[Development and Assessment of a New Oral Selenium Fast-disintegrating Tablets].

Selenium is an essential trace element and its deficiency causes myositis, myocardial damage, and other symptoms. Patients receiving long-term intravenous nutrition or tube-feeding in particular are deficient in essential trace elements, including selenium, and require regular supplementation. In Japan, injectable selenium-containing products are listed on the National Health Insurance drug price list, and oral solutions are prepared and used in hospitals. However, these formulations have problems related to preservation and require complicated administration procedures. In this study, we developed a new fast-disintegrating tablet formulation of selenium, using SmartEx® (D-mannitol·low substituted hydroxypropylcellulose (L-HPC)·fully hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) mixture) as a coprocessing additive, that can be administered orally or by feeding tube. The tablet formulation had excellent disintegrable capability, sufficient hardness, and did not cause tube blockage when administered in the simple suspension method. In addition, the tablet formulation showed no changes in properties in an accelerated test without packaging for 42 d, indicating that it could be stored for a long period. Fast-disintegrating tablets prepared with SmartEx® are expected to improve the adherence and quality of life of patients who require selenium supplementation.

Compositional and Morphological Analysis of Salt Stress Tolerant Mannitol-1-phosphate Dehydrogenase (mtlD)-Transgenic Potato Plants.

Undesired effects often occur in genetically modified (GM) plants, especially during metabolite engineering. Nevertheless, conducting a comparative study between GM and non-GM plants can identify the unintended alterations and facilitate the risk assessment of GM crops. This research compared the morphology and composition of a transgenic potato plant expressing mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (mtlD), with its non-transgenic counterpart. The results indicated significant differences in plant height, number of leaves, length and width of leaves, as well as tuber number and weight between the transgenic and non-transgenic plants. However, compositional analysis revealed no significant differences in soluble protein, starch, total sugar, fructose, fiber, and ascorbate contents between mtlD-GM and non-GM potatoes. Nevertheless, sucrose and glucose levels were found to be higher in the transgenic potato tubers and leaves, respectively, when compared to the non-transgenic plants. In addition to ammonium, potassium, chloride, nitrite, and nitrate levels, significant differences were observed in the amino acids asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, serine, and valine between the GM and non-GM plants. Apart from the target gene product, mannitol, all the changes in chemical compositions observed in the transgenic potato plants fell within the ranges of normal variability for potato plants. Moreover, despite some phenotypical differences between the mtlD-GM potato and its non-GM counterpart, it is believed that this variation is a common phenomenon among potato varieties. In conclusion, the morphological and compositional analysis of the mtlD-GM potato plant revealed substantial equivalence with its non-transgenic counterpart.

Diuretic activity of Euphorbia serpens extracts in Wistar rats.

Euphorbia serpens has been used in central-west region of Argentina in traditional medicine as diuretic plant. The aim of this present study was to evaluate the diuretic activity of E. serpens in-vivo. We used dried aerial parts, and infusions from these were orally administered to Wistar rats. Its effect was evaluated using furosemide as a positive drug and isotonic salt solution as negative control. Their urine output was quantified at several time intervals. The volume of urine excreted and Na+ increased significantly, being similar to furosemide. Mannitol, was the main component in aqueous extracts of E. serpens, and the acetone extract showed the presence of Δ12- oleanane-type triterpenoids compounds, mainly hederagenin. No toxic effects were observed.

Effect of infrared irradiation combined with mannitol and kinesiology tape on postoperative swelling and pain in patients with a periarticular ankle fracture.

