RESUMO
Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS), non-digestible oligosaccharides, have the potential to regulate intestinal microorganisms, and thus, improve host health, but little evidence exists for the prebiotic effects on bone health. This study evaluates the dose-response effect of XOS supplementation on bone properties, the morphology of the intestine, cecum pH, and cecum wall weight, as well as the related calcium transporters. Ninety-six 28-day-old male mice were randomized into one of four groups, fed the same commercial diet, and given different types of deionized water containing 0, 1, 2, or 4% XOS by concentration for 30 days. Eight mice were randomly selected to accomplish particular tasks every 10 days. No significant differences in serum Ca and P levels and growth performance were observed among the four studied groups. XOS intervention significantly decreased cecum pH and increased cecum wall weight in a dose-dependent manner. At the late growth stage, compared with 0% XOS, the bone mineral density (BMD) and bone-breaking strength in 4% XOS were significantly higher. The bone crystallinity with 4% XOS, measured by Raman spectrum, was significantly enhanced compared to that with 0% XOS during later growth. The villus height and villus height to crypt depth (VH:CD) were enhanced with an increase of XOS concentration during the later stage of growth. The expression of transient receptor potential vanillin receptor 6 (TRPV6) and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 1 (NCX1) in the duodenum were enhanced by XOS supplementation. XOS exerted a positive influence on bone properties by decreasing the cecum pH, increasing the cecum wall and villus structure, and upregulating the expression of related calcium transporters.
Assuntos
Osso e Ossos/efeitos dos fármacos , Cálcio/metabolismo , Água Potável/administração & dosagem , Oligossacarídeos/administração & dosagem , Oligossacarídeos/metabolismo , Ração Animal , Animais , Densidade Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Camundongos , Modelos AnimaisRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Zn deficiency and diarrhoea are prevalent and may coexist in children living in low-resource settings. Recently, a novel approach for delivering Zn via microbiologically treated, Zn-fortified water was shown to be effective in improving Zn status in West African schoolchildren. We assessed the effectiveness of Zn-fortified, microbiologically purified water delivered as a household intervention on Zn intake, status and morbidity in children aged 2-6 years from rural western Kenya. DESIGN: Randomised controlled trial. Intervention included households assigned to water treatment device with (ZFW) or without (FW) Zn delivery capability SETTING: Rural households in Kisumu, western Kenya. SUBJECTS: Children aged 2-6 years. RESULTS: The ZFW group had higher dietary Zn intake compared with the FW group. ZFW contributed 36 and 31 % of daily requirements for absorbable Zn in children aged 2-3 and 4-6 years, respectively, in the ZFW group. Consumption of Zn-fortified water resulted in lower prevalence of reported illness (risk ratio; 95 % CI) in the ZFW group compared with the FW group: for cold with runny nose (0·91; 0·83, 0·99; P=0·034) and abdominal pain (0·70; 0·56, 0·89; P=0·003) in the intention-to-treat analysis and for diarrhoea (0·72; 0·53, 0·96; P=0·025) in the per-protocol analysis. We did not detect an effect of treatment on plasma Zn concentration. CONCLUSIONS: Daily consumption of Zn-fortified, microbiologically treated water results in increased intake of absorbable dietary Zn and may help in preventing childhood infections in pre-school children in rural Africa.
Assuntos
Água Potável/administração & dosagem , Alimentos Fortificados/análise , Estado Nutricional/efeitos dos fármacos , Oligoelementos/administração & dosagem , Zinco/administração & dosagem , Dor Abdominal/epidemiologia , Criança , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Infantil , Pré-Escolar , Resfriado Comum/epidemiologia , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Água Potável/química , Feminino , Humanos , Análise de Intenção de Tratamento , Quênia/epidemiologia , Masculino , Prevalência , Recomendações Nutricionais , População Rural , Sinusite/epidemiologia , Oligoelementos/sangue , Zinco/sangueRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Toxicities due to fluoride exposure from natural and industrial sources occur commonly in man and animals with severe consequences ranging from mild cardiac derangements to sudden death. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of the methanol extract of Azadirachta indica (AI) against sodium fluoride (NaF)-induced hypertension and genotoxicity in rats. METHODS: Sixty rats were divided into six groups of ten rats each as follows: Group A, the control group received distilled water; Group B rats were administered NaF at 600 ppm in drinking water; Groups C and D rats were pre-treated with the methanol extract of AI and thereafter administered NaF at 600 ppm in drinking water for 7 consecutive days; Groups E and F rats were co-administered with AI and NaF. RESULTS: The administration of NaF caused significant (p<0.05) increases in the blood pressure, markers of oxidative stress, serum myeloperoxidase, xanthine oxidase values in NaF-alone treated rats, compared with the control. Significant (p<0.05) decreases were observed in cardiac and renal antioxidant defence system in rats administered NaF alone compared with the control group. NaF treatment also resulted in a reduction in the expressions of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 in cardiac and renal tissues of NaF-treated rats. Moreover, NaF treatment elicited an increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes when compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the protective effect of AI on NaF-induced hypertension and genotoxicity through antioxidant and ERK 1/2 signaling in rats.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Azadirachta/química , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Regulação para Cima/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Água Potável/administração & dosagem , Coração/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipertensão/sangue , Hipertensão/induzido quimicamente , Hipertensão/metabolismo , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/metabolismo , Masculino , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Peroxidase/sangue , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Fluoreto de Sódio/farmacologia , Xantina Oxidase/metabolismoRESUMO
