Targets and Effects of Common Biocompounds of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Delphinidin-3-Sambubiosid, Quercetin, and Hibiscus Acid) in Different Pathways of Human Cells According to a Bioinformatic Assay.

The utilization of food as a therapeutic measure for various ailments has been a prevalent practice throughout history and across different cultures. This is exemplified in societies where substances like Hibiscus sabdariffa have been employed to manage health conditions like hypertension and elevated blood glucose levels. The inherent bioactive compounds found in this plant, namely, delphinidin-3-sambubioside (DS3), quercetin (QRC), and hibiscus acid (HA), have been linked to various health benefits. Despite receiving individual attention, the specific molecular targets for these compounds remain unclear. In this study, computational analysis was conducted using bioinformatics tools such as Swiss Target Prediction, ShinnyGo 0.77, KEGG, and Stringdb to identify the molecular targets, pathways, and hub genes. Supplementary results were obtained through a thorough literature search in PubMed. DS3 analysis revealed potential genetic alterations related to the metabolism of nitrogen and glucose, inflammation, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation, particularly impacting the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. QRC analysis demonstrated interconnected targets spanning multiple pathways, with some overlap with DS3 analysis and a particular focus on pathways related to cancer. HA analysis revealed distinct targets, especially those associated with pathways related to the nervous system. These findings emphasize the necessity for focused research on the molecular effects of DS3, QRC, and HA, thereby providing valuable insights into potential therapeutic pathways.

Hibiscus acetosella: An Unconventional Alternative Edible Flower Rich in Bioactive Compounds.

The interest in the consumption of edible flowers has increased since they represent a rich source of bioactive compounds, which are significantly beneficial to human health. The objective of this research was to access the bioactive compounds and antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of unconventional alternative edible flowers of Hibiscus acetosella Welw. Ex Hiern. The edible flowers presented pH value of 2.8 ± 0.00, soluble solids content of 3.4 ± 0.0 °Brix, high moisture content of about 91.8 ± 0.3%, carbohydrates (6.9 ± 1.2%), lipids (0.90 ± 0.17%), ashes (0.4 ± 0.0%), and not detectable protein. The evaluation of the scavenging activity of free radicals, such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), of the flower extract was better than the results observed for other edible flowers (507.8 ± 2.7 µM TE and 783.9 ± 30.8 µM TE, respectively) as well as the total phenolic composition (TPC) value (568.8 ± 0.8 mg GAE/g). These flowers are rich in organic acids and phenolic compounds, mainly myricetin, and quercetin derivatives, kaempferol, and anthocyanins. The extract showed no cytotoxicity for the cell lineages used, suggesting that the extract has no directly harmful effects to cells. The important bioactive compound identified in this study makes this flower especially relevant in the healthy food area due to its nutraceutical potential without showing cytotoxicity.

The preventive and therapeutic effects of anthocyanins on colorectal cancer: A comprehensive review based on up-to-date experimental studies.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most lethal and the third most diagnosed type of cancer worldwide. More than 75% of CRC cases are sporadic and lifestyle-related. Risk factors include diet, physical inactivity, genetics, smoking, alcohol, changes in the intestinal microbiota, and inflammation-related diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and inflammatory bowel diseases. The limits of conventional treatments (surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy), as demonstrated by the side effects and resistance of many CRC patients, are making professionals search for new chemopreventive alternatives. In this context, diets rich in fruits and vegetables or plant-based products, which contain high levels of phytochemicals, have been postulated as complementary therapeutic options. Anthocyanins, phenolic pigments responsible for the vivid colors of most red, purple, and blue fruits and vegetables, have been shown protective effects on CRC. Berries, grapes, Brazilian fruits, and vegetables such as black rice and purple sweet potato are examples of products rich in anthocyanins, which have been able to reduce cancer development by modulating signaling pathways associated with CRC. Therefore, this review has as main objective to present and discuss the potential preventive and therapeutic effects of anthocyanins present in fruits and vegetables, in plant extracts, or in their pure form on CRC, taking into account up-to-date experimental studies (2017-2023). Additionally, a highlight is given towards the mechanisms of action of anthocyanins on CRC.

The multiple actions of grape and its polyphenols on female reproductive processes with an emphasis on cell signalling.