Objectives: To explore the effect of infrared irradiation combined with mannitol and Kinesiology tape on postoperative swelling and pain in patients with a periarticular ankle fracture. Methods: The research subjects of this study were 88 patients with periarticular ankle fracture treated by surgery in the Department of Orthopedics of Baoding No.1 Central Hospital from October, 2019 to May, 2021. They were randomly divided into the observation group and the control group based on the random number table method, with 44 cases in each group. All patients were treated after the operation. Patients in the control group were treated with conventional drugs; while those in the observation group were provided with infrared irradiation combined with mannitol and Kinesiology tape. Further comparison was conducted on the degree of swelling, pain and satisfaction after treatment at three, five and seven days after operation. Results: At three, five and seven days after operation, the cross-section diameter of the injured limb was significantly smaller in the observation group than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0. 05). The degree of pain in both groups was significantly lower at three, five and seven days after operation than that before treatment; moreover, the degree of pain in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0. 05). Besides, the comparison of posttreatment satisfaction in both groups after treatment revealed that the total satisfaction of patients in the observation group (97.73%) was higher than that in the control group (79.55%), with a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). Conclusion: Infrared irradiation combined with mannitol and Kinesiology tape can effectively alleviate postoperative swelling and pain of patients with a periarticular ankle fracture.

The effect of mannitol addition to hydration on acute kidney injury event after high dose cisplatin chemotherapy: an ambispective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Saline hydration with addition of mannitol have commonly been the strategy to avoid cisplatin induced acute kidney injury (AKI). While the initial reports demonstrated that mannitol diuresis decreased cisplatin induced renal injury, others have shown renal injury to be worsened. OBJECTIVE: To compare the risk of AKI in cancer patients receiving high dose cisplatin with and without addition of mannitol. METHOD: This was an ambispective cohort study based on consecutive sampling at Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital (CMGH) and Mochtar Riady Comprehensive Cancer Centre (MRCCC) Siloam Hospitals. The data was obtained from September 2017 to February 2018. The choice of mannitol administration based on attending physician clinical judgement. The primary outcome was increase of serum creatinine more than 0.3 mg/dL or 1.5 times from baseline. Analysis was done by using univariate, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression to obtain crude risk ratio and adjusted risk ratio of cisplatin induced AKI probability caused by mannitol addition on top of usual saline hydration protocol. RESULT: Data from 110 patients (57.3% male) with a median age of 44.5 years (range 19 to 60 years) were collected; 63 received saline with the addition of mannitol and 47 received saline only. Incidence of AKI were higher in mannitol vs saline only group. Bivariate analysis showed higher probability of post chemotherapy AKI in mannitol group, however it was statistically insignificant (RR 2.168; 95% CI 0.839-5.6; p = 0.094). On multivariate analysis the age adjusted RR was 2.852 (95% CI 0.68-11.96; p = 0.152). CONCLUSION: The addition of mannitol to hydration did not reduce the risk of cisplatin induced AKI as compared with saline hydration only. It was also found that risk for acute kidney injury were higher in population ≥ 40 years old.

Media Supplementation with Mannitol and Biotin Enhances Squalene Production of Thraustochytrium ATCC 26185 through Increased Glucose Uptake and Antioxidative Mechanisms.

Media supplementation with exogenous chemicals is known to stimulate the accumulation of important lipids produced by microalgae and thraustochytrids. However, the roles of exogenous chemicals in promoting and preserving the terpenoids pool of thraustochytrids have been rarely investigated. Here, we realized the effects of two media supplements-mannitol and biotin-on the biomass and squalene production by a thraustochytrid strain (Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC 26185) and elucidated their mechanism of action. A significant change in the biomass was not evident with the exogenous addition of these supplements. However, with mannitol (1 g/L) supplementation, the ATCC 26185 culture achieved the best concentration (642 ± 13.6 mg/L) and yield (72.9 ± 9.6 mg/g) of squalene, which were 1.5-fold that of the control culture (non-supplemented). Similarly, with biotin supplementation (0.15 mg/L), the culture showed 459 ± 2.9 g/L and 55.7 ± 3.2 mg/g of squalene concentration and yield, respectively. The glucose uptake rate at 24 h of fermentation increased markedly with mannitol (0.31 g/Lh-1) or biotin (0.26 g/Lh-1) supplemented culture compared with non-supplemented culture (0.09 g/Lh-1). In addition, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level of culture supplemented with mannitol remained alleviated during the entire period of fermentation while it alleviated after 24 h with biotin supplementation. The ∆ROS with mannitol was better compared with biotin supplementation. The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of the supplemented culture was more than 50% during the late stage (72-96 h) of fermentation. Our study provides the potential of mannitol and biotin to enhance squalene yield and the first lines of experimental evidence for their protective role against oxidative stress during the culture of thraustochytrids.

