Plackett-Burman screening of physico-chemical variables affecting Citrus peel-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial activity.

With the growing resistance of pathogenic microbes to traditional drugs, biogenic silver nanoparticles (SNPs) have recently drawn attention as potent antimicrobial agents. In the present study, SNPs synthesized with the aid of orange (Citrus sinensis) peel were engineered by screening variables affecting their properties via Plackett-Burman design. Among the variables screened (temperature, pH, shaking speed, incubation time, peel extract concentration, AgNO3 concentration and extract/AgNO3 volume ratio), pH was the only variable with significant effect on SNPs synthesis. Therefore, SNPs properties could be enhanced to possess highly regular shape with zeta size of 11.44 nm and zeta potential of - 23.7 mV. SNPs purified, capped and stabilized by cloud point extraction technique were then checked for their antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Listeria innocua, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium and Candida albicans. The maximum antimicrobial activity of SNPs was recorded against E. coli, L. monocytogenes and C. albicans with clear zone diameter of 33.2, 31.8 and 31.7 mm, respectively. Based on minimum inhibition concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of SNPs (300 mg/l) as well as their effect on respiratory chain dehydrogenases, cellular sugar leakage, protein leakage and lipid peroxidation of microbial cells, E. coli was the most affected. Scanning electron microscopy, protein banding and DNA fragmentation proved obvious ultrastructural and molecular alterations of E. coli treated with SNPs. Thus, biogenic SNPs with enhanced properties can be synthesized with the aid of Citrus peel; and such engineered nanoparticles can be used as potent antimicrobial drug against E. coli.

Suppression of Root Rot Fungal Diseases in Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) through the Application of Biologically Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles.

The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant extracts has become a safe replacement for conventional chemical synthesis methods to fight plant pathogens. In this study, the antifungal activity of biosynthesized AgNPs was evaluated both in vitro and under greenhouse conditions against root rot fungi of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), including Macrophomina phaseolina, Pythium graminicola, Rhizoctonia solani, and Sclerotium rolfsii. Among the eleven biosynthesized AgNPs, those synthesized using Alhagi graecorum plant extract displayed the highest efficacy in suppressing those fungi. The findings showed that using AgNPs made with A. graecorum at a concentration of 100 µg/mL greatly slowed down the growth of mycelium for R. solani, P. graminicola, S. rolfsii, and M. phaseolina by 92.60%, 94.44%, 75.93%, and 79.63%, respectively. Additionally, the minimum inhibitory concentration (75 µg/mL) of AgNPs synthesized by A. graecorum was very effective against all of these fungi, lowering the pre-emergence damping-off, post-emergence damping-off, and disease percent and severity in vitro and greenhouse conditions. Additionally, the treatment with AgNPs led to increased root length, shoot length, fresh weight, dry weight, and vigor index of bean seedlings compared to the control group. The synthesis of nanoparticles using A. graecorum was confirmed using various physicochemical techniques, including UV spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. Collectively, the findings of this study highlight the potential of AgNPs as an effective and environmentally sustainable approach for controlling root rot fungi in beans.

Green-fabricated silver nanoparticles from Quercus incana leaf extract to control the early blight of tomatoes caused by Alternaria solani.

BACKGROUND: Early blight (EB) of Tomatoes, caused by Alternaria solani, is a serious fungal disease that adversely affects tomato production. Infection is characterized by dark lesions on leaves, stems, and fruits. Several agrochemicals can be used to control infection, these chemicals may disrupt environmental equilibrium. An alternative technology is needed to address this significant fungal threat. This study was designed to control the growth of EB in tomatoes caused by A. solani, using green-fabricated silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs). RESULTS: Ag-NPs were synthesized through an environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach using leaf extract of Quercus incana Roxb. (Fagaceae). The physico-chemical characterization of the Ag-NPs was conducted through UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. The Ag-NPs produced were round with a mean diameter of 27 nm. The antifungal activity of these Ag-NPs was assessed through in vitro Petri plate and in vitro leaflet assays against A. solani. The green fabricated Ag-NPs exhibited excellent antifungal activity in vitro at a concentration of 100 mg/l against A. solani, inhibiting growth by 98.27 ± 1.58% and 92.79 ± 1.33% during Petri plate and leaflet assays, respectively. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this study suggests the practical application of green-fabricated Ag-NPs from Q. incana leaf extract against A. solani to effectively control EB disease in tomatoes.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Croton urucurana and their toxicity in freshwater snail species Biomphalaria glabrata.

