RESUMO
Ginger has traditionally been used to treat and prevent nausea and vomiting; however, the results of clinical trials are ambiguous. The efficacy of ginger is attributed to gingerols and their metabolites, shogaols. Since these compounds have different pharmacological profiles, the clinical efficacy of ginger products is largely dependent on their chemical composition. The goal of our study was to examine the stability of ginger, determining the 6-gingerol contents in order to assess the effects of different storage conditions. We have performed a 6-month stability test with dry ginger rhizome samples stored in a constant climate chamber in three different storage containers (uncovered glass container, glass container sealed with rubber stopper, and plastic container). The 6-gingerol contents were measured by HPLC method. The concentration of 6-gingerol decreased in all samples. In the sealed glass container, the decrease in 6-gingerol content was significantly lower than in the unsealed glass container and in the plastic container. These results demonstrate that storage conditions have a significant impact on the quality of ginger, which may also affect efficacy.
Assuntos
Catecóis , Álcoois Graxos , Zingiber officinale , Zingiber officinale/química , Álcoois Graxos/química , Álcoois Graxos/análise , Álcoois Graxos/farmacologia , Catecóis/química , Catecóis/análise , Catecóis/farmacologia , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Rizoma/química , Estabilidade de Medicamentos , Armazenamento de Medicamentos , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologiaRESUMO
As a widely consumed spice and traditional Chinese medicine, Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger) has been used in the treatment of nausea, coughs, and colds. In this article, 18 new glycosides (1-18) and six known analogues (19-24) were isolated from the peel of ginger. The planar structures of these compounds were determined by using HR-ESI-MS and extensive spectroscopic techniques (UV, IR, 1D-NMR, and 2D-NMR). Their relative and absolute configurations of the stereogenic centers in the new natural products were determined by analysis of NMR data, using a quantum mechanical NMR approach and time-dependent density functional theory based electronic circular dichroism calculations. The renal fibrosis activities of the isolated natural products together with those of 6-gingerol (6-Gi), 8-gingerol (8-Gi), and 10-gingerol (10-Gi) were evaluated in TGF-ß1 induced NRK-52E cells. Compounds 9, 10, 15, 22-24, 6-Gi, 8-Gi, and 10-Gi were found to be active toward extracellular matrix, indicating that they have potential renal fibrosis activities.
Assuntos
Zingiber officinale , Humanos , Zingiber officinale/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Glicosídeos , Álcoois Graxos/análise , Catecóis/química , FibroseRESUMO
Currently, ginger is one the most consumed plants when dealing with the treatments of various illnesses. So far, it is known that various biologically active molecules, such as gingerols, shogaols and zingerone, among others, are the main responsible for specific biological activities, opening a new window for its utilization as a nutraceutical in foods. In pioneering extraction processes, solvent extraction has been initially used for these applications; however, the drawbacks of this typical extraction method compared with other emergent separation techniques make it possible for the exploration of new extraction pathways, including microwave, ultrasound, supercritical, subcritical and pressurized-assisted extraction, along with three phase partitioning, high-speed counter current chromatography and magnetic solid phase extraction. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report documenting the recent studies and cases of study in this field. Therefore, we comprehensively review the progress and the latest findings (over the last five years) on research developments, including patents and emerging extraction methods, aiming at the purification of biologically active molecules (gingerols, shogaols and zingerone) contained in ginger. Over the course of this review, particular emphasis is devoted to breakthrough strategies and meaningful outcomes in ginger components extraction. Finally, dosage and safety concerns related to ginger extracts are also documented.