Gastroprotective effect of hydroalcoholic extract from Agaricus blazei Murill against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in mice.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The use of mushrooms in medicine is quite old and the first report about the use of genus Agaricus in treatment of ulcers occurred in Byzantine period. This mushroom is widely consumed as food, tea, food supplements, as well as nutraceutical and cosmeceutical applications, being cultivated and appreciated in several countries such as Brazil, Korea, Japan and China. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to characterize the chemical profile and the potential gastroprotective effect of hydroalcoholic extract from Agaricus blazei Murill (HEAb). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The extract was chemically characterized by elemental analysis, UPLC-QTOF-MSE, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques to elucidate the metabolites present in the extract. The quantification of phenolic compounds and the in vitro antioxidant activities were performed and the gastroprotective effect of this extract was evaluated against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model. HEAb was administered by gavage at 5, 25 and 50 mg kg-1 and N-acetylcysteine at 300 mg kg-1 (positive control). Furthermore, the pathways of nitric oxide (NO), Cyclic Guanylate Monophosphate (cGMP), prostaglandins (PGs) and the involvement of ATP-sensitive K+ Channels were modulated. RESULTS: Mannitol, malic acid, pyroglutamic acid, L-agaritine and L-valine were putatively identified by UPLC-QTOF-MSE in HEAb. In addition, it was possible to identify mannitol by the intense signals in the NMR spectra, being still quantified as the main compound in the extract by HPLC. The contents of total phenols and flavonoids corroborated with the good antioxidant activity of HEAb. This study observed that HEAb at 25 and 50 mg kg-1 had gastroprotection effect demonstrated by the reduction of histopathological parameters and the reduction of mastocytosis in the stomach of mice. CONCLUSIONS: In this study was possible to conclude that HEAb has gastroprotective effect related to the involvement of NO and PG pathways in the ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model in mice.

Effects of oral cystine and glutamine on exercise-induced changes in gastrointestinal permeability and damage markers in young men.

PURPOSE: Although acute prolonged strenuous exercise has been shown to increase markers of gastrointestinal permeability and damage, little is known regarding the efficacy of nutritional supplement interventions on the attenuation of exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome. This study addressed the effects of oral amino acid supplementation on markers of gastrointestinal permeability and damage in response to exercise. METHODS: Sixteen active men aged 22.7 ± 2.6 years (mean ± standard deviation) completed placebo or cystine and glutamine supplementation trials in random order. Participants received either a placebo or cystine and glutamine supplements, three times a day for 5 days, separated by a 2-week washout period. On day 6, participants took their designated supplements 30 min before running at a speed corresponding to 75% of maximal oxygen uptake for 1 h, followed by a 4-h rest period. Blood samples were collected pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, 30 min post-exercise, and 1, 2 and 4 h post-exercise on day 6. The plasma lactulose to mannitol ratio (L:M) and plasma intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) were used as markers of gastrointestinal permeability and damage, respectively. RESULTS: Plasma L:M (linear mixed model, coefficient ± standard error: - 0.011 ± 0.004, P = 0.0090) and changes (i.e., from pre-exercise) in plasma I-FABP (linear mixed model, - 195.3 ± 65.7 coefficient ± standard error (pg/mL), P = 0.0035) were lower in the cystine and glutamine supplementation trial than in the placebo trial. CONCLUSION: Oral cystine and glutamine supplementation attenuated the markers of gastrointestinal permeability and damage after 1 h of strenuous running in young men. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: UMIN000026008. DATE OF REGISTRATION: 13 December 2018.