The aim of this experiment was to determine what dosage of copper (Cu) nanoparticles, added to a standard dietary supplementation with copper sulfate, would improve antioxidant and immune defense in chickens. The experiment was conducted with 126 broiler chickens assigned to seven treatments with three pens per treatment and six broiler chickens per pen. The basal-diet treatment did not receive Cu nanoparticles (nano-Cu) and as shown by analyses it was Cu-deficient (-29% vs. National Research Council (NRC) recommendations; 5.7 vs. 8 mg/kg). Broiler chickens received nano-Cu (0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 mg/kg body weight per day) via a tube into the crop over three 3-day periods (days 8-10, 22-24 and 36-38) or three 7-day periods (days 8-14, 22-28 and 36-42). As a result, in the nano-Cu-treated broilers the total experimental Cu intake was from -11% to +96% versus NRC recommendations. At the age of 42 days of broilers, their blood indices were determined. The obtained results showed that correction of the deficient basal diet of chickens with nano-Cu to a level of copper exceeding the NRC recommendation by 54% increased the antioxidant potential of the organism and inhibited lipid peroxidation. At the dosage of +96% versus NRC, some symptoms of a deterioration in antioxidant status appeared (a decrease in the level of glutathione plus glutathione disulfide and an increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase and ceruloplasmin activity and in lipid hydroperoxide content). Additionally, +7% versus the recommended Cu dietary level was followed by unfavorable results, indicating a deterioration in red blood cell parameters and stimulation of the immune system (an increase in interleukin-6, immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgM and IgY). To conclude, it was shown that it is possible to simultaneously increase antioxidant and immune defense of chickens by supplementing their diets with nano-Cu - up to 12 mg per bird during 6 weeks of feeding, that is to a level no more than 7% over the NRC recommendation for growing broiler chickens.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Galinhas/sangue , Galinhas/imunologia , Sulfato de Cobre/administração & dosagem , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais , Água Potável/administração & dosagem , Nanopartículas Metálicas/administração & dosagem , Fatores Etários , Animais , Catalase/sangue , Glutationa/sangue , Imunoglobulina A/sangue , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Interleucina-6/sangue , Superóxido Dismutase/sangue , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
We aim to present an overview of the possible influence of drinking water in general and mineral water in particular in improving glycemic parameters in persons with or without type 2 diabetes. We performed a literature search that produced 15 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on this topic with mainly small sample sizes. We also discuss relevant observational and animal studies as well as the effects of important supplements in mineral water such as hydrogencarbonate and magnesium. There is low evidence for the positive effects of water or mineral water in improving glycemic parameters in diabetic and non-diabetic persons, and the results are heterogenous, making it difficult to reach an unequivocal conclusion. Meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies and other observational studies, studies with animal models and interventional studies using hydrogencarbonate and magnesium supplements suggest a probable positive effect of drinking water and mineral water in particular on glycemic parameters, supporting the positive results found in some of the RCTs, especially those substituting diet beverages or caloric beverages with water, or those using bicarbonate and magnesium-rich water. Regarding the high prevalence, the associated suffering and the resulting health expenditures of type 2 diabetes, it is imperative to conduct larger and more rigorous trials to answer the question whether drinking water or mineral water can improve glycemic parameters in diabetic and non-diabetic persons.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/prevenção & controle , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/terapia , Água Potável/administração & dosagem , Ingestão de Líquidos , Águas Minerais/administração & dosagem , Minerais/administração & dosagem , Valor Nutritivo , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Bicarbonatos/administração & dosagem , Bicarbonatos/análise , Biomarcadores/sangue , Glicemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Água Potável/análise , Feminino , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/metabolismo , Humanos , Insulina/sangue , Magnésio/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Águas Minerais/análise , Minerais/análise , Estado Nutricional , Estudos Observacionais como Assunto , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Adulto JovemRESUMO
In Hungary and in the developed countries urinary stones occur more often due to nutritional habits, obesity and sedentary lifestyle beside the endocrine and metabolic causes. In the daily urological and family doctor practice prevention should have an important role. Prevention is based not only on body weight control, physical exercise and medical treatment, but on proper diet as well. The nutritional components can change the consistence of urine, causing supersaturation, which is essential in stone formation. Specific nutritional components can either prevent stone formation (increased fluid intake, citrate, magnesium, fruits and vegetables) or either increase stone formation (decreased fluid intake, proteins, carbohydrates, oxalate, salt, increased calcium intake, ascorbic-acid etc). We summarized evidence-based practical dietary suggestions on the primary and secondary prevention of urinary stones. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(22): 851-855.
