),serum creatinine (Scr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)(P ＞ 0.05).DS showed its diuretic effect mainly by lowering the levels of serum Na +,atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP),brain natriuretic peptide (BNP),pulmonary AQP3,renal AQP1 and AQP2;CS showed its diuretic effect mainly by reducing the levels of serum Na +,Cl-,ANP,pulmonary AQP3,gastric AQP3,renal AQP1 and AQP2;PS showed its diuretic effect mainly by decreasing the levels of serum Na + and Cl-,pulmonary AQP3,gastric AQP3,renal AQP1 and AQP2.CONCLUSION Three medicinal materials have significant diuretic effects without obvious renal harm.DS categorized as a medicinal plant of lung channel and tropism has a great effect on netriuretic peptide system,CS categorized as a medicinal plant of spleen channel and tropism has a great effect on gastric AQP3,and PS categorized as a medicinal plant of renal channel and tropism has a great effect on renal AQPs.

Research on fusion-fingerprint of Coicis Semen oil / 中草药

Objective: To establish the fusion-fingerprint of Coicis Semen oil. Methods: The Coicis Semen oil was analyzed by GC-MS and HPLC-ELSD, and the fusion-fingerprint was originated from the Computer Aided Similarity Evaluation software based on the normalized data acquired by the above two methods. Results: Twenty-one common peaks existed in the fusion-fingerprint of which there were 13 kinds of aliphatic esters detected by GC-MS and 8 kinds of triglyceride ingredients detected by HPLC-ELSD. Conclusion: The fusion-fingerprint established on GC-MS combined with HPLC-ELSD could provide integrity and more information for the quality control of Chinese materia medica.

Kampo Formulas Containing Coicis Semen that are Effective in the Treatment of Verrucae' Supplement / 日本東洋医学雑誌

A report by the author entitled “Kampo formulas containing Coicis Semen that are Effective in the Treatment of Verrucae” was published in Volume 47 Number 1 of the Japanese Journal of Oriental Medicine. In this paper, the author notes the finding of a reference that supplements the above report. In ‘Yojuin Yamawaki Sensei Hokan, ’ written by Yamawaki Toyo the author found the following: “To control verrucae, boil 5 sen of Coicis Semen in 3 go of water. Drink or wash the affected area with 1 go of this use.” (This text was originally written in classical Chinese.) It is clear from this statement that Yamawaki Toyo used Coicis Semen for verrucae in a manner resembling folk medicine. Although the date of compilation of the text is not known, this treatment method had obviously been in use before the death of Yamawaki Toyo (1762).<br>The description of the use containing Coicis Semen appearing in the above text is more accurate than that found in ‘Yamato Honzo.’<br>The first description of a formula for Coicis Semen for the treatment of verrucae is found in ‘Meika Hosen, ’ which was edited by Yamada Genrin in his late teens after stealing formulas from various famous doctors. According to various medical texts, the name of Yamada Genrin was Ikyo. In ‘Meika Hosen, ’ which Yamada edited, his name was written using different Chinese characters, but also pronounced ‘Ikyo’, this was probably his original first name. The name ‘Ikyo’ with the characters used later is associated with the text ‘Baiso Yakugen.’

Kampo Formulas Containing Coicis Semen that are Effective in the Treatment of Verrucae' Supplement / 日本東洋医学雑誌

A report by the author entitled “Kampo formulas containing Coicis Semen that are Effective in the Treatment of Verrucae” was published in Volume 47 Number 1 of the Japanese Journal of Oriental Medicine. In this paper, the author notes the finding of a reference that supplements the above report. In ‘Yojuin Yamawaki Sensei Hokan, ’ written by Yamawaki Toyo the author found the following: “To control verrucae, boil 5 sen of Coicis Semen in 3 go of water. Drink or wash the affected area with 1 go of this use.” (This text was originally written in classical Chinese.) It is clear from this statement that Yamawaki Toyo used Coicis Semen for verrucae in a manner resembling folk medicine. Although the date of compilation of the text is not known, this treatment method had obviously been in use before the death of Yamawaki Toyo (1762).<br>The description of the use containing Coicis Semen appearing in the above text is more accurate than that found in ‘Yamato Honzo.’<br>The first description of a formula for Coicis Semen for the treatment of verrucae is found in ‘Meika Hosen, ’ which was edited by Yamada Genrin in his late teens after stealing formulas from various famous doctors. According to various medical texts, the name of Yamada Genrin was Ikyo. In ‘Meika Hosen, ’ which Yamada edited, his name was written using different Chinese characters, but also pronounced ‘Ikyo’, this was probably his original first name. The name ‘Ikyo’ with the characters used later is associated with the text ‘Baiso Yakugen.’