Grapes are an economically important fruit crop, and their polyphenols (mainly phenolic acids, flavanols, flavonols, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and stilbenes) can exert a wide range of health benefits as an interesting and valuable dietary supplement for natural complementary therapy. However, their potential physiological and therapeutic actions on reproductive processes have not been sufficiently elucidated. This evidence-based study presents current knowledge of grape extracts and polyphenols, as well as their properties and therapeutical actions in relation to female reproduction in a nutshell. Grape extract, and its polyphenols such as resveratrol, proanthocyanidin B2 or delphinidin may influence female reproductive physiology and pathology, as well as regulate multiple signaling pathways related to reproductive hormones, steroid hormones receptors, intracellular regulators of oxidative stress and subsequent inflammation, apoptosis, and proliferation. Their role in the management of ovarian cancer, age-related reproductive insufficiency, ovarian ischemia, PCOS, or menopausal syndrome has been indicated. In particular, the potential involvement of grapeseed extracts and/or proanthocyanidin B2 and delphinidin on ovarian steroidogenesis, oocyte maturation, and developmental capacity has been implicated, albeit at different regulatory levels. Grape polyphenols exert a wide range of health benefits posing grape extract as an interesting and valuable dietary supplement for natural complementary therapy. This evidence-based study focuses on the actions of grapeseed extract and grape polyphenols on female reproductive processes at various regulatory levels and multiple signalling pathways by regulating reproductive hormones (GnRH, gonadotropins, prolactin, steroid hormones, IGFBP), steroid receptors, markers of proliferation and apoptosis. However, lack of knowledge of standardized dosages so far limits their clinical application despite the wide range of their biological and therapeutic potentials.

The Effects of Berry Extracts on Oxidative Stress in Cultured Cardiomyocytes and Microglial Cells: A Potential Cardioprotective and Neuroprotective Mechanism.

Oxidative stress is a key underlying factor in cognitive decline and atherosclerosis. Oxidative stress occurs at the cellular level with an imbalance between reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species and a deficiency in antioxidants. Mounting evidence suggests that berry flavonoids may promote cellular health by exerting antioxidant properties. Black currant and various berry extracts were tested in microglia (BV-2) and cardiomyocyte (HL-1) cell lines to study their biological effects. The principal ingredients in black currant and cranberry extract-delphinidin 3-rutinoside (D3R) and cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G), were also assessed. A menadione-induced oxidative stressor was used, and its output was quantified to detect oxidative stress (CellROXTM). Black currant extract had similar antioxidant effects as N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in HL-1 cells with regard to cellular protection, whereas cranberry extract was ineffective. In contrast, cranberry extract was comparable in effectiveness to black currant extract in BV-2 cells. D3R and C3G also reduced oxidative stress similarly to whole berry extracts, which indicates that these ingredients may confer the antioxidant effects of berries. Black currant and cranberry extracts inhibit oxidative stress in microglial and cardiomyocyte cell lines. Black currant extract was more effective in reducing oxidative stress in the HL-1 cells, whereas cranberry extract was comparable in reducing oxidative stress in the BV-2 cells. The results suggest that berry flavonoids exert neuro- and cardioprotective effects.

Impact of molar absorbance on anthocyanin content of the foods.

Anthocyanins are present in bright colored fruit and vegetables with growing evidence for their health benefits. Several methods exist in the literature to measure the total monomeric anthocyanin content in foods. Although the simplest method uses UV-Vis spectrophotometry, it requires the use of anthocyanin molar absorption coefficients (Ɛ). While commonly reported for some compounds, these values vary substantially between studies. This study collated and compared existing Ɛ values for a range of anthocyanin-3-glucosides, measured new Ɛ values for these compounds and underwent an inter-laboratory validation of spectrometry methods. The Ɛ values used for the determination of anthocyanin content in Australian blueberries, were shown to greatly affect the estimated total anthocyanin. Significant differences in the Ɛ values were observed when measured at 520 nm, or their absorbance maximum and substantial difference in the estimated total anthocyanins were observed when expressed as equivalent of cya-3-glu or mal-3-glu.

Delphinidin and Its Glycosides' War on Cancer: Preclinical Perspectives.