Assuntos
Dieta/estatística & dados numéricos , Água Potável/administração & dosagem , Comportamento Alimentar , Cálculos Renais/prevenção & controle , Suplementos Nutricionais , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Feminino , Humanos , Cálculos Renais/etiologia , Masculino , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Sódio na Dieta/efeitos adversos , VerdurasRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the cross-sectional associations among sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption, its substitution with beverage alternatives, and obesity outcomes in an Australian population. METHODS: We used data from 9341 adults ages ≥19 y from the 2011-2012 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. Multivariate linear regression with adjustment for covariates was used to examine the associations between SSB consumption and body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Substitution modeling was used to simulate the effect of replacing SSB with water, coffee/tea, fruit juice, and milk. RESULTS: SSB intake (100 g/d) was associated with higher BMI (ß = 0.06 kg/m2; P = 0.001) and WC (ß = 0.19 cm; P < 0.001). A linear trend with BMI and WC also was seen when SSB intake was examined as categories of servings per day (Ptrend ≤ 0.001). Replacing SSB with water, coffee/tea, or milk was inversely associated with BMI (ß = -0.07 to -0.09 kg/m2; P < 0.001) and WC (ß = -0.25 to -0.28 cm; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study suggested that SSB intake is associated with obesity and that coffee/tea, water, and milk may be good alternatives for SSB. Further longitudinal and intervention studies are warranted to examine the effects of beverage substitution on obesity.
Assuntos
Bebidas/estatística & dados numéricos , Café , Água Potável/administração & dosagem , Comportamento Alimentar , Leite/estatística & dados numéricos , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Adulto , Animais , Austrália/epidemiologia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos Transversais , Ingestão de Energia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos Teóricos , Edulcorantes , CháRESUMO
Background: The consumption of a Western-style diet (WSD) and high fructose intake are risk factors for metabolic diseases. The underlying mechanisms are largely unclear.Objective: To unravel the mechanisms by which a WSD and fructose promote metabolic disease, we investigated their effects on the gut microbiome and barrier function.Methods: Adult female C57BL/6J mice were fed a sugar- and fat-rich WSD or control diet (CD) for 12 wk and given access to tap water or fructose-supplemented water. The microbiota was analyzed with the use of 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Barrier function was studied with the use of permeability tests, and endotoxin, mucus thickness, and gene expressions were measured.Results: The WSD increased body weight gain but not endotoxin translocation compared with the CD. In contrast, high fructose intake increased endotoxin translocation 2.6- and 3.8-fold in the groups fed the CD + fructose and WSD + fructose, respectively, compared with the CD group. The WSD + fructose treatment also induced a loss of mucus thickness in the colon (-46%) and reduced defensin expression in the ileum and colon. The lactulose:mannitol ratio in the WSD + fructose mice was 1.8-fold higher than in the CD mice. Microbiota analysis revealed that fructose, but not the WSD, increased the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio by 88% for CD + fructose and 63% for WSD + fructose compared with the CD group. Bifidobacterium abundance was greater in the WSD mice than in the CD mice (63-fold) and in the WSD + fructose mice than in the CD + fructose mice (330-fold).Conclusions: The consumption of a WSD or high fructose intake differentially affects gut permeability and the microbiome. Whether these differences are related to the distinct clinical outcomes, whereby the WSD primarily promotes weight gain and high fructose intake causes barrier dysfunction, needs to be investigated in future studies.
Assuntos
Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Dieta Ocidental , Carboidratos da Dieta/farmacologia , Gorduras na Dieta/farmacologia , Frutose/farmacologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Bactérias/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Bacteroidetes/efeitos dos fármacos , Bacteroidetes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Bifidobacterium/efeitos dos fármacos , Bifidobacterium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Colo/efeitos dos fármacos , Colo/metabolismo , Defensinas/metabolismo , Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Carboidratos da Dieta/metabolismo , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Suplementos Nutricionais , Água Potável/administração & dosagem , Endotoxinas/metabolismo , Comportamento Alimentar , Feminino , Firmicutes/efeitos dos fármacos , Firmicutes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Frutose/administração & dosagem , Frutose/metabolismo , Íleo/efeitos dos fármacos , Íleo/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Muco/metabolismo , Permeabilidade , RNA Ribossômico 16S , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
Muscle carnosine is an intracellular buffer. The intake of ß-alanine, combined with carbohydrate and protein, enhanced carnosine loading in human muscle. The aim of the present study was to examine if muscle carnosine loading was enhanced by ß-alanine intake and co-ingestion of glucose in male rats. Thirty-six male rats were divided into three groups and supplemented for four weeks: ß-alanine (ßA group, 1.8% ß-alanine in drinking water), ß-alanine and glucose (ßAGL group, 1.8% ß-alanine and 5% glucose in drinking water), and control (C group, drinking water). During the supplementation period, rats were exercised (20 m·min-1, 10 min·day-1, 4 days·week-1 for 4 weeks). Muscle carnosine concentration was quantified in soleus (n = 12) and rectus femoris (n = 6) muscles using high-performance liquid chromatography. In soleus muscle, carnosine concentration was 2.24 ± 1.10, 6.12 ± 1.08, and 6.93 ± 2.56 mmol/kg dw for control, ßA, and ßAGL, respectively. In rectus femoris, carnosine concentration was 2.26 ± 1.31, 7.90 ± 1.66, and 8.59 ± 2.33 mmol/kg dw for control, ßA, and ßAGL respectively. In each muscle, ßA and ßAGL resulted in similar carnosine increases compared to the control. In conclusion, ß-alanine intake for four weeks, either alone or with glucose co-ingestion, equally increased muscle carnosine content. It appears that the potential insulin response to fluid glucose intake does not affect muscle carnosine loading in male rats.