Higher doses of ascorbic acid may have the potential to promote nutrient delivery via intestinal paracellular absorption.

The significance of plasma ascorbic acid (AA) is underscored by its enzymatic and antioxidant properties as well as involvement in many aspects of health including the synthesis of biomolecules during acute illness, trauma and chronic health conditions. Dietary intake supports maintenance of optimal levels with supplementation at higher doses more likely pursued. Transient increased intestinal paracellular permeability following high dose AA may be utilised to enhance delivery of other micronutrients across the intestinal lumen. The potential mechanism following dietary intake however needs further study but may provide an avenue to increase small intestinal nutrient co transport and absorption, including in acute and chronic illness.

Danhong injection enhances the therapeutic effect of mannitol on hemispheric ischemic stroke by ameliorating blood-brain barrier disruption.

Mannitol, a representative of hyperosmolar therapy, is indispensable for the treatment of malignant cerebral infarction, but its therapeutic effect is limited by its exacerbation of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. This study was to explore whether Danhong injection (DHI), a standardized product extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and Carthamus tinctorius L., inhibits the destructive effect of mannitol on BBB and thus enhancing the treatment of hemispheric ischemic stroke. SD rats were subjected to pMCAO followed by intravenous bolus injections of mannitol with/without DHI intervention. Neurological deficit score, brain edema, infarct volume at 24 h after MCAO and histopathology, microvascular ultrastructure, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining of endothelial cell junctions, energy metabolism in the ischemic penumbra were assessed. Intravenous mannitol after MCAO resulted in a decrease in 24 h mortality and cerebral edema, whereas no significant benefit on neurological deficits, infarct volume and microvascular ultrastructure. Moreover, mannitol led to the loss of endothelial integrity, manifested by the decreased expression of occludin, junctional adhesion molecule-1 (JAM-1) and zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) and the discontinuity of occludin staining around the periphery of endothelial cells. Meanwhile, after mannitol treatment, energy-dependent vimentin and F-actin, ATP content, and ATP5D expression were down-regulated, while MMP2 and MMP9 expression increased in the ischemic penumbra. All the insults after mannitol treatment were attenuated by addition of intravenous DHI. The results suggest DHI as a potential remedy to attenuate mannitol-related BBB disruption, and the potential of DHI to upregulate energy metabolism and inhibit the activity of MMPs is likely attributable to its effects observed.

Evaluation of Ceftazidime as an Antibiotic Supplement in Mannitol-Yolk-Polymyxin B Agar Used for Enumeration of Bacillus cereus in Ready-to-Eat Vegetables.

ABSTRACT: The Bacillus cereus group of bacteria, which causes foodborne diseases, can be detected by culture on selective media. However, the presence of competing flora is the most common factor preventing the accurate enumeration of B. cereus on selective agars. In this study, we improved the selectivity of mannitol-yolk-polymyxin B agar (MYPA) and its modified version containing trimethoprim (mMYPA) developed in our previous study by supplementation with ceftazidime (16 µg/mL). Ceftazidime-supplemented MYPA (C-MYPA16) and mMYPA (C-mMYPA16) were evaluated for bacteria recovery and selectivity with three types of ready-to-eat vegetables. Four B. cereus and one Bacillus thuringiensis strains were mixed and artificially inoculated into vegetable salad, radish sprouts, and sprout mix and then recovered on MYPA, mMYPA, C-MYPA16, and C-mMYPA16. In all tested vegetables, mMYPA, C-MYPA16, and C-mMYPA16 culture resulted in similar recovery of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis (P > 0.05), whereas radish sprout and sprout mix colonies grown on MYPA were undistinguishable. C-mMYPA16 was the most selective medium because it eliminated most of the competing flora, especially that in sprouts, without negatively affecting the recovery of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis. Our results indicate that supplementation of mMYPA with ceftazidime may improve the selectivity of this medium for B. cereus and B. thuringiensis in food testing.