Green silver nanoparticles (G-Ag NPs) have contributed to the development of ecological technologies with low environmental impact and safer for human health, as well as demonstrating potential for the control of vectors and intermediate hosts. However, knowledge about its toxicity in the early stages of gastropod development remains scarce. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the toxicity of G-Ag NPs synthesized from Croton urucurana leaf extracts in snail species Biomphalaria glabrata, which is an intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni parasite. G-Ag NPs were synthesized using two types of plant extracts (aqueous and hydroethanolic) and characterized using multiple techniques. Bioassays focused on investigating G-Ag NPs and plant extracts were carried out with embryos and newly hatched snails, for 144 h and 96 h, respectively; toxicity was analyzed based on mortality, hatching, development inhibition, and morphological changes. Results have shown that both G-Ag NPs were more toxic to embryos and newly hatched snails than the investigated plant extracts. G-Ag NPs deriving from aqueous extract have higher molluscicidal activity than those deriving from hydroethanolic extract. Both G-Ag NPs induced mortality, hatching delay, development inhibition, and morphological changes (i.e., hydropic embryos), indicating their molluscicidal activities. Moreover, embryos were more sensitive to G-Ag NPs than newly hatched snails. Thus, the toxicity of G-Ag NPs to freshwater snails depends on the type of extracts and the snail's developmental stages. These findings can contribute to the development of green nanobiotechnologies applicable to control snails of medical importance.

Untargeted metabolomics and molecular docking studies on green silver nanoparticles synthesized by Sarocladium subulatum: Exploring antibacterial and antioxidant properties.

The biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) with fungi has shown promising results in antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Fungi generate metabolites (both primary and secondary) and proteins, which aid in the formation of metal nanoparticles as reducing or capping agents. While several studies have been conducted on the biological production of Ag-NPs, the exact mechanisms still need to be clarified. In this study, Ag-NPs are synthesized greenly using an unstudied fungal strain, Sarocladium subulatum AS4D. Three silver salts were used to synthesize the Ag-NPs for the first time, optimized using a cell-free extract (CFE) strategy. Additionally, these NPs were assessed for their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Various spectroscopic and microscopy techniques were utilized to confirm Ag-NP formation and analyze their morphology, crystalline properties, functional groups, size, stability, and concentrations. Untargeted metabolomics and proteome disruption were employed to explore the synthesis mechanism. Computational tools were applied to predict metabolite toxicity and antibacterial activity. The study identified 40 fungal metabolites capable of reducing silver ions, with COOH and OH functional groups playing a pivotal role. The silver salt type impacted the NPs' size and stability, with sizes ranging from 40 to 52 nm and zeta potentials from -0.9 to -30.4 mV. Proteome disruption affected size and stability but not shape. Biosynthesized Ag-NPs using protein-free extracts ranged from 55 to 62 nm, and zeta potentials varied from -18 to -27 mV. Molecular docking studies and PASS results found no role for the metabolome in antibacterial activity. This suggests the antibacterial activity comes from Ag-NPs, not capping or reducing agents. Overall, the research affirmed the vital role of specific reducing metabolites in the biosynthesis of Ag-NPs, while proteins derived from biological extracts were found to solely affect their size and stability.

Biofabricated Green Synthesized Hibiscus Silver Nanoparticles Potentiate Antibacterial Activity and Cytotoxicity in Human Lung Cancer Cells.