Until now, several studies have looked at the issue of anthocyanin and cancer, namely the preventive and inhibitory effects of anthocyanins, as well as the underlying molecular processes. However, no targeted review is available regarding the anticarcinogenic effects of delphinidin and its glycosides on various cancers and their plausible molecular mechanisms. Considerable evidence shows significant anticancer properties of delphinidin-rich preparations and delphinidin alone both in vitro and in vivo. This review covers the in vitro and preclinical implications of delphinidin-mediated cell protection and cancer prevention; thus, we strongly recommend that delphinidin-rich preparations be further investigated as potential functional food, dietary antioxidant supplements, and natural health products targeting specific chronic diseases, including cancer. In addition to in vitro investigations, future research should focus on more animal and human studies to determine the true potential of delphinidin.

Anthocyanins from a single botanical source can be used as a replacement for hemalum and eosin.

For various reasons, histologists in several parts of the world have tried to replace hematoxylin and eosin with locally available plant dyes of the anthocyanin family. Blue or violet nuclear stains have been created by combining an anthocyanin with iron or aluminum ions at low pH. Obtaining a pink or red cytoplasmic counterstain, however, has not been achieved previously, even with a red solution of anthocyanin, because the chemistry of the colorant does not allow bonding to cytoplasmic materials and collagen. We used two extracts from the petals of common mallow, Malva sylvestris, to create both a blue nuclear stain and a red counterstain. The two extracts contained two chemically distinct types of anthocyanins. The first extract contains vic-hydroxyls capable of complexing aluminum ions; its flavylium core is cationic. The second type lacks vic-hydroxyls on its core structure, but includes pendant glucosides that contain a malonic acid ester with a free carboxyl substituent. The precise identity of the first anthocyanin currently is unknown, but likely is one or more of the common anthocyanins such as cyanidin, delphinidin or petunidin, which complex readily with aluminum. The second anthocyanin is malonated malvidin, which does not complex with aluminum, but is anionic at the pH used here. The overall visual effect of applying the two anthocyanin extracts is remarkably similar to that of hemalum plus eosin.

The Green Anti-Cancer Weapon. The Role of Natural Compounds in Bladder Cancer Treatment.

Bladder cancer (BC) is the second most common genitourinary cancer. In 2018, 550,000 people in the world were diagnosed with BC, and the number of new cases continues to rise. BC is also characterized by high recurrence risk, despite therapies. Although in the last few years, the range of BC therapy has considerably widened, it is associated with severe side effects and the development of drug resistance, which is hampering treatment success. Thus, patients are increasingly choosing products of natural origin as an alternative or complementary therapeutic options. Therefore, in this article, we aim to elucidate, using the available literature, the role of natural substances such as curcumin, sulforaphane, resveratrol, quercetin, 6-gingerol, delphinidin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate and gossypol in the BC treatment. Numerous clinical and preclinical studies point to their role in the modulation of the signaling pathways, such as cell proliferation, cell survival, apoptosis and cell death.

Identification of Anthocyanin Compounds in Butterfly Pea Flowers (Clitoria ternatea L.) by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography/Ultraviolet Coupled to Mass Spectrometry.

Butterfly pea flower have great sensory attraction, but they have not yet been used widely in Vietnam. Extracts of butterfly pea flowers can be used conveniently as a natural blue colorant for food products. In this study, the identification of anthocyanin compounds in butterfly pea flowers was performed by UPLC coupled with a UV and Mass spectrometer instrument. Positive and negative ion electrospray MS/MS chromatograms and spectra of the anthocyanin compounds were determined. By analyzing the chromatograms and spectra for each ion, five anthocyanins were identified in the butterfly pea flower extract; these were delphinidin-3-(6″-p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-(6″-p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside, delphinidin-3-(p-coumaroyl) glucose in both cis- and trans- isomers, cyanidin-3-(p-coumaroyl-glucoside) and delphinidin-3-pyranoside. Additionally, based on their intensity, it was determined that cyanidin-3-(p-coumaroyl-glucoside) was the most abundant anthocyanin, followed by cyanidin 3-(6″-p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside, delphinidin-3-(p-coumaroyl-glucoside), delphinidin-3-(6″-p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside and delphinidin-3-pyranoside. In this study, cyanidin derivatives were discovered in butterfly pea flower extract, where these compounds had not been detected in previous studies.

Antioxidant action and enzyme activity modulation by bioaccessible polyphenols from jambolan (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels).