Kampo Formulas Containing Coicis Semen that are Effective in the Treatment of Verrucae' Supplement / 日本東洋医学雑誌

A report by the author entitled “Kampo formulas containing Coicis Semen that are Effective in the Treatment of Verrucae” was published in Volume 47 Number 1 of the Japanese Journal of Oriental Medicine. In this paper, the author notes the finding of a reference that supplements the above report. In ‘Yojuin Yamawaki Sensei Hokan, ’ written by Yamawaki Toyo the author found the following: “To control verrucae, boil 5 sen of Coicis Semen in 3 go of water. Drink or wash the affected area with 1 go of this use.” (This text was originally written in classical Chinese.) It is clear from this statement that Yamawaki Toyo used Coicis Semen for verrucae in a manner resembling folk medicine. Although the date of compilation of the text is not known, this treatment method had obviously been in use before the death of Yamawaki Toyo (1762).<br>The description of the use containing Coicis Semen appearing in the above text is more accurate than that found in ‘Yamato Honzo.’<br>The first description of a formula for Coicis Semen for the treatment of verrucae is found in ‘Meika Hosen, ’ which was edited by Yamada Genrin in his late teens after stealing formulas from various famous doctors. According to various medical texts, the name of Yamada Genrin was Ikyo. In ‘Meika Hosen, ’ which Yamada edited, his name was written using different Chinese characters, but also pronounced ‘Ikyo’, this was probably his original first name. The name ‘Ikyo’ with the characters used later is associated with the text ‘Baiso Yakugen.’

Kampo Formulas Containing Coicis Semen that are Effective in the Treatment of Verrucae' Supplement / 日本東洋医学雑誌

A report by the author entitled “Kampo formulas containing Coicis Semen that are Effective in the Treatment of Verrucae” was published in Volume 47 Number 1 of the Japanese Journal of Oriental Medicine. In this paper, the author notes the finding of a reference that supplements the above report. In ‘Yojuin Yamawaki Sensei Hokan, ’ written by Yamawaki Toyo the author found the following: “To control verrucae, boil 5 sen of Coicis Semen in 3 go of water. Drink or wash the affected area with 1 go of this use.” (This text was originally written in classical Chinese.) It is clear from this statement that Yamawaki Toyo used Coicis Semen for verrucae in a manner resembling folk medicine. Although the date of compilation of the text is not known, this treatment method had obviously been in use before the death of Yamawaki Toyo (1762).<br>The description of the use containing Coicis Semen appearing in the above text is more accurate than that found in ‘Yamato Honzo.’<br>The first description of a formula for Coicis Semen for the treatment of verrucae is found in ‘Meika Hosen, ’ which was edited by Yamada Genrin in his late teens after stealing formulas from various famous doctors. According to various medical texts, the name of Yamada Genrin was Ikyo. In ‘Meika Hosen, ’ which Yamada edited, his name was written using different Chinese characters, but also pronounced ‘Ikyo’, this was probably his original first name. The name ‘Ikyo’ with the characters used later is associated with the text ‘Baiso Yakugen.’

Kampo Formulas Containing Coicis Semen that are Effective in the Treatment of Verrucae' Supplement / 日本東洋医学雑誌

A report by the author entitled “Kampo formulas containing Coicis Semen that are Effective in the Treatment of Verrucae” was published in Volume 47 Number 1 of the Japanese Journal of Oriental Medicine. In this paper, the author notes the finding of a reference that supplements the above report. In ‘Yojuin Yamawaki Sensei Hokan, ’ written by Yamawaki Toyo the author found the following: “To control verrucae, boil 5 sen of Coicis Semen in 3 go of water. Drink or wash the affected area with 1 go of this use.” (This text was originally written in classical Chinese.) It is clear from this statement that Yamawaki Toyo used Coicis Semen for verrucae in a manner resembling folk medicine. Although the date of compilation of the text is not known, this treatment method had obviously been in use before the death of Yamawaki Toyo (1762).<br>The description of the use containing Coicis Semen appearing in the above text is more accurate than that found in ‘Yamato Honzo.’<br>The first description of a formula for Coicis Semen for the treatment of verrucae is found in ‘Meika Hosen, ’ which was edited by Yamada Genrin in his late teens after stealing formulas from various famous doctors. According to various medical texts, the name of Yamada Genrin was Ikyo. In ‘Meika Hosen, ’ which Yamada edited, his name was written using different Chinese characters, but also pronounced ‘Ikyo’, this was probably his original first name. The name ‘Ikyo’ with the characters used later is associated with the text ‘Baiso Yakugen.’