Chemical constituents from Urtica fissa stem and their inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase activity.

A new unsaturated fatty acid (E)-7,9-diene-11-carbonyl stearic acid (1) and a new lignan 8'-acetyl olivil (2), together with 14 known compounds (3-16), were isolated from the stem of Urtica fissa E. Pritz. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic and mass-spectrometric analyses. 8'-Acetyl olivil (2), (6 R,9R)-roseoside (15) and urticol-7-O-ß-d-glucopyrannoside (16) exhibited significant inhibition on α-glucosidase activities, with IC50 values less than 9 µM.

Recovery and Utilization of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Source as Value-Added Food Products.

The environmental impacts of palm oil mill effluent (POME) have been a concern due to the water pollution and greenhouse gases emissions. Thus, this study was conducted to recover the value-added products from POME source before being discharged. The samples, before (X) and after (Y) the pre-recovery system in the clarification tank were sampled and analysed and proximate analysis indicated that both samples are energy rich source of food due to high contents of fats and carbohydrates. GCMS analysis showed that the oil extracts contain predominantly palmitic, oleic, linoleic and stearic acids. Regiospecific analysis of oil extracts by quantitative 13C-NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that both oil extracts contain similar degree of saturation of fatty acids at sn-2 and sn-1,3 positions. The samples are rich in various phytonutrients, pro-vitamin A, vitamin E, squalene and phytosterols, thus contributing to exceptionally high total flavonoid contents and moderate antioxidant activities. Overall, samples X and Y are good alternative food sources, besides reducing the environmental impact of POME.

Fermented Ginseng Contains an Agonist of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors α and γ.

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) is a nuclear receptor that is one of the transcription factors regulating lipid and glucose metabolism. Fermented ginseng (FG) is a ginseng fermented by Lactobacillus paracasei A221 containing minor ginsenosides and metabolites of fermentation. DNA microarray analysis of rat liver treated with FG indicated that FG affects on lipid metabolism are mediated by PPAR-α. To identify a PPAR-α agonist in FG, PPAR-α transcription reporter assay-guided fractionation was performed. The fraction obtained from the MeOH extract of FG, which showed potent transcription activity of PPAR-α, was fractionated by silica gel column chromatography into 16 subfractions, and further separation and crystallization gave compound 1 together with four known constituents of ginseng, including 20(R)- and 20(S)-protopanaxadiol, and 20(R)- and 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh1. The structure of compound 1 was identified as 10-hydroxy-octadecanoic acid by (1)H- and (13)C-NMR spectra and by EI-MS analysis of the methyl ester of 1. Compound 1 demonstrated much higher transcription activity of PPAR-α than the other isolated compounds. In addition, compound 1 also showed 5.5-fold higher transcription activity of PPAR-γ than vehicle at the dose of 20 µg/mL. In the present study, we identified 10-hydroxy-octadecanoic acid as a dual PPAR-α/γ agonist in FG. Our study suggested that metabolites of fermentation, in addition to ginsenosides, contribute to the health benefits of FG.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Constituent Oil from Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes), from Nigeria.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of constituent oil from dried Ganoderma lucidum was carried out. Fresh G. lucidum obtained from its natural environment was thoroughly washed with distilled water and air-dried for 2 weeks and the component oils were extracted and analyzed. Four predominant components identified were pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-ester (retention time [RT] = 19.752 minutes; percentage total = 25.489), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (RT = 21.629 minutes and 21.663 minutes; percentage total = 25.054), n-hexadecanoic acid (RT = 20.153 minutes; percentage total = 24.275), and 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester (RT = 21.297 minutes; percentage total = 13.027). The two minor oils identified were 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, (E,E)- and octadecanoic acid, methyl ester (RT = 21.246 minutes and 21.503 minutes; percentage total = 7.057 and 5.097, respectively).

[The fatty acid composition of ordinary flax seed oil (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivated in Georgia and its byological activity].