Jambolan is rich in antioxidant polyphenols; however, the bioactivity of these compounds remains poorly investigated. We compared changes in polyphenols and antioxidant capacity by ABTS and FRAP assays of jambolan pulp during in vitro digestion and chemical extraction and evaluated the effects of these changes on oxidative stress in wild and mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Digestion and chemical extraction were performed with enzyme saline solutions, deionized water, and 50% (v/v) aqueous acetone solution. Caffeic, quinic, gallic, and ellagic acids, isomers of myricetin, catechin, and anthocyanins are bioaccessible during gastric digestion. In the duodenum, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins remained stable when the pH changed from acidic to neutral/alkaline, whereas anthocyanins were degraded when exposed to pH 7. In the colon, anthocyanins were not identified. The antioxidant activity of bioaccessible fractions is correlated with non-anthocyanin flavonoids and proanthocyanidins, reflected in the modulation of antioxidant enzymes of S. cerevisiae. The digestion process favors the release of bio-polyphenols from jambolan with preventive, scavenger, and reparative antioxidant action. They also stimulate the production and activity of Sod and Cat, strengthening the endogenous antioxidant system.

Insight into the pigmented anthocyanins and the major potential co-pigmented flavonoids in purple-coloured leaf teas.

Tea cultivars possessing purple shoots have attracted global interest. In order to gain a better understanding of the major chemical constituents responsible for the purple colouration, we applied widely targeted metabolomics to investigate the pigmented flavonoids of freeze-dried purple-coloured tea leaves (PTLs) in comparison with green-coloured tea leaves (GTLs). Thirty-three anthocyanins were identified, and delphinidin 3-O-galactoside and cyanidin 3-O-galactoside were found to be the most abundant in PTLs. A total of 226 metabolites including 193 flavonoids and 33 tannins were identified, and the methylated, acylated, and glycosylated flavonoids differed significantly between PTLs and GTLs. Moreover, significant differences (p < 0.01) in the average anthocyanin, flavonoid, chlorophyll and catechin contents were also observed. Four PTLs were found to contain high levels of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-(3″-O-methyl) gallate (>10 mg/g). These results suggest that structurally modified anthocyanins and major potential co-pigmented flavonoids are the chemicals primarily responsible for the purple colouration of the tea leaves.

Identification of anthocyanin compositions in black seed coated Korean adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) by NMR and UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS and screening for their antioxidant properties using different solvent systems.

The aim of the present research was to investigate the antioxidant properties and anthocyanin profiles in the black seed coated adzuki bean (Vigna angularis, Geomguseul cultivar). The acidic 60% methanol extract (40 µg/mL) contains the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents (486 ± 3 mg GAE/100 g; 314 ± 10 mg CE/100 g) with potent antioxidant properties (trolox equivalent 1272 ± 26 and 662 ± 24 mg TE/100 g) against ABTS and DPPH radicals compared to other methanol-water ratios (20, 40, 80, and 100%). Ten anthocyanin components were identified in this extract including delphinidin-3,5-O-digalactoside (1), delphinidin-3,5-O-diglucoside (2), delphinidin-3-O-galactoside (3), delphinidin-3-O-glucoside (4), delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside (5), delphinidin-3-O-(p-coumaroyl)glucoside (6), cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (7), petunidin-3-O-galactoside (8), petunidin-3-O-glucoside (9) and petunidin-3-O-(p-coumaroyl)glucoside (10) via NMR spectroscopy and UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS analysis. The key anthocyanins 3 and 4 of delphinidin type were isolated by reversed phase C-18 MPLC. Our results indicate that the anthocyanin profiles as well as the high phenolic and flavonoid contents are important factors determining the antioxidant effects of black adzuki bean.

The dietary anthocyanin delphinidin prevents bone resorption by inhibiting Rankl-induced differentiation of osteoclasts in a medaka (Oryzias latipes) model of osteoporosis.