Assuntos
Zingiber officinale , Zingiber officinale/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Catecóis/química , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Álcoois Graxos/análiseRESUMO
This study aimed to examine the chemical composition of wheat germ oil extracted by three different methods, and to evaluate its inhibitory effect on the cyclooxygenase and proteinase activities. The results showed that the contents of policosanols, tocopherols and phytosterols were affected by the extraction procedure. However, the fatty acid composition of the different oil extracts was nearly the same. Among the tested oils samples, cold pressed oil exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity against proteinase (93.4%, IC50 =195.7 µg/mL) and cyclooxygenase 1 (80.5%, IC50 =58.6 µg/mL). Furthermore, the cold pressed oil had the highest content of octacosanol, ß-sitosterol and α-linolenic acid, suggesting that those bioactive compounds could be essential for the potent ani-cyclooxygenase activity. The present data revealed that wheat germ oil contained cyclooxygenase and trypsin inhibitors, which are the promising therapeutic target for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. Thus, wheat germ oil might be used to develop functional foods and pharmaceutic products for the human health.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase/química , Óleos de Plantas/química , Triticum/química , Inibidores da Tripsina/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/análise , Anti-Inflamatórios/isolamento & purificação , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase/análise , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase/isolamento & purificação , Álcoois Graxos/análise , Álcoois Graxos/química , Álcoois Graxos/isolamento & purificação , Extração Líquido-Líquido/métodos , Fitosteróis/análise , Fitosteróis/química , Fitosteróis/isolamento & purificação , Óleos de Plantas/análise , Óleos de Plantas/isolamento & purificação , Tocoferóis/análise , Tocoferóis/química , Tocoferóis/isolamento & purificação , Inibidores da Tripsina/análise , Inibidores da Tripsina/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
RATIONALE: Ginger pulp is the dried rhizome scraped off the skin which originates from Zingiber officinale Rosc., a Zingiberaceae plant. Ginger peel is the dried rhizome skin of Zingiber officinale Rosc. (Zingiberaceae). The present work aims to investigate the different chemical constituents that are related to the medicinal properties of the ginger pulp and ginger peel. METHODS: A rapid ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/ESI-QTOF/MS) method was developed for qualitative analysis of the constituents in different polarity extracted fractions of the pulp and peel of ginger rhizomes. RESULTS: A total of 83 compounds were identified from the pulp and peel of ginger rhizomes, including 36 diarylheptanoids, 25 gingerols and 22 other compounds. Nine of these were new compounds. In total, 46, 27, 65 and 51 compounds were identified from the crude extract, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol fractions of the ginger pulp, respectively, and 60, 30, 70 and 62 compounds were identified from the crude extract, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol fractions of the ginger peel, respectively. Each identified compound is marked on the corresponding chromatogram. CONCLUSIONS: The integrated method is sensitive and reliable for searching the different chemical constituents from different polarity extracted fractions of the ginger pulp and ginger peel. This work may provide a significant contribution to research into the medicinal properties of the ginger pulp and ginger peel.
Assuntos
Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Zingiber officinale/química , Catecóis/análise , Catecóis/química , Diarileptanoides/química , Álcoois Graxos/análise , Álcoois Graxos/química , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Plantas Medicinais/química , Rizoma/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale) is a well-known spice and medicinal plant that is widely used in the Egyptian market as a spice, flavor and medicinal herb for different diseases. Since it is not cultivated as rhizomes in Egypt, ginger is imported from other countries, which may impact its quality. In this study, UV spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were applied as efficient available techniques for the discrimination and quality control of ginger collected from different geographical origins in combination with chemometrics. In addition, HPLC was applied to investigate the stability of ginger samples upon storage for 3 years to trace the changes in their main active constituents. RESULTS: Data obtained from both UV and HPLC in combination with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) displayed proper discrimination of the samples according to their geographical origins. Regarding the stability study, ginger samples showed a significant decrease in quality after storage for 3 years, in which significant variation in the main pungent principles (6-, 8-, 10-gingerols and 6-shogaol) were observed. PCA failed to discriminate between ginger samples after long-time storage, so the applied model could discriminate between ginger samples before and after storage. CONCLUSION: UV and HPLC in combination with chemometrics can be applied as a successful tool for the study of quality, stability and geographical discrimination of ginger. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Extratos Vegetais/química , Rizoma/química , Zingiber officinale/química , Catecóis/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Egito , Álcoois Graxos/análise , Análise de Componente Principal , Controle de QualidadeRESUMO
Ginger is a widely consumed spice and possesses numerous pharmacological properties. However, studies addressing the efficacy of ginger in humans have been inconsistent. Many confounding factors need to be considered when evaluating the health effects from ginger against chronic diseases, especially the levels of bioactive components in the ginger formulations used in human trials. Gingerols, the major compounds in fresh ginger, are liable to dehydrate and convert to shogaols, the major compounds in dried ginger, as a result of the instability of ß-hydroxyl ketone when exposed to heat and/or acidic conditions. As a result of various heating and processing methods, the concentrations of gingerols and shogaols in ginger products vary significantly. Increasing evidence has shown that gingerols and shogaols have different bioactivities, molecular targets, and metabolic pathways, suggesting the importance of identifying the optimal oral ginger composition for a specific disease. In this perspective, we highlighted differences in the composition between fresh ginger and dry ginger, bioactivities, molecular targets, and metabolic pathways of gingerols and shogaols as well as future perspectives regarding precision research on ginger.