The aim of the study was individual quantitatively and qualitatively determination of fatty acids in ordinary flax seed oil (Linum usitatissimum L.), cultivated in Georgia. The neutral lipids extracts were fractionated and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (PTC-1, Waters) with refractory detector R-401. Analitical column (150,0x3,0 mm) was filled with reversphase Bondopak C18). Software OASIS-740 is used. The correction retention times of each fatty acids is compared with comformity standard. The investigation showed that in flax seed oil linoleic (31,3±2,1 mg%) and linolenic (40,2±2,9 mg%) acids were predominant and together constitute principal basic of research composition. The flax seed oil contained also palmitic and stearic acids in less quantitaty.

Resolution behavior of cis- and trans-octadecenoic acid isomers by AOCS official method using SP-2560 column.

The gas chromatography-flame ionization detector equipped with a higher polarity column (i.e., SP-2560) has often been used for the quantification of trans-fatty acids in food. In particular, AOCS Ce 1h-05, the official method of the American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), is a highly effective method to separate the isomers of trans-fatty acids. In this study, the resolution behavior and the response factors of cis- and trans-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (C18:1-ME) isomers separated by the AOCS Ce 1h-05 method were investigated, and the contents of each cis- and trans-C18:1-ME isomer in partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (PHVO) and milk fat were quantified by using the calibration curves obtained for the respective isomers. The relative response factors for the trans- and cis-C18:1-ME isomers against the internal standard heneicosanoic acid methyl ester (C21:0-ME) were 1.031 ± 0.040 (mean ± SD) and 0.990 ± 0.032, respectively. The relative response factors of trans-isomers tend to be higher than those of cis-C18:1-ME isomers. The peaks of cis-4-C18:1-ME, cis-5-C18:1-ME, cis-6-C18:1-ME, cis-7-C18:1-ME, cis-8-C18:1-ME, and cis-9-C18:1-ME isomers overlapped with those of trans-C18:1-ME isomers. Both PHVO and milk fat contained many types of cis- and trans-C18:1 isomers, and the total contents of the trans-C18:1 isomer in PHVO and milk fat were 28.01 g and 3.62 g per 100 g oil, respectively. When the trans-C18:1-ME isomer was separated from the cis-C18:1-ME by using a silver-ion cartridge column before the analyses, the total contents of the trans-C18:1 isomer in PHVO and milk fat were 23.03 g and 2.78 g per 100 g oil, respectively. The difference in the trans-C18:1 isomer content between the two methods was ascribed to the partial overlapping of cis-isomer peaks with the peaks of trans-C18:1-ME isomers, in the chromatogram.

[Study on chemical constituents from Anoectochilus chapaensis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the chemical constituents from the whole herbs of Anoectochilus chapaensis. METHODS: The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by repeated column chromatographies with silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and preparative TLC. Their structures were identified by their physiochemical property and spectral data. RESULTS: 6 compounds were isolated and elucidated as follows: (1) Friedelin, (2) Sorghumol, (3) 5alpha, 8alpha-epidioxyergost-22-en-3beta-ol, (4) Stearic acid, (5) Octadecane and (6) Epifriedelanol. CONCLUSION: Compound (1), (2) and (4) are isolated from this plant for the first time, and compound (3), (5) and (6) are isolated from genera Anoectochilus for the first time.

[Chemical constituents of Berchemia lineate].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the chemical constituents of the roots of Berchemia lineate as a medicinal plant of Yao nationality in China. METHODS: Compounds were isolated by various column chromatography and elucidated by physicochemical and spectral analysis. RESULTS: Nine compounds were isolated from the 95% ethanol extract of the roots of Berchemia lineate and their structures were identified as palmitic acid (1), octadecanoic acid (2), beta-sitosterol (3), stigmasterol (4), fernenol (5), chrysophanol (6), physcion (7), floribundiquinone D (8), 2-acetylphyscion(9) respectively. CONCLUSION: Compounds 1-4,7-9 are isolated from this plant for the first time,and compounds land 2 are firstly isolated from this genus.

Development, characterization and commercial application of palm based dihydroxystearic acid and its derivatives: an overview.