Traditional medicine has long employed the shrub Hibiscus sabdariffa to treat a variety of illnesses. The biochemical characteristics of silver nanoparticles made using the plant extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa were examined in this work. According to the results, the plant extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa had a total phenolic quantity of 84.9 mg/gm and a total quantity of flavonoids of 41.50 mg/gm. The extract also showed antibacterial action against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (75.15% scavenging activity). The silver nanoparticles of plant extracts were stable in PBS solution for at least 30 days and had a mean size of particles of 21.22 nm. Silver nanoparticles were shown to both be cytotoxic on human lung cancer cell line A-549 and have anti-inflammatory action. Overall, the research's findings demonstrate the fascinating biological activity of the silver nanoparticles made from the extract of the Hibiscus sabdariffa plant. To assess these compounds' potential as medicines, more research is required.

Mikania micrantha silver nanoparticles exhibit anticancer activities against human lung adenocarcinoma via caspase-mediated apoptotic cell death.

Green-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles has earned a promising role in the area of nanotechnology due to their biomedical applications. This study describes the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Mikania micrantha leaf extract and its functional activities against cancer. The synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed using Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrum that exhibited an absorption band at 459 nm. The bioactive compounds of M. micrantha leaf extract that functioned as reducing and capping agents were confirmed by a shift in the absorption bands in Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) studies validated the spherical shape and size of AgNPs, respectively. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis revealed the presence of elemental silver. The crystalline nature of AgNPs was confirmed by the X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD). AgNPs effectively induced cytotoxicity and prevented A549 cell colony formation in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of A549 cells with AgNPs also increased DNA damage, which was coupled with elevated lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione (GSH), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Following AgNPs treatment, the mRNA expression levels of the pro-apoptotic genes as well as the activities of caspases were significantly elevated in A549 cells while the expression levels of anti-apoptotic genes were downregulated. Our study demonstrates the potential of the synthesised AgNPs for cancer therapy possibly targeting the apoptotic pathway.

Efficacy of silver nanoparticles against Trichinella spiralis in mice and the role of multivitamin in alleviating its toxicity.

Trichinellosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease. The majority of currently available anti-trichinellosis medications exhibit inadequate efficacy. The efficacy of a natively prepared new formulation of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) was evaluated in the treatment of Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) infection in mice alone and combined with multivitamin-mineral (MM). After investigating the product's biological and pharmacological characteristics, its therapeutic dose was estimated to be Ag-NPs at 21.5 mg/kg B.W. This dose was orally inoculated to experimentally infected mice at 3-5 days post-inoculation (dpi) against the mature worms, at 8-10 dpi against the newborn larvae, and at 33-35th dpi against the encapsulated larvae. Each treatment's efficacy was assessed by scarifying control and treated mice 3 days post-treatment. The drug alone or in supplement form has a high trichinocidal effect exceeding that of the reference drug. Early treatment (3-5 dpi) by Ag-NPs or Ag-NPs + MM and albendazole revealed high efficacy against the intestinal stage, reaching 93.3%, 94.7%, and 90.6% for the three treatments, respectively. The materials causing a significant (P-value < 0.001) decrease in the mean encapsulated larvae reached 86.61%, 89.07%, and 88.84%/gm of muscles using the three treatments, respectively. Moreover, all larvae extracted from Ag-NPs-treated groups failed to induce infection post-inoculation in new mice. Additionally, combining the material with MM proved to overcome the reversible adverse effects of silver material on the estimated redox parameters and liver and kidney biomarkers, denoting its ability to alleviate Ag-NP toxicity. In conclusion, the high trichinocidal effect of Ag-NPs against the adult and encapsulated larvae during a short inoculation period introduced Ag-NPs as an alternative to other nematicidal drugs.

Comprehensive antifungal investigation of green synthesized silver nanoformulation against four agriculturally significant fungi and its cytotoxic applications.