Assuntos
Extratos Vegetais/análise , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Zingiber officinale/química , Catecóis/análise , Catecóis/farmacologia , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Álcoois Graxos/análise , Álcoois Graxos/farmacologia , Zingiber officinale/classificação , HumanosRESUMO
Policosanols is a health promoting aliphatic alcohol known as lipid-lowing agent. To enable maximising the functional properties of wheat, this research investigates the policosanol profiles and adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation potential of Korean wheat seedlings according to cultivars and growth times. GC-MS revealed six policosanols that differed markedly in content between 17 cultivars, especially, octacosanol (8) showed the most predominant component (49-83%), varying significantly in average concentrations with growth times as 361.4 (3 days) â 613.0 (6 days) â 203.1 (9 days) â 196.5 (12 days) â 50.9 mg/100 g (19 days). The highest average policosanol (738.7 mg/100 g) exhibited after 6 days, while the lowest was 104.4 mg/100 g on 19 days. Moreover, the wheat cultivars including Shinmichal 1, Anbaek, Namhae, and Joah at 6 days may be recommended as potential sources because of high policosanols (921.7-990.6 mg/100 g). Western blot analysis revealed markedly higher AMPK activation in cells treated with the hexane extracts (150-370% at 100 µg/ml) and octacosanol (8) possessed potent AMPK activator (control; 100 â 280% at 200 µg/ml). It is confirmed that the AMPK activation by wheat seedlings are positively related to the highest policosanol content at the 6 days of growth time, independent of the cultivar. Our results may be contributed to enhance the wheat value regarding development of new cultivars and functional foods.
Assuntos
Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , Álcoois Graxos/análise , Extratos Vegetais/química , Triticum/química , Ativação Enzimática , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Hexanos , Plântula/química , Plântula/enzimologia , Plântula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Triticum/enzimologia , Triticum/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Xiao Chai Hu Tang (XCHT) is sold as traditional medicine or dietary supplement in worldwide. To understand metabolism profile of traditional medicine is key point in their logical pharmacological research and clinical application. Based on our previous research of the chemical and absorption signature of XCHT in vitro, we proposed a novel strategy to identify the bioactive components of XCHT in vivo. This strategy have two steps: firstly, based on the parents' database in vitro, built-in and editable biotransformations for phase I and phase II metabolism reactions with MassHunter Metabolite ID software (building metabolites database). Secondly, mouse plasma, bile and urine samples were analyzed by UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF/MS technique, and the absorbed parents and metabolites were compared and identified with the XCHT's digital library using MassHunter Metabolite ID software. In total, 27 parent compounds and 26 metabolites of XCHT were identified in vivo, 2'-O-xylosyl saikosaponin b2 or b1 was reported for the first time. Saponins and their related metabolites were predominantly excreted into the bile, but flavonoids were excreted by both hepatic as well as renal excretion. Flavonoids, saponins, gingerol and their related metabolites were the absorbed components in cardiovascular system and bioactive components of XCHT. Phase I reactions (hydrolysis, hydroxylation and oxidation) and phase II reactions (glucuronidation) were identified and involved in the mouse metabolism of XCHT.