Herba Siegesbeckiae: A review on its traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities and clinical studies.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Herba Siegesbeckiae, mainly includes Sigesbeckia orientalis L, Sigesbeckiae pubescens Makino and Sigesbeckiae glabrescens Makino. Herba Siegesbeckiae, also known as 'Xi-Xian Cao' (Chinese: ), has been regarded as an important traditional Chinese medicine since Tang dynasty. The dried aerial parts of Herba Siegesbeckiae are also being used as a herbal medicine in many countries such as Japan, Korea and Vietnam. In China, Herba Siegesbeckiae has been used for the treatment of rheumatic arthralgia with aching and weakness of loins and knees, as well as numbness of limbs. AIM OF THIS REVIEW: The aim of this review was to provide critical analysis on the scientific evidence to support the traditional uses of Herba Siegesbeckiae. The information available on its in botanical characteristics, traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, clinical studies, toxicity and quality control was summarized to understand the current research and provided the leas for future study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The search terms "Herba Siegesbeckiae", "Sigesbeckia orientalis", "Sigesbeckia pubscens" and "Sigesbeckia glabrescens" were used to obtain the information from electronic databases such as Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, PubMed, Google Scholar and SciFinder Scholar and other web search instruments (Springer, Yahoo search). The information provided in this review was based on peer-reviewed papers in English and Chinese. Besides, information was also collected from ancient documents. RESULT: The studies showed that Herba Siegesbeckiae contains sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, flavonoids and organic acids, etc. Due to these constituents, it displayed numerous pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiallergic, antioxidant, antithrombotic and antibacterial activities. In addition, it showed effects in protecting myocardial and cerebral ischemia injury. CONCLUSIONS: According to its traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities and clinic studies, Herba Siegesbeckiae is regarded as a promising medical plant with various chemical compounds and numerous pharmacological activities. However, fewer experimental studies were focused on toxicity and quantitative study of 3 species. It suggested that further in-depth study of toxicity and quality control were critical for future evaluation of drug efficacy and safety.

New Insights Into the Biosynthesis of Typical Bioactive Components in the Traditional Chinese Medicinal Fungus Cordyceps militaris.

Cordyceps militaris, a traditional medicinal ingredient with a long history of application in China, is regarded as a high-value fungus due to its production of various bioactive ingredients with a wide range of pharmacological effects in clinical treatment. Several typical bioactive ingredients, such as cordycepin, D-mannitol, cordyceps polysaccharides, and N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine (HEA), have received increasing attention due to their antitumor, antioxidant, antidiabetic, radioprotective, antiviral and immunomodulatory activities. Here, we systematically sorted out the latest research progress on the chemical characteristics, biosynthetic gene clusters and pathways of these four typical bioactive ingredients. This summary will lay a foundation for obtaining low-cost and high-quality bioactive ingredients in large amounts using microbial cell factories in the future.

Post-Delivery Milking Delay Influence on the Effect of Oral Supplementation with Bovine Colostrum as Measured with Intestinal Permeability Test.

Background and objective: The health supplement bovine colostrum reportedly improves immunity and regulates intestinal homeostasis. Reliable assessment methods are needed to ensure the satisfactory biological activity of all marketed colostrum products. Of the well-established effects of colostrum use, the restoration of appropriate intestinal permeability assessed with the lactulose/mannitol (L/M) differential sugar absorption test upon supplementation with colostrum has been consistently observed. Milking time after delivery is one of the factors that influences the composition of bovine colostrum, which causes a rapid decrease in bioactive components. Materials and methods: We use the L/M test to evaluate the intestinal permeability reduction upon supplementation with colostrum (2 × 500 mg) harvested at various times after delivery (2, 24, and 72 h) or a placebo (whey). In our randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled (DBPC) trial, 31 healthy athletes were divided into four groups and assessed at baseline and after the intervention. Results: The trial revealed that only colostrum collected after 2 h and 24 h caused a significant reduction of intestinal permeability. The comparison of post-intervention vs. baseline Δ values produced statistically significant results for 2 h colostrum versus the placebo and 72 h colostrum groups. Conclusions: We conclude that the change of bovine colostrum composition over the first three days of lactation is accompanied by a decrease in its biological activity as measured with the L/M test. This test may offer a biological quality measure for colostrum.