The present study reports the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in powder form using the leaf extract of Azadirachta indica. The synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, FESEM, and EDX. The synthesized AgNPs were in a powdered state and dispersed completely in 5% polyethylene glycol (PEG) and demonstrated prolonged shelf life and enhanced bioavailability over a year without any aggregation. The resulting silver nanoformulation demonstrated complete inhibition against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Colletotrichum falcatum and 68% to 80% inhibition against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Rhizoctonia solani respectively, at 2000 ppm. The EC50 values determined through a statistical analysis were 66.42, 157.7, 19.06, and 33.30 ppm for S. sclerotiorum, C. falcatum, C. gloeosporioides, and R. solani respectively. The silver nanoformulation also established significant cytotoxicity, with a 74.96% inhibition rate against the human glioblastoma cell line U87MG at 250 ppm. The IC50 value for the cancerous cell lines was determined to be 56.87 ppm through statistical analysis. The proposed silver nanoformulation may be used as a next-generation fungicide in crop improvement and may also find application in anticancer investigations. To the best of our knowledge, this is also the first report of silver nanoformulation demonstrating complete inhibition against the economically significant phytopathogen C. falcatum.

Mentha piperita silver nanoparticle-loaded hydrocolloid film for enhanced diabetic wound healing in rats.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of Mentha piperita silver nanoparticle-loaded carbopol gel for enhanced wound healing in a diabetic rat model. This research further aims to explore bioactive compounds derived from Mentha piperita obtained from high altitude. METHOD: Methanolic extracts of Mentha piperita (MP), Mentha spicata (MS) and Mentha longifolia (ML) were used to synthesise silver nanoparticles (AgNP). AgNP synthesis was confirmed by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antioxidant activity was assessed by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DDPH) assay. Antiglycation potential was determined by measuring the fluorescent advanced glycation end products. The bioactive compound identified in the Mentha piperita methanolic (MPM) fraction through electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometric analysis (ESI-MS) was responsible for the highest antiglycation. The effects of MPM and MPM.AgNP-loaded Carbopol (Sanare Lab, India) on wound healing were compared in male, alloxan-induced, diabetic albino rats (200-250g), divided into control and treated groups. Effects on wound healing were assessed via histopathology. RESULTS: UV-Vis and FTIR confirmed NP synthesis with peaks for flavonoids and polyphenols. SEM and XRD explored the cubical, 30-63nm crystalline NP. The maximum antioxidant and antiglycation potential was observed in order of; MP.AgNP>MS.AgNP>ML.AgNP. The highest antioxidant activity was observed by methanolic and aqueous MP.AgNPs (88.55% and 83.63%, respectively) at 2mg.ml-1, and (75.16% and 69.73%, respectively) at 1mg.ml-1, compared to ascorbic acid (acting as a positive control, 90.01%). MPM.AgNPs demonstrated the best antiglycation potential of 75.2% and 83.3% at 1mg.ml-1 and 2mg.ml-1, respectively, comparable to positive control (rutin: 88.1%) at 14 days post-incubation. A similar trend was observed for antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus and Escherichia coli with an inhibition zone of 21mm, 21.6mm and 24.6mm. Rosmarinic acid was the active compound present in Mentha piperita, as identified by ESI-MS. MPM.AgNP-loaded Carbopol resulted in 100% wound closure compared with control at 20 days post-wounding. In the treatment group, re-epithelialisation was achieved by day 18, compared with 25 days for the positive control group. CONCLUSION: MPM.AgNP-loaded Carbopol demonstrated safer and more effective biological properties, hence accelerating the diabetic excision wound healing process in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Biosynthesis and assessment of antibacterial and antioxidant activities of silver nanoparticles utilizing Cassia occidentalis L. seed.