Assuntos
Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/metabolismo , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz/métodos , Animais , Bile/química , Bile/metabolismo , Catecóis/análise , Catecóis/química , Catecóis/metabolismo , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/administração & dosagem , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Álcoois Graxos/análise , Álcoois Graxos/química , Álcoois Graxos/metabolismo , Flavonoides/análise , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Saponinas/análise , Saponinas/química , Saponinas/metabolismoRESUMO
A combination method of ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with diode array detection has been developed for quality evaluation of Qinma prescription (QMP), based on chromatographic fingerprint technology with the similarity analysis (SA) and the quantitative analysis of 12 components by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The established method has been validated by linearity, precision, repeatability, stability and recovery tests. The UPLC fingerprints with 17 common peaks of 5 QMP samples prepared by different extraction methods including water decoction extraction, water extraction-ethanol precipitation method, ethanol reflux extraction, ethanol extraction-water precipitation method and methanol ultrasonic extraction were obtained, and the SA results indicated that similarity index was greatly influenced by the large peak. The similarity index ranged from 0.816 to 0.999 basing on 17 peaks, which has been decreased to 0.683-0.999 basing on 16 peaks without the large peak of baicalin (BA). The results of simultaneous quantification of 12 components in these 5 QMP samples proved that BA, gallic acid (GA), wogonoside (WOG) and gentiopicroside (GEN) were the major ingredients in QMP with high contents >1.44 (mg/g), indicating that ethanol reflux was the most effective extraction method. Integrating fingerprint analysis, simultaneous determination and HCA, the established method is rapid, sensitive, accurate and readily applicable. All the results indicated that the combination method can control the quality of QMP and its related traditional Chinese medicinal compounds more comprehensively and scientifically.
Assuntos
Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/análise , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Catecóis/análise , Fracionamento Químico , Dioxóis/análise , Álcoois Graxos/análise , Flavonoides/análise , Ácido Gálico/análise , Lignanas/análise , Limite de Detecção , Modelos Lineares , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
Several studies indicated that ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) enhances thermogenesis and/or energy expenditure with which to interpret the beneficial effects of ginger on metabolic disorders. It is well known that mitochondrial activity plays an essential role in these processes. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of ginger extract (GE) and its major components, 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol, on mitochondrial biogenesis and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Our results showed that GE at dose of 2 g/kg promoted oxygen consumption and intrascapular temperature in mice. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number in muscle and liver increased. Expression levels of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) related proteins and AMP-activated protein kinase É/proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 É (AMPK/PGC1É) signaling related proteins in the muscle, liver, and brown adipose tissue (BAT) increased as well. In HepG2 cells, GE at concentration of 2.5 and 5 mg/mL increased mitochondrial mass and mtDNA copy number. GE promoted ATP production, the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I and IV, and expression levels of OXPHOS complex related proteins and AMPK/PGC1É signaling related proteins. The antagonist of AMPK eliminated partly the effect of GE on mitochondrial biogenesis. 6-Gingerol increased mitochondrial mass, mtDNA copy number and ATP production, and the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes in HepG2 cells as well. However, both 6-gingerol at high concentration of 200 µM and 6-shogaol at 10 to 200 µM inhibited cell viability. In conclusion, GE promoted mitochondrial biogenesis and improved mitochondrial functions via activation of AMPK-PGC1É signaling pathway, and 6-gingerol other than 6-shogaol, may be the main active component. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a food seasoning and also used as a medical plant in alternative medicine throughout the world. Here, we demonstrated that ginger extract (GE) promoted mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial function via activation of AMPK-PGC1É signaling pathway both in mice and in HepG2 cells, and 6-gingerol may be its main active component. Ginger, with anticipated safety, is expected to be a long-term used dietary supplement and be developed into a new remedy for mitochondrial dysfunctional disorders.
Assuntos
Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , Catecóis/farmacologia , Álcoois Graxos/farmacologia , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Coativador 1-alfa do Receptor gama Ativado por Proliferador de Peroxissomo/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Zingiber officinale/química , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/genética , Animais , Catecóis/análise , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Metabolismo Energético/efeitos dos fármacos , Álcoois Graxos/análise , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Biogênese de Organelas , Coativador 1-alfa do Receptor gama Ativado por Proliferador de Peroxissomo/genética , Ratos , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The active component obtained from ginger is a high value-added product, but continued research is required for improved extraction techniques that will lead to better quality extracts and greater yields. In this study, major functional compounds of 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol in ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale Rosc) were extracted using microwave assisted extraction (MAE). Possible ranges for optimal MAE conditions were predicted by merging of the contour plots of each response to observe the overlapping area of all responses. Optimal conditions predicted were ethanol concentration of 70%, extraction time of 10 min, and microwave power of 180 W. Verification tests carried out at a set of random condition within the above mentioned optimal ranges, which got experimental values for total soluble solid yield, antioxidant activity, 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol of 30.0±0.8%, 87.8±0.8%, 2.8±0.6 mg/g and 1.3±0.5 mg/g, respectively. Analysis results showed that steamed ginger sample contained lower 6-gingerol content, soluble solid as well as reduced antioxidant activity, but higher in 6-shogaol as compared with fresh sample.