StMAPK3 controls oxidase activity, photosynthesis and stomatal aperture under salinity and osmosis stress in potato.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3) is involved in plant growth and development, as well as response to adverse stress. Here we aimed to explore the role of StMAPK3 in response to salt and osmosis stress. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) (5% and 10%) and mannitol (40 mM and 80 mM) were used to induce osmosis stress. To induce salinity stress, potato plant was cultured with NaCl (40 mM and 80 mM). StMAPK3 overexpression and RNA interference-mediated StMAPK3 knockdown were constructed to explore the role of StMAPK3 in potato growth, stomatal aperture size, activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD), and contents of H2O2, proline and malonaldehyde (MDA). Meanwhile, we detected transpiration, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency. Subcellular location of StMAPK3 protein was also detected. PEG, mannitol and NaCl treatments induced the accumulation of StMAPK3 mRNA in potato plants. StMAPK3 protein was located on the membrane and nucleus. Abnormal expression of StMAPK3 changed potato phenotypes, enzyme activity of SOD, CAT and POD, as well as H2O2, proline and MDA contents under osmosis and salinity stress. Photosynthesis and stomatal aperture were regulated by StMAPK3 in potato treated by PEG, mannitol and NaCl. Modulation of potato phenotypes and physiological activity indicates StMAPK3 as a regulator of osmosis and salinity tolerance.

Performance tuning of particle engineered mannitol in dry powder inhalation formulations.

Typically, smooth lactose particles are used as carrier in dry powder formulations for inhalation. Two classical approaches to improve their aerodynamic behaviour are the addition of fines (milled lactose) or magnesium stearate (MgSt). Mannitol (Parteck® M DPI) as an alternative carrier was used in this study. It has an irregular particle size distribution and a large and rough surface. This could be challenging for the detachment of micronised drug upon inhalation and it is unclear whether classic strategies for the optimisation of aerodynamic performance can be applied. In contrast, its rough surface could be an advantage in terms of drug load. To address these questions, the mannitol carrier was blended with two different drugs using various concentrations up to 50%. Self-produced mannitol fines and MgSt in different amounts and in combination were added. Blends were investigated regarding their in vitro aerodynamic performance, dosing behaviour and powder rheology. An addition of up to 30% drug load was possible while retaining good flowability and constant dosing behaviour. Despite the rough and indented carrier surface of the mannitol carrier, the addition of fines or MgSt increased the inhalable fraction, but higher concentrations of fines, as used for lactose blends, were necessary.

A Comparison of Hypertonic Saline and Mannitol on Intraoperative Brain Relaxation in Patients with Raised Intracranial Pressure during Supratentorial Tumors Resection: A Randomized Control Trial.

INTRODUCTION: Hyperosmotic agents are used to decrease intracranial pressure (ICP). We aim to compare the effect of euvolemic solutions of 3% hypertonic saline (HTS) and 20% mannitol on intraoperative brain relaxation in patients with clinical or radiological evidence of raised ICP undergoing surgery for supratentorial tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A.prospective double-blind study was conducted on 30 patients randomized into two equal groups. Each patient was administered 5 ml/kg of either 20% mannitol or 3% HTS over 15 minutes (min) after skin incision. Hemodynamic data, brain relaxation and serum electrolyte levels were recorded. RESULTS: Intraoperative brain relaxation was comparable between the two groups. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean arterial pressures (MAPs) between the two groups after one minutes (min) with a greater degree of decrease in blood pressure recorded in the mannitol group (P = 0.041). MAP with mannitol was significantly lower than the preinduction value after 75 min of administration of drug (P = 0.003). Urine output was significantly higher in the mannitol group (P = 0.00). Administration of HTS was associated with a transient increase in serum sodium concentrations, which was statistically significant but returned to normal within 48 h (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Both mannitol and HTS provided adequate intraoperative brain relaxation. On the contrary, there was no statistically significant fall in blood pressure with HTS. Thus, we advocate the use of HTS over mannitol as it maintains better hemodynamic stability.