Assuntos
Carnosina/metabolismo , Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Suplementos Nutricionais , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , beta-Alanina/administração & dosagem , Animais , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Dieta da Carga de Carboidratos/métodos , Água Potável/administração & dosagem , Ingestão de Alimentos , Glucose/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Condicionamento Físico Animal/fisiologia , RatosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Health organisations recommend exclusive breastfeeding for six months. However, the addition of other fluids or foods before six months is common in many countries. Recently, research has suggested that introducing solid food at around four months of age while the baby continues to breastfeed is more protective against developing food allergies compared to exclusive breastfeeding for six months. Other studies have shown that the risks associated with non-exclusive breastfeeding are dependent on the type of additional food or fluid given. Given this background we felt it was important to update the previous version of this review to incorporate the latest findings from studies examining exclusive compared to non-exclusive breastfeeding. OBJECTIVES: To assess the benefits and harms of additional food or fluid for full-term healthy breastfeeding infants and to examine the timing and type of additional food or fluid. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (1 March 2016) and reference lists of all relevant retrieved papers. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials in infants under six months of age comparing exclusive breastfeeding versus breastfeeding with any additional food or fluids. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and risk of bias, extracted data and checked them for accuracy. Two review authors assessed the quality of the evidence using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS: We included 11 trials (2542 randomised infants/mothers). Nine trials (2226 analysed) provided data on outcomes of interest to this review. The variation in outcome measures and time points made it difficult to pool results from trials. Data could only be combined in a meta-analysis for one primary (breastfeeding duration) and one secondary (weight change) outcome. None of the trials reported on physiological jaundice. Infant mortality was only reported in one trial.For the majority of older trials, the description of study methods was inadequate to assess the risk of bias. Most studies that we could assess showed a high risk of other biases and over half were at high risk of selection bias.Providing breastfeeding infants with artifical milk, compared to exclusive breastfeeding, did not affect rates of breastfeeding at hospital discharge (risk ratio (RR) 1.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.97 to 1.08; one trial, 100 infants; low-quality evidence). At three months, breastfeeding infants who were provided with artificial milk had higher rates of any breastfeeding compared to exclusively breastfeeding infants (RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.41; two trials, 137 infants; low-quality evidence). Infants who were given artifical milk in the first few days after birth before breastfeeding, had less "obvious or probable symptoms" of allergy compared to exclusively breastfeeding infants (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.91; one trial, 207 infants; very low-quality evidence). No difference was found in maternal confidence when comparing non-exclusive breastfeeding infants who were provided with artificial milk with exclusive breastfeeding infants (mean difference (MD) 0.10, 95% CI -0.34 to 0.54; one study, 39 infants; low-quality evidence). Rates of breastfeeding were lower in the non-exclusive breastfeeding group compared to the exclusive breastfeeding group at four, eight, 12 (RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.87; one trial, 170 infants; low-quality evidence), 16 and 20 weeks.The addition of glucose water resulted in fewer episodes of hypoglycaemia (below 2.2 mmol/L) compared to the exclusive breastfeeding group, reported at 12 hours (RR 0.07, 95% CI 0.00 to 1.20; one trial, 170 infants; very low-quality evidence), but no significant difference at 24 hours (RR 1.57, 95% CI 0.27 to 9.17; one trial, 170 infants; very low-quality evidence). Weight loss was lower for infants who received additional glucose water (one trial, 170 infants) at six, 12, 24 and 48 hours of life (MD -32.50 g, 95% CI -52.09 to -12.91; low-quality evidence) compared to the exclusively breastfeeding infants but no difference between groups was observed at 72 hours of life (MD 3.00 g, 95% CI -20.83 to 26.83; very low-quality evidence). In another trial with the water and glucose water arms combined (one trial, 47 infants), we found no significant difference in weight loss between the additional fluid group and the exclusively breastfeeding group on either day three or day five (MD -1.03%, 95% CI -2.24 to 0.18; very low-quality evidence) and (MD -0.20%, 95% CI -0.86 to 0.46; very low-quality evidence).Infant mortality was reported in one trial with no deaths occurring in either group (1162 infants). The early introduction of potentially allergenic foods, compared to exclusively breastfeeding, did not reduce the risk of "food allergy" to one or more of these foods between one to three years of age (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.51 to 1.25; 1162 children), visible eczema at 12 months stratified by visible eczema at enrolment (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.51 to 1.44; 284 children), or food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome reactions (RR 2.00, 95% CI 0.18 to 22.04; 1303 children) (all moderate-quality evidence). Breastfeeding infants receiving additional foods from four months showed no difference in infant weight gain (g) from 16 to 26 weeks compared to exclusive breastfeeding to six months (MD -39.48, 95% CI -128.43 to 49.48; two trials, 260 children; low-quality evidence) or weight z-scores (MD -0.01, 95% CI -0.15 to 0.13; one trial, 100 children; moderate-quality evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence of benefit to newborn infants on the duration of breastfeeding from the brief use of additional water or glucose water. The quality of the evidence on formula supplementation was insufficient to suggest a change in practice away from exclusive breastfeeding. For infants at four to six months, we found no evidence of benefit from additional foods nor any risks related to morbidity or weight change. The majority of studies showed high risk of other bias and most outcomes were based on low-quality evidence which meant that we were unable to fully assess the benefits or harms of supplementation or to determine the impact from timing and type of supplementation. We found no evidence to disagree with the current international recommendation that healthy infants exclusively breastfeed for the first six months.
Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno , Suplementos Nutricionais , Alimentos Infantis/efeitos adversos , Aleitamento Materno/estatística & dados numéricos , Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Carboidratos da Dieta/efeitos adversos , Suplementos Nutricionais/efeitos adversos , Água Potável/administração & dosagem , Água Potável/efeitos adversos , Glucose/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Nascimento a Termo , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of providing oxygenated and hydrogenated water on the growth performance, blood biochemical parameters, and immunoglobulin concentrations and antioxidant enzyme activity of broiler chickens. In our investigation, 144 Ross × Ross broiler chicks were randomly allotted to three different treatment groups with four replicates (treatment × replicate × bird = 3 × 4 × 12). All chicks were given one of the following types of water for five weeks: tap water (CON), hydrogenated water (HNW), and oxygenated water (ONW). ONW supplementation increased the final body weight and weight gain and also improved both feed intake and feed conversion of broiler chickens as compared to those of CON broiler chickens (P < 0.05). The abdominal fat and its ratio to the final body weight showed that fat accumulation in the broiler chicken abdomen was reduced when broiler chickens drank only ONW for five weeks (P < 0.05). ONW supplementation improved blood parameters, including triacylglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Additionally, in accordance with a globulin increase in broiler chickens, both IgG and IgM generation were significantly enhanced when ONW was supplied to broiler chickens (P < 0.05) but only a numerical advance was observed in the HNW group (P > 0.05). Both oxygenated and hydrogenated water supplementation significantly improved the antioxidant effects (P < 0.05), and it seems that superoxide dismutase refinement was completed due to oxygen and/or hydrogen enhancement of drinking water. These results indicate that oxygen enhancement of drinking water may be recommended to improve growth performance by increasing immunoglobulins mainly IgG and IgM.
Assuntos
Galinhas/imunologia , Água Potável/administração & dosagem , Água Potável/química , Imunidade Inata/fisiologia , Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Galinhas/sangue , Galinhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Hidrogenação , Masculino , Oxigênio/química , Distribuição AleatóriaRESUMO
AIM: Recent evidence suggests that the essential amino acid leucine may be involved in systemic cholesterol metabolism. In this study, we investigated the effects of leucine supplementation on the development of atherosclerosis in apoE null mice. METHODS: ApoE null mice were fed with chow supplemented with leucine (1.5% w/v) in drinking water for 8 week. Aortic atherosclerotic lesions were examined using Oil Red O staining. Plasma lipoprotein-cholesterol levels were measured with fast protein liquid chromatography. Hepatic gene expression was detected using real-time PCR and Western blot analyses. RESULTS: Leucine supplementation resulted in 57.6% reduction of aortic atherosclerotic lesion area in apoE null mice, accompanied by 41.2% decrease of serum LDL-C levels and 40.2% increase of serum HDL-C levels. The body weight, food intake and blood glucose level were not affected by leucine supplementation. Furthermore, leucine supplementation increased the expression of Abcg5 and Abcg8 (that were involved in hepatic cholesterol efflux) by 1.28- and 0.86-fold, respectively, and significantly increased their protein levels. Leucine supplementation also increased the expression of Srebf1, Scd1 and Pgc1b (that were involved in hepatic triglyceride metabolism) by 3.73-, 1.35- and 1.71-fold, respectively. Consequently, leucine supplementation resulted in 51.77% reduction of liver cholesterol content and 2.2-fold increase of liver triglyceride content. Additionally, leucine supplementation did not affect the serum levels of IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-12, but markedly decreased the serum level of MCP-1. CONCLUSION: Leucine supplementation effectively attenuates atherosclerosis in apoE null mice by improving the plasma lipid profile and reducing systemic inflammation.
Assuntos
Aorta/efeitos dos fármacos , Aorta/patologia , Apolipoproteínas E/genética , Aterosclerose/tratamento farmacológico , Aterosclerose/patologia , Leucina/uso terapêutico , Animais , Aorta/metabolismo , Aterosclerose/sangue , Aterosclerose/genética , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Água Potável/administração & dosagem , Água Potável/análise , Feminino , Deleção de Genes , Inflamação/sangue , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/patologia , Leucina/administração & dosagem , Leucina/análise , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Lipídeos/sangue , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Zinc deficiency and contaminated water are major contributors to diarrhea in developing countries. Food fortification with zinc has not shown clear benefits, possibly because of low zinc absorption from inhibitory food matrices. We used a novel point-of-use water ultrafiltration device configured with glass zinc plates to produce zinc-fortified, potable water. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine zinc bioavailability from filtered water and the efficacy of zinc-fortified water in improving zinc status. DESIGN: In a crossover balanced study, we measured fractional zinc absorption (FAZ) from the zinc-fortified water in 18 healthy Swiss adults using zinc stable isotopes and compared it with zinc-fortified maize porridge. We conducted a 20-wk double-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) in 277 Beninese school children from rural settings who were randomly assigned to receive a daily portion of zinc-fortified filtered water delivering 2.8 mg Zn (Zn+filter), nonfortified filtered water (Filter), or nonfortified nonfiltered water (Pump) from the local improved supply, acting as the control group. The main outcome was plasma zinc concentration (PZn), and the 3 groups were compared by using mixed-effects models. Secondary outcomes were prevalence of zinc deficiency, diarrhea prevalence, and growth. RESULTS: Geometric mean (-SD, +SD) FAZ was 7-fold higher from fortified water (65.9%; 42.2, 102.4) than from fortified maize (9.1%; 6.0, 13.7; P < 0.001). In the RCT, a significant time-by-treatment effect on PZn (P = 0.026) and on zinc deficiency (P = 0.032) was found; PZn in the Zn+filter group was significantly higher than in the Filter (P = 0.006) and Pump (P = 0.025) groups. We detected no effect on diarrhea or growth, but our study did not have the duration and power to detect such effects. CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of filtered water fortified with a low dose of highly bioavailable zinc is an effective intervention in children from rural African settings. Large community-based trials are needed to assess the effectiveness of zinc-fortified filtered water on diarrhea and growth. These trials were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01636583 and NCT01790321.