Assuntos
Catecóis/análise , Fracionamento Químico/métodos , Álcoois Graxos/análise , Zingiber officinale/química , Antioxidantes/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Micro-Ondas , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Rizoma/químicaRESUMO
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), a monocotyledonous herb, is widely used as an herbal medicine owing to the phytoconstituents it possesses. In the current study, the quantity of [6]-gingerol, the major phenolic ketone, in the fresh ginger and dried ginger rhizome was found to be 6.11 µg/mg and 0.407 µg/mg. Furthermore, [6]-gingerol was assessed for its antiapoptotic effects in human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells evidenced by acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining technique and Annexin-V assay. An increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation led to a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and subsequent induction of apoptosis. Results disclose that perturbations in MMP are associated with deregulation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio at protein level, which leads to upregulation of cytochrome-c triggering the caspase cascade. These enduringly suggest that [6]-gingerol can be effectively used for targeting the mitochondrial energy metabolism to manage gastric cancer cells.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Catecóis/farmacologia , Pontos de Checagem do Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Álcoois Graxos/farmacologia , Potencial da Membrana Mitocondrial/efeitos dos fármacos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Neoplasias Gástricas/patologia , Laranja de Acridina/química , Adenocarcinoma/enzimologia , Adenocarcinoma/metabolismo , Anexina A5/metabolismo , Caspases/metabolismo , Catecóis/análise , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Citocromos c/metabolismo , Etídio/química , Álcoois Graxos/análise , Zingiber officinale/química , Humanos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Ligação Proteica , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/metabolismo , Neoplasias Gástricas/enzimologia , Neoplasias Gástricas/metabolismo , Regulação para Cima , Proteína X Associada a bcl-2/metabolismoRESUMO
Macrogol-based emulsifiers and their respective precursor substances, i.e. macrogols (PEG), fatty acids (FA), and fatty alcohols (FAA), are widely used excipients which are usually characterized by a series of tests described within the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.). Examples are bulk parameters such as the hydroxyl value, the peroxide value, and the determination of fatty acids composition by gas chromatography. The choice of tests depends on the emulsifier considered and its possible precursors. Though all methods are well established, most of them are time consuming and, in some cases, prone to errors and exhibit a low reproducibility. Here, an alternative and supplemental method was developed, using a HPLC-system coupled to a charged aerosol detector (CAD). Seven PEG samples, five saturated as well as two nonsaturated FA samples, and two FAA samples were analyzed. Together with these precursors, 13 macrogol-based emulsifiers of 3 different groups, i.e. macrogol ethers with FAA, macrogol esters with FA, and polysorbates, were successfully analyzed for oligomeric distribution and free precursor molecules in one run.
Assuntos
Aerossóis , Emulsificantes/análise , Excipientes/análise , Álcoois Graxos/análise , Polietilenoglicóis/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
Ginger, a popular functional food, has been widely used throughout the world for centuries. However, its metabolic behaviors remain unclear, which entails an obstacle to further understanding of its functional components. In this study, the metabolic profiles of ginger in rats were systemically investigated by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS. The results included the characterization of 92 components of ginger based on the summarized fragmentation patterns and self-building chemical database. Furthermore, four representative compounds were selected to explore the typical metabolic pathways of ginger. Consequently, 141 ginger-related xenobiotics were characterized, following the metabolic spots of the pungent phytochemicals were summarized. These findings indicated that the in vivo effective components of ginger were mainly derived from [6]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol. Meanwhile, hydrogenation, demethylation, glucuronidation, sulfation, and thiolation were their major metabolic reactions. These results expand our knowledge about the metabolism of ginger, which will be important for discovering its functional components and the further mechanism research.