The anthocyanin delphinidin is a natural compound found as water-soluble pigment in coloured fruits and berries. Anthocyanin-rich diets have been proposed to have bone protective effects in humans and mice, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we used a medaka (Oryzias latipes) osteoporosis model to test the effects of delphinidin on bone cells in vivo. In this model, inducible transgenic expression of receptor-activator of NF-kß ligand (Rankl) leads to ectopic formation of osteoclasts and excessive bone resorption, similar to the situation in human osteoporosis patients. Using live imaging in medaka bone reporter lines, we show that delphinidin significantly reduces the number of osteoclasts after Rankl induction and protects bone integrity in a dose-dependent manner. Our in vivo findings suggest that delphinidin primarily affects the de novo differentiation of macrophages into osteoclasts rather than the recruitment of macrophages to sites of bone resorption. For already existing osteoclasts, delphinidin treatment affected their morphology, leading to fewer protrusions and a more spherical shape. Apoptosis rates were not increased by delphinidin, suggesting that osteoclast numbers were reduced primarily by impaired differentiation from macrophage progenitors and reduced maintenance of pre-existing osteoclasts. Importantly, and in contrast to previously reported cell culture experiments, no effect of delphinidin on osteoblast differentiation and distribution was observed in medaka in vivo. Our study is the first report on the effects of delphinidin on bone cells in fish embryos, which are a unique model system for compound testing that is suitable for live imaging of bone cell behaviour in vivo.

Use of roselle extracted from Hibiscus sabdariffa for histological staining: a critical review and rational stain formulation.

Roselle is the common name for a mixture of anthocyanin dyes derived from the plant, Hibiscus sabdariffa. During the past two decades, a sizable, but conflicting, body of literature has supported the use of roselle as a biological stain, and more specifically as a substitute for hematoxylin for staining nuclei selectively. We review the literature and suggest a rational explanation for divergent findings. When used without oxidation and mordanting, roselle is an indiscriminate oversight stain. With appropriate oxidation and mordanting, roselle can be an effective nuclear stain. We propose here use of a stain that is formulated rationally and followed by treatment in a differentiating solution that also acts as a counterstain. We also offer suggestions for improving roselle for the general scientific community.

Stabilization of Delphinidin in Complex with Sulfobutylether-ß-Cyclodextrin Allows for Antinociception in Inflammatory Pain.

Aims: Delphinidin (DEL) is a plant-derived antioxidant with clinical potential to treat inflammatory pain but suffers from poor solubility and low bioavailability. The aim of the study was to develop a well-tolerated cyclodextrin (CD)-DEL complex with enhanced bioavailability and to investigate the mechanisms behind its antinociceptive effects in a preclinical model of inflammatory pain. Results: CD-DEL was highly soluble and stable in aqueous solution, and was nontoxic. Systemic administration of CD-DEL reversed mechanical and heat hyperalgesia, while its local application into the complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflamed paw dose-dependently reduced mechanical hyperalgesia, paw volume, formation of the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), and tissue migration of CD68+ macrophages. CD-DEL also directly prevented 4-HNE-induced mechanical hyperalgesia, cold allodynia, and an increase in the intracellular calcium concentration into transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 expressing cells. Both 4-HNE- and CFA-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were sensitive to CD-DEL, while its capacity to scavenge superoxide anion radicals (inhibitory concentration 50 [IC50]: 70 ± 5 µM) was higher than that observed for hydroxyl radicals (IC50: 600 ± 50 µM). Finally, CD-DEL upregulated heme oxygenase 1 that was prevented by HMOX-1 siRNA in vitro. Innovation:In vivo application of DEL to treat inflammatory pain is facilitated by complexation with CD. Apart from its antioxidant effects, the CD-DEL has a unique second antioxidative mechanism involving capturing of 4-HNE into the CD cavity followed by displacement and release of the ROS scavenger DEL. Conclusion: CD-DEL has antinociceptive, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory effects making it a promising formulation for the local treatment of inflammatory pain.

Effects of Delphinidin on Pathophysiological Signs of Nucleus Basalis of Meynert Lesioned Rats as Animal Model of Alzheimer Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an advanced neurodegenerative disorder greatly accompanied by cognitive deficits, oxidative stress, inflammation, amyloid plaques deposition, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) hyper-activation. Growing evidence suggests natural compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory features improve pathophysiological signs of AD. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of Delphinidin (25, 50 mg/kg) as an anthocyanidin on spatial memory impairment and AD hallmarks such as hippocampal AChE activity, amyloid plaques deposition, oxidative stress and expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP), AChE, and amyloid beta (Aß) proteins in nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) lesioned rats as the most prevalent animal model of AD. Interestingly, Delphinidin-treated animals showed a significant decrease in escape latency and distance moved. Furthermore, in probe test, NBM lesioned rats treated with both doses of Delphinidin spent more time in the target quadrant zone in Morris water maze task. It could also interact with catalytic site of AChE enzyme and inhibits acetylcholine hydrolysis in in vitro and in vivo conditions. In addition, Delphinidin could scavenge additional produced reactive oxygen molecules dose dependently. Our immunoblotting analysis confirmed high dose of Delphinidin reduced AChE, APP and Aß contents in AD model. Staining of hippocampus tissue revealed that Delphinidin treatment decreased amyloid plaques formation in NBM lesion rats. It seems that Delphinidin is a plate-like molecule intercalated between ß-plated sheets related to Aß molecules and inhibited amyloid fibril formation. Altogether, Delphinidin and Delphinidin-rich fruits could be suggested as a therapeutic adjuvant in AD and other related cognitive disorders.