Content of phenolic compounds and mannitol in olive leaves extracts from six Spanish cultivars: Extraction with the Soxhlet method and pressurized liquids.

Olive leaves are considered a promising source of bioactives such as phenolic compounds and mannitol. The extraction of high added value products is an issue of great interest and importance from the point of view of their exploitation. However, the content of these compounds can differ between cultivars and extraction methods. In this work, six olive leaves cultivars, including three wild cultivars, and two extraction processes (an innovative and alternative technique, pressurized liquid extraction, and a conventional Soxhlet extraction) were evaluated and compared towards the selective recovery of bioactive compounds. The wild cultivars showed the highest content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, being oleuropein the compound present in higher amount. Findings also revealed that the highest mannitol content in the extracts was observed with the commercial cultivars, specifically in Arbequina. It is thus possible to decide which cultivars to use in order to obtain the highest yield of each bioproduct.

Effect of a mixture of botanicals extracts plus mannitol on hydration and bloating sensation. An open label study in women with high extra cellular water.

The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of of 4 and 8 week supplementation with highly standardized formula with Fraxinus ornus L., plus Ananas comosus L., concentrated juice, Betula pendula R., Equisetum arvense L., Urtica dioica L. and Pilosella officinarum L. Vail dry extract, on the state of hydration and bloating sensation in subjects with high and moderate extra cellular water (ECW). 19 women (mean age 35 yr and Body Mass Index 22.82 kg\m2) with Extra Cellular Water over 45%completed the study and their data were analysed at baseline, at 30 and 60 days. Bio-impedance, SF36 and anthropometric parameters were assessed. The ECW decreased of -1.97% (at 30 days) and -2.30% (60 days) (p < 0.01). Also fat mass decreased of -1.58% (at 30 days) and -2.21% (60 days) (p = 0.057). An improvement of free fat mass was assessed (p < 0.05) but not on bloating sensation questionnaire at 60 days (p = 0.422).

Brain-Relaxing Effect of Different Diuretic Regimens in Supratentorial Tumor Surgery: A Comparative Study Guided by Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter.

BACKGROUND: Hyperosmolar therapy is a well-established method to approach brain relaxation during craniotomy. Mannitol is used with a wide range of dosing regimens, combination with loop diuretics exerts a synergistic effect resulting in both reduction of the dose and its complications. Ultrasound measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) gives reliable information about intracranial pressure (ICP) and avoids overdosing and complications of osmotherapy. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: In this study, we compare the ordinary dose of mannitol with the low dose combined with furosemide and detect the effect on ICP by ONSD. SETTING AND DESIGN: This is a prospective, randomized, double-blind study involving 60 patients undergoing supratentorial brain tumor surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty patients were enrolled in this study, divided into two equal groups: Group M received mannitol 1 g.kg-1: while Group F received mannitol 0.25 g.kg-1 and furosemide 0.5 mg.kg-1. Reduction in ONSD measurement was the primary objective, while brain-relaxation score (BRS), hemodynamic changes, urine output, serum lactate, and changes in serum electrolyte were the secondary objectives. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Data collected were analyzed using SPSS software, IBM, USA, version 22. P value was considered significant if <0.05. RESULTS: ONSD and BRS showed no statistically significant difference between the studied groups. After diuresis, Group M showed significant reduction in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure, serum sodium, potassium, and lactate (P = 0.02, P = 0.02, P = 0.001, P = 0.001, P = 0.001, P = 0.001 respectively), with increased urine output (UOP) and fluids replacement (P = 0.00, P = 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: Compared to high dose, adding loop diuretics to low-dose mannitol during supratentorial brain tumor surgeries resulted in comparable BRSs with a lower incidence of hemodynamic and metabolic disturbances.