Assuntos
Agentes Aversivos/química , Alimento Funcional/análise , Extratos Vegetais/química , Zingiber officinale/química , Animais , Agentes Aversivos/metabolismo , Catecóis/análise , Catecóis/metabolismo , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Álcoois Graxos/análise , Álcoois Graxos/metabolismo , Zingiber officinale/metabolismo , Masculino , Metaboloma , Extratos Vegetais/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Xenobióticos/química , Xenobióticos/metabolismoRESUMO
Gingerols and shogaols are compounds found in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe); shogaols are found in lower concentration than gingerols but exhibit higher biological activities. This work studied the effects of different drying methods including open sun drying (OSD) solar tunnel drying (STD) and hot air drying (HAD) with various temperature on the formation of six main active compounds in ginger rhizomes, namely 6-, 8-, and 10-gingerols and 6-, 8-, and 10-shogaols, as well as essential oil content. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of dried ginger was also evaluated. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that after HAD with variable temperature (120, 150 and 180 °C), contents of 6-, 8-, and 10-gingerols decreased, while contents of 6-, 8-, and 10-shogaol increased. High formation of 6-, 8-, and 10-shogaol contents were observed in HAD (at 150 °C for 6 h) followed by STD and OSD, respectively. OSD exhibited high content of essential oil followed by STD and HAD method. Ginger-treated with HAD exhibited the highest DPPH (IC50 of 57.8 mg/g DW) and FRAP (493.8 µM of Fe(II)/g DM) activity, compared to STD and OSD method. HAD ginger exhibited potent antimicrobial activity with lower minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) value against bacteria strains followed by STD and OSD, respectively. Ginger extracts showed more potent antimicrobial activity against Gram positive bacteria than Gram negative bacteria strains. Result of this study confirmed that conversion of gingerols to shogaols was significantly affected by different drying temperature and time. HAD at 150 °C for 6 h, provides a method for enhancing shogaols content in ginger rhizomes with improving antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/análise , Antioxidantes/análise , Catecóis/análise , Dessecação/métodos , Álcoois Graxos/análise , Zingiber officinale/química , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Catecóis/farmacologia , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Álcoois Graxos/farmacologia , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Guaiacol/análogos & derivados , Guaiacol/análise , Guaiacol/farmacologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Óleos Voláteis/análise , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Óleos de Plantas/análise , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Several anti-arthritic drugs and synthetic antioxidants have wide pharmaceutical uses and are often associated with various side effects on the human health. Dietary seed oils and their minor components like policosanol may offer an effective alternative treatment for arthritic and oxidative-stress related diseases. The biological effects of seed oils were affected by different parameters such as the stage of seed maturity. Hence, this study seeks to determine the policosanol content, antioxidant and anti-arthritic activities of milk thistle (Silybium marianum L.) oil extracted at various stages of seed maturation. METHODS: Milk thistle oil samples were extracted from seeds collected at three maturation stages (immature, intermediate, and mature). The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays were used to determine the antioxidant activity of the extracted oils. The anti-arthritic activity of oil samples was evaluated with bovine serum protein denaturation and egg albumin denaturation methods. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to determine the policosanol profile. RESULTS: Policosanol profile, antioxidant and anti-arthritic activities of milk thistle oil were influenced by the seed maturity stages. The oil extracted from the immature seeds had the highest total policosanol content (987.68 mg/kg of oil) and displayed the maximum antiradical activity (96.42% and 90.35% for DPPH test and ABTS assay, respectively). Nine aliphatic alcohols were identified in the milk thistle oil. The dominant poliosanol in the mature seed oil was octacosanol (75.44%), while triacontanol was the major compound (40.25%) in the immature seed oil. Additionally, the maximum inhibition of bovine serum protein denaturation (92.53%) and egg albumin denaturation (86.36%) were observed in immature seed oil as compared to mature seed oil. A high correlation was found between the total policosanol content, anti-arthritic activity and antioxidant capacity of oil. CONCLUSIONS: The milk thistle oil exhibited a potential anti-arthritic and antioxidant activities and that it might contribute to the protection of humans from a variety of diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. Also, it could serve as natural antioxidant and anti-arthritic agents for application in the food industries and pharmaceutic. Policosanol level in the seed oils might contribute to their anti-arthritic and antioxidant activities.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Artrite/tratamento farmacológico , Álcoois Graxos/análise , Álcoois Graxos/farmacologia , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Silybum marianum/química , Animais , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Bovinos , Galinhas , Desnaturação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Soroalbumina Bovina/efeitos dos fármacos , Soroalbumina Bovina/metabolismoRESUMO
Ginger is a commonly used spice around the world. Its bioactive compounds contain hydrophobic gingerols and hydrophilic polysaccharides. Huge physiochemical differences between these compounds and the thermal instability of gingerols impede fast and effective extraction of them using conventional methods. In this research, ionic liquid-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction (ILUAE) was applied to simultaneously extract gingerols and polysaccharides from ginger. Parameters influencing the recovery of gingerols were ionic liquid type, ionic liquid concentration, solid/liquid ratio, ultrasonic power, extraction temperature and extraction time. Compared with traditional methods, LUAE significantly increased the yield of total gingerols and shortened the extraction time. Meanwhile, ginger polysaccharides recovery reached up to 92.82% with ILUAE. Our results indicated that ILUAE has a remarkable capacity to extract gingerols and ginger polysaccharides in one step. Therefore, ILUAE represents a promising technology for simultaneous extraction of hydrophilic and hydrophobic bioactive compounds from plant materials.