Assuntos
Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Infantil , Água Potável/administração & dosagem , Alimentos Fortificados , Absorção Intestinal , Saúde da População Rural , Zinco/metabolismo , Adulto , Benin/epidemiologia , Criança , Estudos Cross-Over , Deficiências Nutricionais/dietoterapia , Deficiências Nutricionais/epidemiologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/metabolismo , Deficiências Nutricionais/fisiopatologia , Diarreia/etiologia , Diarreia/fisiopatologia , Diarreia/prevenção & controle , Método Duplo-Cego , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Plasma/química , Prevalência , Método Simples-Cego , Suíça , Ultrafiltração , Urina/química , Zinco/administração & dosagem , Zinco/deficiência , Zinco/uso terapêutico , Isótopos de ZincoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Diet interventions may reduce the risk of urinary stone formation and its recurrence, but there is no conclusive consensus in the literature regarding the effectiveness of dietary interventions and recommendations about specific diets for patients with urinary calculi. The aim of this study was to review the studies reporting the effects of different dietary interventions for the modification of urinary risk factors in patients with urinary stone disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic search of the Pubmed database literature up to July 1, 2014 for studies on dietary treatment of urinary risk factors for urinary stone formation was conducted according to a methodology developed a priori. Studies were screened by titles and abstracts for eligibility. Data were extracted using a standardized form and the quality of evidence was assessed. RESULTS: Evidence from the selected studies were used to form evidence-based guideline statements. In the absence of sufficient evidence, additional statements were developed as expert opinions. CONCLUSIONS: General measures: Each patient with nephrolithiasis should undertake appropriate evaluation according to the knowledge of the calculus composition. Regardless of the underlying cause of the stone disease, a mainstay of conservative management is the forced increase in fluid intake to achieve a daily urine output of 2 liters. HYPERCALCIURIA: Dietary calcium restriction is not recommended for stone formers with nephrolithiasis. Diets with a calcium content ≥ 1 g/day (and low protein-low sodium) could be protective against the risk of stone formation in hypercalciuric stone forming adults. Moderate dietary salt restriction is useful in limiting urinary calcium excretion and thus may be helpful for primary and secondary prevention of nephrolithiasis. A low-normal protein intake decrease calciuria and could be useful in stone prevention and preservation of bone mass. Omega-3 fatty acids and bran of different origin decreases calciuria, but their impact on the urinary stone risk profile is uncertain. Sports beverage do not affect the urinary stone risk profile. HYPEROXALURIA: A diet low in oxalate and/or a calcium intake normal to high (800-1200 mg/day for adults) reduce the urinary excretion of oxalate, conversely a diet rich in oxalates and/or a diet low in calcium increase urinary oxalate. A restriction in protein intake may reduce the urinary excretion of oxalate although a vegetarian diet may lead to an increase in urinary oxalate. Adding bran to a diet low in oxalate cancels its effect of reducing urinary oxalate. Conversely, the addition of supplements of fruit and vegetables to a mixed diet does not involve an increased excretion of oxalate in the urine. The intake of pyridoxine reduces the excretion of oxalate. HYPERURICOSURIA: In patients with renal calcium stones the decrease of the urinary excretion of uric acid after restriction of dietary protein and purine is suggested although not clearly demonstrated. HYPOCITRATURIA: The administration of alkaline-citrates salts is recommended for the medical treatment of renal stone-formers with hypocitraturia, although compliance to this treatment is limited by gastrointestinal side effects and costs. Increased intake of fruit and vegetables (excluding those with high oxalate content) increases citrate excretion and involves a significant protection against the risk of stone formation. Citrus (lemons, oranges, grapefruit, and lime) and non citrus fruits (melon) are natural sources of dietary citrate, and several studies have shown the potential of these fruits and/or their juices in raising urine citrate levels. CHILDREN: There are enought basis to advice an adequate fluid intake also in children. Moderate dietary salt restriction and implementation of potassium intake are useful in limiting urinary calcium excretion whereas dietary calcium restriction is not recommended for children with nephrolithiasis. It seems reasonable to advice a balanced consumption of fruit and vegetables and a low consumption of chocolate and cola according to general nutritional guidelines, although no studies have assessed in pediatric stone formers the effect of fruit and vegetables supplementation on urinary citrate and the effects of chocolate and cola restriction on urinary oxalate in pediatric stone formers. Despite the low level of scientific evidence, a low-protein (< 20 g/day) low-salt (< 2 g/day) diet with high hydration (> 3 liters/day) is strongly advised in children with cystinuria. ELDERLY: In older patients dietary counseling for renal stone prevention has to consider some particular aspects of aging. A restriction of sodium intake in association with a higher intake of potassium, magnesium and citrate is advisable in order to reduce urinary risk factors for stone formation but also to prevent the loss of bone mass and the incidence of hypertension, although more hemodynamic sensitivity to sodium intake and decreased renal function of the elderly have to be considered. A diet rich in calcium (1200 mg/day) is useful to maintain skeletal wellness and to prevent kidney stones although an higher supplementation could involve an increase of risk for both the formation of kidney stones and cardiovascular diseases. A lower content of animal protein in association to an higher intake of plant products decrease the acid load and the excretion of uric acid has no particular contraindications in the elderly patients, although overall nutritional status has to be preserved.