This research explores the eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Cassia occidentalis L. seed extract. Various analytical techniques, including UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), were employed for comprehensive characterization. The UV-visible spectra revealed a distinct peak at 425 nm, while the seed extract exhibited peaks at 220 and 248 nm, indicating the presence of polyphenols and phytochemicals. High-resolution TEM unveiled spherical and oval-shaped AgNPs with diameters ranging from 6.44 to 28.50 nm. The SEM exhibiting a spherical shape and a polydisperse nature, thus providing insights into the morphology of the AgNPs. EDX analysis confirmed the presence of silver atoms at 10.01% in the sample. XRD results unequivocally confirm the crystalline nature of the AgNPs suspension, thereby providing valuable insights into their structural characteristics and purity. The antioxidant properties of AgNPs, C. occidentalis seed extract, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were assessed, revealing IC50 values of 345, 500, and 434 µg/mL, respectively. Antibacterial evaluation against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli demonstrated heightened sensitivity of bacteria to AgNPs compared to AgNO3. Standard antibiotics, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin, acting as positive controls, exhibited substantial antibacterial efficacy. The green-synthesized AgNPs displayed potent antibacterial activity, suggesting their potential as a viable alternative to conventional antibiotics for combating pathogenic bacterial infections. Furthermore, potential biomedical applications of AgNPs were thoroughly discussed.

Plant extract preparation and green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Swertia chirata: Characterization and antimicrobial activity against selected human pathogens.

Herbal medicinal plants have been used for centuries in traditional medicine, and it is interesting to see how modern research has identified the active compounds responsible for their therapeutic effects. The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using herbal medicinal plants, such as Swertia chirata, is particularly noteworthy due to its antimicrobial properties. In the current study, the Swertia chirata plant was collected for the first time from the region of Murree, Punjab, Pakistan. After collection, extracts were prepared in different solvents (ethanol, methanol, chloroform, and distilled water), and silver nanoparticles were synthesized by reducing silver nitrate (AgNO3). The UV-visible spectrophotometer, SEM, and EDX were used to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles in terms of their size and shape. The phytochemical analysis of crude extract was performed to determine the presence of different kinds of phytochemicals. The antibacterial activity of plant extracts and the silver nanoparticles were then assessed using the agar well diffusion method against various pathogenic bacteria. The results showed that the plant contains several phytochemicals with remarkable antioxidant potential. The antibacterial analysis revealed that silver nanoparticles and the plant extracts exhibited a significant zone of inhibition against human pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, S. capitis, B. subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) as compared to the cefixime and norfloxacin. This implies that the nanoparticles have the potential to be used in nano-medicine applications, such as drug delivery systems, as well as for their antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities. Additionally, the development and application of materials and technologies at the nanometer scale opens possibilities for the creation of novel drugs and therapies. Overall, the study highlights the promising potential of herbal medicinal plants found in Murree, Punjab, Pakistan, and green-synthesized silver nanoparticles in various fields of medicine and nanotechnology.

Malignance-restriction activity exhibited by bioactive compounds of selected actinobacteria as silver nanoparticles against A549 lung cancer cell lines.

This article deals with the antibacterial and anticancer potential of secondary metabolites produced by actinomycetes also reported as actinobacteria, Microbacterium proteolyticum (MN560041), and Streptomycetes rochei, where preliminary studies were done with the well diffusion method. These actinobacteria's silver nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV-Visible spectroscopy. Anticancer was measured using the MTT test, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation measured with DCFDA, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) measurement, and DAPI fluorescence intensity activity was measured in treated and non-treated cancerous cells. The IC50 value for 5-FU (a), LA2(O) (b), LA2(R) (c), LA2(ON) (d), and LA2(RN) (e) was obtained at 3.91 µg/mL (52.73% cell viability), 56.12 µg/mL (52.35% cell viability), 44.90 µg/mL (52.3% cell viability), 3.45 µg/mL (50.25% cell viability), and 8.05 µg/mL (48.72% cell viability), respectively. TEM micrographs revealed discrete, well-separated AgNPs particles of size 7.88 ± 2 to 12.86 ± 0.24 nm. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was also performed to detect the compounds in bioactive metabolites where n-hexadecanoic acid was obtained as the most significant one. MTT test showed a substantial decline in A549 cell viability (up to 48.72%), 2.75-fold increase in ROS generation was noticed in comparison to untreated A549 lung cancer cells when measured with DCFDA. A total of 0.31-fold decrease in MMP and 1.74-fold increase in DAPI fluorescence intensity compared to untreated A549 lung cancer cells suggests that the synthesized nanoparticles promote apoptosis in cancerous cells. Our findings suggests that the secondary metabolites of M. proteolyticum and S. rochei in nanoparticle form can be used as a significant compound against lung cancers.