Assuntos
Extratos Vegetais/química , Zingiber officinale/metabolismo , Catecóis/análise , Catecóis/isolamento & purificação , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Álcoois Graxos/análise , Álcoois Graxos/isolamento & purificação , Zingiber officinale/química , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Líquidos Iônicos/química , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Polissacarídeos/análise , Polissacarídeos/isolamento & purificação , Sonicação , TemperaturaRESUMO
Decision makers responsible for quality management along the food chain need to reflect on their analytical tools that should ensure quality of food and especially superfood. The "4ables" in target analysis (stable, extractable, separable, detectable) focusing on marker compounds do not cover all relevant information about the sample. On the example of ginger, a streamlined quantitative bioprofiling was developed for effect-directed analysis of 17 commercially available ginger and ginger-containing products via high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC-UV/Vis/FLD-bioassay). The samples were investigated concerning their active profile as radical scavengers, antimicrobials, estrogen-like activators and acetylcholinesterase/tyrosinase inhibitors. The [6]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol content of the different products ranged 0.2-7.4mg/g and 0.2-3.0mg/g, respectively. Further, multipotent compounds were discovered, characterized, and for example, assigned as [8]- and [10]-gingerol via HPTLC-ESI-HRMS. The developed bioprofiling is a step forward to new analytical methods needed to inform on the true product quality influenced by cultivation, processing, and storage.
Assuntos
Cromatografia em Camada Fina/métodos , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Zingiber officinale/química , Anti-Infecciosos/análise , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Bacillus subtilis/efeitos dos fármacos , Catecóis/análise , Inibidores da Colinesterase/análise , Inibidores da Colinesterase/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/análise , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Álcoois Graxos/análise , Análise de Alimentos/métodos , Qualidade dos Alimentos , Limite de Detecção , Monofenol Mono-Oxigenase/antagonistas & inibidores , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Extratos Vegetais/químicaRESUMO
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the predominant mycotoxin contaminant in food and feed, causing oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity. Ginger phenolics have been reported for its antioxidant potential and hepatoprotective activity. The present study investigated the protective effects of phenolics rich ginger extract (GE) against AFB1 induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity, in vitro and in vivo. The phenolic acid profiles of GE showed 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol as predominant components. Pretreatment of HepG2 cells with GE significantly inhibited the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA strand break, and cytotoxicity induced by AFB1. A comparable effect was observed in in vivo. Male Wistar rats were orally treated with GE (100 and 250mg/kg) daily, with the administration of AFB 1 (200µg/kg) every alternative day for 28days. Treatment with GE significantly reduced AFB1 induced toxicity on the serum markers of liver damage. In addition, GE also showed significant hepatoprotective effect by reducing the lipid peroxidation and by enhancing the antioxidant enzymes activities. These results combined with liver histopathological observations indicated that GE has potential protective effect against AFB1 induced hepatotoxicity. Additionally, administration of GE up-regulated Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, which further proved the efficiency of GE to inhibit AFB1 induced hepatotoxicity.