Clitoria ternatea L. petal bioactive compounds display antioxidant, antihemolytic and antihypertensive effects, inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities and reduce human LDL cholesterol and DNA induced oxidation.

The purpose of this study was to use a statistical approach to optimise the experimental conditions regarding the extraction of bioactive compounds, and to analyse the in vitro functional properties of crude lyophilized extracts (CLE) and partially purified (PPE) extracts of Clitoria ternatea petals. The results showed that the factors of temperature and time influenced the extraction of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and the physicochemical parameters. Simultaneous optimisation showed that the same levels of bioactive compounds were extracted when using temperatures from 11.7 to 68.3 °C and times from 8.47 to 51.12 min. Principal component analysis revealed the experimental conditions that provided the extraction producing the highest level of phenolic content (40 °C/30 min). The CLE showed antimicrobial activity; protective effect against hemolysis of erythrocytes; inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase and angiotensin-I-converting (ACE-I) enzymes; and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The CLE and PPE demonstrated oxygen radical absorption capacity; inhibition of DNA strand scission; inhibition of LDL cholesterol oxidation; intracellular antioxidant activity against reactive oxygen species (>100 µg/mL); and no cytotoxicity (IC50, GI50 and LC50 > 900 µg/mL) against A549, HCT8 and IMR90 cell lines.

Effect of high hydrostatic pressure and drying methods on phenolic compounds profile of jabuticaba (Myrciaria jaboticaba) peel and seed.

Jabuticaba is a Brazilian berry rich in phenolic compounds (PC), which are mainly concentrated in its peel and seed (JPS), fractions that are not usually consumed. Thus, to develop a powder with potential functional properties, we investigated the effect of pressurization and dehydration methods on the chemical composition of JPS, with emphasis on PC. JPS showed a very diverse PC profile, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, ellagitannins and proanthocyanidins. Contrary to our hypothesis, pressurization was ineffective in increasing total PC contents of JPS. Freeze-drying and oven-drying at 75 °C yielded powders with similar total PC contents, but with distinct profile, the former richer in anthocyanins and the latter in ellagitannins. Considering that both dehydration methods produced a jabuticaba powder rich in PC, and that freeze-drying is a higher cost method, the choice between these drying methods depends on the purpose of the final product.

Comparison of the bioactive potential of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) calyx and its by-product: Phenolic characterization by UPLC-QTOF MSE and their anti-obesity effect in vivo.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate extractable (EPP), non-extractable polyphenols (NEPP) and organic acid in Roselle by-product, as well as its potential health beneficial effects in obesity control and their complication in rats fed with high caloric diet. Roselle by-product showed a higher content of dietary fiber and NEPP than Roselle calix, which was was a better source of EPP (P < .05). The UPLC-QTOF MSE analysis allowed the tentative identification of 34 EPP, and 3 hydrolysable polyphenols (NEPP), and 2 organic acids in calyx and by-product. Rats fed with a high caloric diet supplemented with 4% of dietary fiber from by-products and Roselle calyx powder generated a reduction in body weight gain (10% and 14%), adipocytes hypertrophy (17% and 13%) and insulin resistance (48% and 59%) and hepatic steatosis (15% and 25%; respectively) compared with rats fed with a high caloric diet alone. Interestingly, even though Roselle by-product has low EPP contents showed comparable beneficial health effects than Roselle calyces. These effects could be associated with high content of dietary fiber and NEPP. Together, the results of the present study indicate that Roselle by-products could be a potential ingredient to develop functional foods against obesity and its complications.