Unveiling the antibacterial and antifungal potential of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from Chromolaena odorata leaves.

This research investigates the biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae) and their potential as antibacterial and antifungal agents. Characterization techniques like ultraviolet-visible, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Dynamic light scattering and zeta potential (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDX) confirmed the formation of spherical (AgNPs). UV-vis spectroscopy reaffirms AgNP formation with a peak at 429 nm. DLS and zeta potential measurements revealed an average size of 30.77 nm and a negative surface charge (- 0.532 mV). Further, XRD analysis established the crystalline structure of the AgNPs. Moreover, the TEM descriptions indicate that the AgNPs are spherical shapes, and their sizes ranged from 9 to 22 nm with an average length of 15.27 nm. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis validated the formation of metallic silver and elucidated the surface state composition of AgNPs. Biologically, CO-AgNPs showed moderate antibacterial activity but excellent antifungal activity against Candida tropicalis (MCC 1559) and Trichophyton rubrum (MCC 1598). Low MIC values (0.195 and 0.390 mg/mL) respectively, suggest their potential as effective antifungal agents. This suggests potential applications in controlling fungal infections, which are often more challenging to treat than bacterial infections. Molecular docking results validated that bioactive compounds in C. odorata contribute to antifungal activity by interacting with its specific domain. Further research could pave the way for the development of novel and safe antifungal therapies based on biogenic nanoparticles.

Bio-fabrication of silver nanoparticles using Commelina erecta, L.: a mechanistic approach on synthesis, optimization, antibacterial, and antioxidant potential.

The ongoing exploration of economical, sustainable, and environment-friendly methods for synthesizing monodisperse colloidal metal nanoparticles is growing day by day due to their potential application in various fields. The use of plant derivatives in nanoparticle synthesis and their suitability as sustainable catalysts have emerged as significant areas of research. In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using an aqueous extract obtained from the commonly found weed Commelina erecta, L. Extensive study is conducted to optimize various synthesis parameters such as pH, reducing agent concentration, silver nitrate concentration, and temperature. The plant extract utilized in the synthesis process contained variety of antioxidants, including malic acid, phenol, benzoic acid, and catechol, which played a crucial role in both reduction and capping during the synthesis process, thereby making them suitable for biomedical applications. The optimized synthesis process yielded silver nanoparticles with a particle size of 16.2 ± 3.1 nm. These nanoparticles exhibited excellent stability and demonstrated remarkable antibacterial activity compared to the standard antibacterial agent, streptomycin. In addition, the silver nanoparticles displayed promising antioxidant activity attributed to the presence of antioxidant functional groups on their surface. This study reports, for the first time, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using antioxidant compounds present in C. erecta, L. plant extract. The antioxidant compounds identified through GC-MS belong to phenols, phenolic acids, and carboxylic acid groups. Furthermore, the exceptional antimicrobial and antioxidant properties exhibited by the synthesized silver nanoparticles offer new possibilities for their potential applications.

Bimetallic nanoparticles and biochar produced by Adansonia Digitata shell and their effect against tomato pathogenic fungi.