Hydroxyl fatty acids and their derivatives are of high value due to their wide range of industrial application, including cosmetic, food, personal care and pharmaceutical products. Realizing the importance of hydroxyl fatty acids, and yet due to the absence of the conventional starting raw materials, Malaysia has developed 9,10-dihydroxystearic acid (9,10-DHSA) and its derivatives from locally abundant palm based oils. The aim of this article is to provide a general description of the works that have thus far being done on palm based 9,10-DHSA: starting from its conception and production from commercial grade palm based crude oleic acid via epoxidation and hydrolysis, purification through solvent crystallization and characterization through wet and analytical chemistry, moving on to developmental works done on producing its derivatives through blending, esterification, amidation and polymerization, and completing with applications of 9,10-DHSA and its derivatives, e.g. DHSA-stearates and DHSA-estolides, in commercial products such as soaps, deodorant sticks and shampoos. This article incorporates some of the patent filed technological knowhow on 9,10-DHSA and its derivatives, and will also point out some of the shortcomings in previously published documents and provide some recommendations for future research works in mitigating these shortcomings.

[Study on the chemical constituents from Fructus Toosendan (III)].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents from Fructus Toosendan. METHODS: Isolation and identification were carried out by using various chromatography techniques and spectral methods. RESULTS: Ten compounds were isolated and identified as n-Hentriacontane (I), Octacosyl alcohol (II), Stearic acid (III), Linoleic acid (IV), Isovanillin (V), Vanillin (VI), Vanillic acid (VII), Ohchinal (VIII), Succinic acid (IX) and Homoeriodictyol (X). CONCLUSION: Compounds V, VII, IX, X are isolated from this genus and compounds I, II, III are obtained from this plant for the first time.

[Chemical constituents from root bark of Tripterygium hypoglaucum].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate chemical constituents of the root bark of Tripterygium hypoglaucum. METHOD: Compounds were isolated by column chromatography on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20, and their structures were identified on the basis of spectral data (MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR). RESULT: Twelve compounds were isolated and identified as friedelin (1), 3-oxo-olean-9(11),12-diene (2), canophyllal (3), 3-acetoxy oleanolic acid (4), triptophenolide (5), triptonoterpene methyl ether (6), tricosanoic acid (7), beta-sitosterol (8), stearic acid (9), glut-5-en-3beta,28-diol (10), palmitic acid (11) and daucostorol (12). CONCLUSION: Compounds 1, 2, 3, 7 and 10 were isolated from T. hypoglaucum and 7 from the genus Tripterygium for the first time.

[Study on the chemical constituents of Dichrocephala integrifolia].

OBJECTIVE: To study chemical constituents of Dichrocephala integrifolia (L.) O. Kuntze. METHODS: The constituents were isolated and purified by silica gel column and Sephadex LH-20 chromatography. Their structures were elucidated by spectral analysis and physicochemical properties. RESULTS: Six compounds were obtained and identified as stearic acid (1), stigmasta-7,22-dien-3-ol (2), alpha-amyrin (3), epifriedelanol (4), Methyl stearate (5) and tritetracontane (6). CONCLUSION: All these compounds are obtained from this plant for the first time.

[Studies on the chemical constituents of extract with water from Forsythia suspensa].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of the extract with water from Forsythia suspensa. METHODS: The compounds were isolated and repeatedly purified on TLC, silica gel column chromatograph, gel column chromatography, and preparative HPLC, and the structures were elucidated by physico-chemical properties and NMR. RESULTS: Eight compounds were obtained and elucidated as stearic acid(I), ursolic acid(II),p-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid(III),3-(4-ehtoxoy-3-hydroxyphenyl)acrylic acid(IV),isolariciresinol(V), epipinoresinol-4-O-beta-D-glucoside(VI),(+)-epipinoresionl(VII),(+)-pinoresinol(VIII). CONCLUSION: Compound III is isolated from this genus for the first time.

Isolation and identification of the antibacterial active compound from petroleum ether extract of neem oil.

From a petroleum ether extract of neem oil (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) the new tetrahydrofuranyl diester 1 was isolated as an anti-bacterial constituent. 1 showed significant activities against three standard bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Salmonella enteritidis CMCC (B) 50041.

The preparation of neem oil microemulsion (Azadirachta indica) and the comparison of acaricidal time between neem oil microemulsion and other formulations in vitro.