Assuntos
Cálcio da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Água Potável/administração & dosagem , Cálculos Renais/dietoterapia , Cálculos Renais/prevenção & controle , Sódio na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Idoso , Oxalato de Cálcio/metabolismo , Oxalato de Cálcio/urina , Criança , Ácido Cítrico/metabolismo , Suplementos Nutricionais , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Humanos , Cálculos Renais/etiologia , Cálculos Renais/metabolismo , Cálculos Renais/urina , Nefrologia , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Fatores de Risco , Sociedades Médicas , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Sucrose-sweetened soft drinks (SSSDs) are associated with the development of metabolic disorders. Fructose is a major component of SSSDs and is demonstrated to induce uric acid (UA) production and stimulate fat accumulation independent of excess caloric intake. UA induce insulin resistance and low-grade inflammation, suggesting that UA may have a causal role in the development of metabolic complications. The objective of this study is to investigate the long-term effects of consuming SSSDs on circulating levels of UA in overweight and obese subjects. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Using a previously published study, circulating UA levels were assessed at baseline and after 6 months using chromogenic enzymatic absorptiometry. The study included 47 overweight and obese subjects without diabetes, randomised to consume 1 l daily of either SSSD (regular cola), isocaloric semi-skimmed milk, diet cola or water for 6 months. RESULTS: Circulating UA levels increased ~15% (P = 0.02) after the 6-month intervention in the SSSD group with no change in the other groups. In the SSSD group, circulating UA levels increased significantly after the intervention in both absolute (P = 0.005) and relative values (P = 0.004). The change in UA after the intervention correlated with changes in liver fat (P = 0.005), triglycerides (P = 0.02) and insulin (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: In this secondary analysis daily intake of 1 l SSSD for 6 months was found to increase circulating UA levels compared with isocaloric milk, diet cola and water. Thus, a high daily intake of SSSDs in overweight and obese subjects without overt diabetes may increase the risk of developing metabolic complications through the elevation of UA. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT00777647.
Assuntos
Bebidas Gaseificadas/efeitos adversos , Sacarose Alimentar/efeitos adversos , Obesidade/sangue , Edulcorantes/efeitos adversos , Ácido Úrico/sangue , Adulto , Animais , Água Potável/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Humanos , Insulina/sangue , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Doenças Metabólicas/etiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Leite/efeitos adversos , Obesidade/complicações , Sobrepeso/sangue , Sobrepeso/complicações , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de Tempo , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
Diverticular disease is more often categorized as a civilization disease that affects both women and men, especially at an old age. The pathophysiology remains complex and arises from the interaction between dietary fiber intake, bowel motility and mucosal changes in the colon. Obesity, smoking, low physical activity, low-fiber diet (poor in vegetables, fruit, whole grain products, seeds and nuts) are among factors that increase the risk for developing diverticular disease. Additionally, the colonic outpouchings may be influenced by involutional changes of the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, the fiber rich diet (25-40 g/day) plays an important role in prevention, as well as nonpharmacological treatment of uncomplicated diverticular disease. The successful goal of the therapy can be achieved by well-balanced diet or fiber supplements intake. Research indicate the effectiveness of probiotics in dietary management during the remission process. Moreover, drinking of appropriate water amount and excluding from the diet products decreasing colonic transit time - should be also applied.
Assuntos
Doença Diverticular do Colo/dietoterapia , Fibras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Doença Diverticular do Colo/prevenção & controle , Comportamento de Ingestão de Líquido , Água Potável/administração & dosagem , Frutas , Humanos , VerdurasRESUMO
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease which affects more and more people. It is estimated that in Poland it affects about 2.6 million people, of which diagnosed and treated diabetes constitute only 60% cases. The increased incidences of diabetes and prediabetes, indicate the need for undertake prevention activities and forces for continuous analysis of lifestyle factors that may influence the risk of developing the disease. In the thesis it was described in detail the relationship between liquids intake such as coffee, tea, pure water and sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of the occurrence of type 2 diabetes. Much research proved that coffee reduces the risk of developing diabetes. An inverse relationship has been demonstrated in the case of consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. In relation to tea and pure water due to the limited amount of data, there is a need to further research conducting, however, there are some evidence that people who consumed less than 0.5 liters of water a day should be covered by preventive treatment against diabetes.