Adansonia digitata L. is a royal tree that is highly valued in Africa for its medicinal and nutritional properties. The objective of this study was to use its fruit shell extract to develop new, powerful mono and bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) and biochar (BC) using an eco-friendly approach. Silver (Ag), iron oxide (FeO), the bimetallic Ag-FeO NPs, as well as (BC) were fabricated by A. digitata fruit shell extract through a reduction process and biomass pyrolysis, respectively, and their activity against tomato pathogenic fungi Alternaria sp., Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusarium equiseti, and Fusarium venenatum were detected by agar dilution method. The Ag, FeO, Ag-FeONPs, and BC were characterized using a range of powerful analytical techniques such as ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform-Infra Red (FT-IR), dynamic light scatter (DLS), and zeta potential analysis. The fabricated Ag, FeO and Ag-FeO NPs have demonstrated a remarkable level of effectiveness in combating fungal strains. UV-Vis spectra ofAg, FeO, Ag-FeONPs, and BC show broad exhibits peaks at 338, 352, 418, and 480 nm, respectively. The monometallic, bimetallic NPs, and biochar have indicated the presence in various forms mostly in Spherical-shaped. Their size varied from 102.3 to 183.5 nm and the corresponding FTIR spectra suggested that the specific organic functional groups from the plant extract played a significant role in the bio-reduction process. Ag and Ag-FeO NPs exhibited excellent antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi Alternaria sp., S. sclerotiorum, F. equiseti, and F. venenatum. The current study could be a significant achievement in the field of antifungal agents since has the potential to develop new approaches for treating fungal infections.

Assessing Phytogenic and Chemogenic Silver Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Activity and Expedited Wound Recuperation.

Green silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) possess tremendous promise for diverse applications due to their versatile characteristics. Coriander and other plant extracts have become popular for greenly synthesizing AgNPs as an economical, biocompatible, cost-effective, and environmentally beneficial alternative to chemical processes. In this study, we synthesized AgNPs from coriander leaves and evaluated their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and wound-healing acceleration properties in comparison to chemically synthesized AgNPs. The zeta potentials of AgNPs extracted from green and chemical processes were -32.4 mV and -23.4 mV, respectively. TEM images showed a cuboidal shape of green and chemical AgNPs with a diameter of approximately 100 nm. The FTIR spectra of green AgNPs showed an extreme absorption peak at 3401 cm-1, which signifies O-H stretching vibrations, typically linked to hydroxyl groups. In vitro results elaborated that AgNPs from coriander exerted a stronger effect on anti-Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) through interrupting cell integrity, generating ROS, depleting ATP, and exhibiting significant antioxidant activity, compared with AgNPs synthesized chemically. In vivo experiments showed that AgNPs from coriander, as opposed to chemically manufactured AgNPs, greatly accelerated the healing of wounds contaminated with Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria by effectively eliminating the bacteria on the wounds and stimulating skin regeneration and the deposition of dense collagen. In vivo assays further demonstrated that green AgNPs effectively enhanced Klebsiella pneumoniae-infected wound healing by extenuating local inflammatory responses and up-regulating VEGF and CD31 expression. In conclusion, green AgNPs significantly alleviated the inflammation without significantly harming the organism.

Application of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Extracts for the Phytosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Characterization and Biomedical Potential.

Nanotechnology can offer a series of new "green" and eco-friendly methods for developing different types of nanoparticles, among which the development of nanomaterials using plant extracts (phytosynthesis) represents one of the most promising areas of research. This present study details the use of lavender flowers (Lavandula angustifolia Mill., well-known for their use in homeopathic applications) for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles with enhanced antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Several qualitative and quantitative assays were carried out in order to offer an image of the extracts' composition (the recorded total phenolics content varied between 21.0 to 40.9 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalents)/g dry weight (d.w.), while the total flavonoids content ranged between 3.57 and 16.8 mg CE (catechin equivalents)/g d.w.), alongside modern analytical methods (such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-GC-MS, quantifying 12 phytoconstituents present in the extracts). The formation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using lavender extract was studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS)/zeta potential, with the selected nanoparticles having crystallite sizes of approx. 14.55 nm (AgNP-L2) and 4.61 nm, respectively (for AgNP-L4), and hydrodynamic diameters of 392.4 nm (for AgNP-L2) and 391.6 nm (for AgNP-L4), determined by DLS. A zeta potential of around -6.4 mV was displayed for both samples while presenting as large aggregates, in which nanoparticle clusters with dimensions of around 130-200 nm can be observed. The biomedical applications of the extracts and the corresponding phytosynthesized nanoparticles were evaluated using antioxidant and antimicrobial assays. The obtained results confirmed the phytosynthesis of the silver nanoparticles using Lavandula angustifolia Mill. extracts, as well as their antioxidant and antimicrobial potential.

