RESUMO
Sea buckthorn ( Hippophae L.) is an economically important shrub or small tree distributed in Eurasia. Most of its well-recognized medicinal and nutraceutical products are derived from its berry oil, which is rich in monounsaturated omega-7 (C16:1) fatty acid and polyunsaturated omega-6 (C18:2) and omega-3 (C18:3) fatty acids. In this study, tandem mass tags (TMT)-based quantitative analysis was used to investigate protein profiles of lipid metabolism in sea buckthorn berries harvested 30, 50, and 70 days after flowering. In total, 8626 proteins were identified, 6170 of which were quantified. Deep analysis results for the proteins identified and related pathways revealed initial fatty acid accumulation during whole-berry development. The abundance of most key enzymes involved in fatty acid and triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis peaked at 50 days after flowering, but TAG synthesis through the PDAT (phospholipid: diacylglycerol acyltransferase) pathway mostly occurred early in berry development. In addition, the patterns of proteins involved in lipid metabolism were confirmed by combined quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and parallel reaction monitoring analyses. Our data on the proteomic spectrum of sea buckthorn berries provide a scientific basic for understanding lipid metabolism and related pathways in the developing berries.
Assuntos
Frutas/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Hippophae/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteômica/métodos , Aciltransferases/genética , Aciltransferases/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Monoinsaturados/química , Ácidos Graxos Monoinsaturados/classificação , Ácidos Graxos Monoinsaturados/isolamento & purificação , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/química , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/classificação , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/isolamento & purificação , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/química , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/classificação , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/isolamento & purificação , Frutas/química , Frutas/genética , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Hippophae/química , Hippophae/genética , Hippophae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Anotação de Sequência Molecular , Óleos de Plantas/química , Proteínas de Plantas/classificação , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz , Triglicerídeos/química , Triglicerídeos/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Soybean oil consumption is increasing worldwide and parallels a rise in obesity. Rich in unsaturated fats, especially linoleic acid, soybean oil is assumed to be healthy, and yet it induces obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, and fatty liver in mice. Here, we show that the genetically modified soybean oil Plenish, which came on the U.S. market in 2014 and is low in linoleic acid, induces less obesity than conventional soybean oil in C57BL/6 male mice. Proteomic analysis of the liver reveals global differences in hepatic proteins when comparing diets rich in the two soybean oils, coconut oil, and a low-fat diet. Metabolomic analysis of the liver and plasma shows a positive correlation between obesity and hepatic C18 oxylipin metabolites of omega-6 (ω6) and omega-3 (ω3) fatty acids (linoleic and α-linolenic acid, respectively) in the cytochrome P450/soluble epoxide hydrolase pathway. While Plenish induced less insulin resistance than conventional soybean oil, it resulted in hepatomegaly and liver dysfunction as did olive oil, which has a similar fatty acid composition. These results implicate a new class of compounds in diet-induced obesity-C18 epoxide and diol oxylipins.