Assuntos
Bebidas/classificação , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/prevenção & controle , Comportamento de Ingestão de Líquido , Água Potável/administração & dosagem , Comportamento de Redução do Risco , Café , Humanos , Incidência , Estilo de Vida , Polônia/epidemiologia , Estado Pré-Diabético/epidemiologia , Estado Pré-Diabético/prevenção & controle , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
After Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery, patients report consuming fewer fatty and dessert-like foods, and rats display blunted sugar and fat preferences. Here we used a progressive ratio (PR) task in our rat model to explicitly test whether RYGB decreases the willingness of rats to work for very small amounts of preferred sugar- and/or fat-containing fluids. In each of two studies, two groups of rats - one maintained on a high-fat diet (HFD) and standard chow (CHOW) and one given CHOW alone - were trained while water-deprived to work for water or either Ensure or 1.0M sucrose on increasingly difficult operant schedules. When tested before surgery while nondeprived, HFD rats had lower PR breakpoints (number of operant responses in the last reinforced ratio) for sucrose, but not for Ensure, than CHOW rats. After surgery, at no time did rats given RYGB show lower breakpoints than SHAM rats for Ensure, sucrose, or when 5% Intralipid served postoperatively as the reinforcer. Nevertheless, RYGB rats showed blunted preferences for these caloric fluids versus water in 2-bottle preference tests. Importantly, although the Intralipid and sucrose preferences of RYGB rats decreased further over time, subsequent breakpoints for them were not significantly impacted. Collectively, these data suggest that the observed lower preferences for normally palatable fluids after RYGB in rats may reflect a learned adjustment to altered postingestive feedback rather than a dampening of the reinforcing taste characteristics of such stimuli as measured by the PR task in which postingestive stimulation is negligible.
Assuntos
Comportamento Apetitivo , Gorduras na Dieta , Sacarose Alimentar , Ingestão de Energia , Preferências Alimentares , Derivação Gástrica/psicologia , Ração Animal , Animais , Comportamento Apetitivo/fisiologia , Peso Corporal/fisiologia , Condicionamento Operante/fisiologia , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Sacarose Alimentar/administração & dosagem , Água Potável/administração & dosagem , Emulsões/administração & dosagem , Ingestão de Energia/fisiologia , Preferências Alimentares/fisiologia , Alimentos Formulados , Masculino , Modelos Animais , Fosfolipídeos/administração & dosagem , Período Pós-Operatório , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Esquema de Reforço , Recompensa , Óleo de Soja/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Chronic delivery of neuropeptides in the brain is a useful experimental approach to study their long-term effects on various biological parameters. In this work, we tested albumin-alginate microparticles, as a potential delivery system, to study if continuous release in the hypothalamus of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), an anorexigenic neuropeptide, may result in a long-term decrease in food intake and body weight. The 2-week release of α-MSH from peptide-loaded particles was confirmed by an in vitro assay. Then, daily food intake and body weight were studied for 18 days in rats injected bilaterally into the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus with particles loaded or not with α-MSH. A decrease in body weight gain, persisting throughout the study, was found in rats injected with α-MSH-charged particles as compared with rats receiving non-charged particles and with rats injected with the same dose of α-MSH in solution. Food intake was significantly decreased for 3 days in rats receiving α-MSH-loaded particles and it was not followed by the feeding rebound effect which appears after food restriction. The presence of α-MSH-loaded particles in the hypothalamus was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. In conclusion, our study validates albumin-alginate microparticles as a new carrier system for long-term delivery of neuropeptides in the brain and demonstrates that chronic delivery of α-MSH in the hypothalamus results in a prolonged suppression of food intake and a decrease of body weight gain in rats.
Assuntos
Fármacos Antiobesidade/administração & dosagem , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos/instrumentação , Hipotálamo/efeitos dos fármacos , Neuropeptídeos/administração & dosagem , alfa-MSH/administração & dosagem , Albuminas , Alginatos , Animais , Fármacos Antiobesidade/farmacocinética , Composição Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Água Potável/administração & dosagem , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos/métodos , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido Glucurônico , Ácidos Hexurônicos , Hipotálamo/fisiopatologia , Injeções Intraventriculares , Masculino , Neuropeptídeos/farmacocinética , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , alfa-MSH/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate water contributors in relation to dietary and serum micronutrient profiles. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. The main exposures were water contributors. Selected dietary and serum micronutrient levels were outcome measures. Settings The US population and its subgroups. SUBJECTS: US adults (n 2691) aged ≥20 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006. RESULTS: The daily mean total water intake was 3.1 (se 0.047) litres, with 68 % of adults consuming below the Adequate Intake level. Total water intake was higher in adults with higher BMI and physical activity, those taking dietary supplements and alcohol consumers (P < 0.05). Plain water intake was positively associated with food moisture and negatively with beverage moisture (P < 0.001). Beverage moisture was negatively associated with food moisture (P < 0.001). In multivariate regression analyses, plain water and food moisture intakes were positively associated with Fe, Ca, vitamins A, B, C, E and K and carotenoid intakes (P < 0.05). However, beverage moisture was unrelated to Ca, niacin and vitamin B6 intakes, and negatively associated with Fe, vitamin A, folate, vitamins C, E and K and carotenoid intakes (P < 0.05). Concentrations of serum vitamins A and C and carotenoids increased with plain water and food moisture intakes (P < 0.05) but decreased (P < 0.01) or were unrelated to beverage moisture intake. CONCLUSIONS: Various contributors of total water intake differed in their associations with dietary and serum micronutrient profiles in US adults. The study provides evidence of plain water benefits on micronutrient adequacy over beverages.