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Camellia sinensis Leaf Extract: Promising Particles for the Treatment of Cancer and Diabetes.

Both diabetes and cancer pose significant threats to public health. To overcome these challenges, nanobiotechnology offers innovative solutions for the treatment of these diseases. However, the synthesis of nanoparticles can be complex, costly and environmentally toxic. Therefore, in this study, we successfully synthesized Camellia sinensis silver nanoparticles (CS-AgNPs) biologically from methanolic leaf extract of C. sinensis and as confirmed by the visual appearance which exhibited strong absorption at 456 nm in UV-visible spectroscopy. The fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed that phytochemicals of C. sinensis were coated with AgNPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed the spherical shape of CS-AgNPs, with a size of 15.954 nm, while X-ray diffraction spectrometry (XRD) analysis detected a size of 20.32 nm. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated the thermal stability of CS-AgNPs. The synthesized CS-AgNPs significantly inhibited the ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cell growth with 53.42±1.101 %. The EAC cell line induced mice exhibited increased level of the serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), however this elevated serum parameter significantly reduced and controlled by the treatment with CS-AgNPs. Moreover, in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice model, CS-AgNPs greatly reduced blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and creatinine levels. These findings highlight that the synthesized CS-AgNPs have significant anticancer and antidiabetic activities that could be used as promising particles for the treatment of these major diseases. However, pre-clinical and clinical trial should be addressed before use this particles as therapeutics agents.

Structures, physical properties and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum exopolysaccharide.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) exopolysaccharide (EPS) has good water absorption, high viscosity, good stability, so it was widely used in probiotics fields. In this study, EPS-producing LAB strain Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HDL-03 was isolated and identified. Moreover, the HDL-03 EPS was used as a stabilizer and mixed with AgNO3 to synthesize a novel nanoparticle AgNPs whose structure and properties were explored. The monosaccharide composition and molecular weight indicated that HDL-03 EPS was a heteropolysaccharide composed of mannose and glucose. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis and methylation results jointly proved it was a heteropolysaccharide containing 1,3-Manp and 1,6-Glcp. The X-Ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that this EPS has an amorphous structure, while the synthesized AgNPs have crystalline properties. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results indicated EPS had a smooth and dense sheet structure, while the surface of AgNPs became rougher and large holes appeared after synthesis. Zeta particle size analysis suggested that the particle size of AgNPs increased by 36.63 nm compared to HDL-03 EPS. FT-IR analysis exhibited that the position of the characteristic peaks of AgNPs changed. The OH moving from a wavelength of 3388.49 cm-1 to a wavelength of 3316.79 cm-1 and telescopic vibration peak changed from 1356.07 cm-1 to 1344.22 cm-1. A plate inhibition test revealed the effect of different concentrations of EPS and AgNO3 synthesized AgNPs on the diameter of inhibition circle produced by the indicator bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, AgNPs were applied to the indicator bacteria, which the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), time-inhibitory curve, and changes in extracellular conductivity, nucleic acids, proteins, ATP, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were determined. The AgNPs inhibited the growth of E. coli and S. aureus and exhibited outstanding antimicrobial properties. With the increase of treatment time, the degree of cell membrane damage increased, the permeability enhanced, and the intracellular substances leaked. These results indicate that HDL-03 EPS has good potential for applications in the production of food packaging, antimicrobials, catheters, textiles and coatings.