The preparation of neem oil microemulsion and its acaricidal activity in vitro was developed in this study. In these systems, the mixture of Tween-80 and the sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) (4:1, by weight) was used as compound surfactant; the mixture of compound surfactant and hexyl alcohol (4:1, by weight) was used as emulsifier system; the mixture of neem oil, emulsifier system and water (1:3.5:5.5, by weight) was used as neem oil microemulsion. All the mixtures were stired in 800 rpm for 15 min at 40 degrees C. The acaricidal activity was measured by the speed of kill. The whole lethal time value of 10% neem oil microemulsion was 192.50 min against Sarcoptes scabiei var. cuniculi larvae in vitro. The median lethal time value was 81.7463 min with the toxicity regression equations of Y=-6.0269+3.1514X. These results demonstrated that neem oil microemulsion was effective against Sarcoptes scabie var. cuniculi larvae in vitro.

[Analysis of fatty acids from the flowers of Trollius chinensis].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze and identify fatty acids from the flowers of Trollius chinensis Bunge. METHODS: To isolate and determine the constituents using GC/MS technique, quantitatively analyze their content by area normalization method. RESULTS: 31 fatty acids and 7 other constituents were isolated and determined. CONCLUSION: The major fatty acids were hexadecanoic (19.85%), (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic (14.37%), tetradecanoic (13.93%), (Z)-9-octadecenoic (13.00%), dodecanoic (6.79%), 10-hydroxy-hexadecanoic (4.37%) and octadecanoic (3.34%) acids.

[Studies on the chemical constituents of Toricellia angulata var. intermedia].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of Toricellia angulata var. intermedia. METHODS: The constituents were isolated and purified by repeated column chromatography and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. RESULTS: Twelve compounds including beta-sitoterol (1), 7-hydroxy-3-ethylphthalide (2), 3beta-methoxy-stigmast-7-ene (3), stigmast-5-ene (4), trans-p-methylcinnamaldehyde (5), stigmate-7-en-3beta-ol (6), o. p-dimethoxybenzoicacid (7), beta-daucosterol (8), ursolicacid (9), stearic acid (10), docosanoic acid (11), palmitic acid (12) were isolated and identified from this plant. CONCLUSION: All the compounds are isolated from the plant for the first time, compounds 3 -7, 10 -12 are isolated from this genus for the first time.

[Studies on the chemical constituents of Sarcopyramis nepalensis].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of Sarcopyramis nepalensis. METHODS: The constituents were isolated and purified with chromatography and the structures were elucidated by spectral analysis. RESULTS: Ten compounds were isolated and their structures were identified as: (E)-1-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl) ethyl acrylate (I), stearic acid (II), palmitic acid (III), 4-hydroxybenzonic acid (IV), 3,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid (V), gentisic acid ( VI), gallic acid (VII), beta-sitosterol (VIII), daucosterol (IX), stigmasterolstearate (X). CONCLUSION: Compounds I , IV, V, VI, VII are isolated from this plant for the first time.

Chemical constituents from the whole plant of Gaultheria itoana Hayata.

Two new diterpenoids, 14,18-dihydroxyabieta-8,11,13-trien-7-one (1) and 13-acetyl-14,18-dihydroxy-podocarpa-8,11,13-triene (2), together with eight known compounds, i.e., gaultheric acid (3), vanillic acid (4), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (5), cinnamic acid (6), stearic acid (7), palmitic acid (8), beta-sitosterol (9), and stigmasterol (10), were isolated from the MeOH extract of the whole plant of Gaultheria itoana Hayata (Ericaceae). The structures of the new constituents were elucidated by spectroscopic methods (UV, IR, and 1D- and 2D-NMR) and by mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS). Among them, 1 and 2 were demonstrated to exhibit significant cytotoxic activity against the LNCaP cell line.

[Study on liposoluble constituents of Teucrium labiosum].

OBJECTIVE: To Study liposoluble constituents of Teurium labiosum. METHODS: The constituents were isolated and purified by silica gel column and Sephadex LH-20 chromatography. Their structures were elucidated by physicochemical properties and spectral analysis. RESULTS: Six compounds were obtained and identified as stearic acid (I), alpha-spinasterol (II), Methyl phaeophorbide a (III), friedelino (IV), lupeol (V) and stigmasta-5,22-dien-3beta-ol (VI). CONCLUSION: All these compounds are obtained from this plant for the first time.