Effect of prepared herbal mouthwash in maintaining the oral health of school children: A single-blind randomised control trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Oral health is a vital indicator of overall well-being, quality of life, and general health, with historical roots in Unani medicine (i.e. preventive measures, oral hygiene, and treatment). This study aims to assess the efficacy and safety of prepared herbal mouthwash in maintaining oral health among school children. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: 110 schoolchildren were randomly assigned to the test group (treated with herbal mouthwash -Anacyclus pyrenthrum DC, Punica granutum (pericarp), Capparis spinosa (root bark), and Quercus infectoria Oliv (galls)) and the control group (treated with 0.2 % Chlorhexidine Mouthwash) for 30-days. The response was assessed by DMFT, Salivary pH, Oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S), Plaque index (Loe & Silness) (PI), Plaque index simplified (O'Leary et al., 1972) (PI-S), Gingival Index (Löe-Silness) (GI), and Bleeding on probing (BOP) on baseline and 30th day GI and PI were further assessed on 60th, 90th and 120th days to determine the sustainable effect of the intervention. RESULTS: After treatment, Mean OHI-S, PI, PI-S, GI and BOP significantly reduced on the 30th day from baseline (p ≤ 0.001) in both groups. After discontinuing intervention, both groups showed significantly lower PI and GI scores on the 120th day from baseline. (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study revealed that prepared mouthwash is safe and significantly effective in maintaining oral health, and it could be used as an adjunct to mechanical oral hygiene measures.

Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of probiotic, Aloe vera, povidine-iodine, and chlorhexidine mouthwashes in the treatment of gingival inflammation: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Chemical plaque control with mouthwashes as an adjunct to mechanical plaque control with a toothbrush and dental floss has been considered an effective method for controlling gingivitis. The anti-inflammatory effects of chemical plaque control benefit the oral tissues by reducing inflammation and bleeding. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the clinical efficacy of probiotic, Aloe vera, povidine-iodine, and chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwashes in treating gingivitis patients by assessing changes in their clinical parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospective study was conducted on 40 patients from our outpatient department, divided into 4 groups of 10 patients each: probiotic mouthwash group (group 1); herbal (Aloe vera) mouthwash group (group 2); povidone-iodine mouthwash group (group 3); and CHX mouthwash group (group 4). All participants were provided with the same type of manual toothbrush, the Pepsodent® toothpaste and a respective mouthwash for twice-daily use until the end of a 28-day observation period. Clinical parameters, such as the marginal plaque index (MPI) and bleeding on interdental brushing (BOIB), were recorded at baseline, and on the 14th and 28th day of the study period. RESULTS: All groups showed a significant decrease in the MPI and BOIB scores. The results were similar in patients who used a probiotic mouthwash and those who used a CHX mouthwash. A comparable change in the mean scores was observed among the herbal and povidone-iodine groups from baseline to day 28. CONCLUSIONS: In the treatment of chronic gingivitis patients,a probiotic mouthwash was nearly as effective as CHX in reducing the plaque and bleeding scores. It showed better results in all clinical parameters than herbal and povidone-iodine mouthwashes. Using a mouthwash along with routine tooth brushing can help in treating gingivitis and slow the progression of the periodontal disease.

Curative Effect of Bracketless and Invisible Orthodontic Treatment for Periodontitis and the Influence on Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Serum IL-6, MMP-8 and TNF-α Levels.

Objective: To observe the therapeutic effects of bracketless and invisible orthodontic treatment on periodontitis, as well as on gingival crevicular fluid and serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) and tumors. The impact of necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels fills the current knowledge gap regarding the impact of different orthodontic treatment modalities on biomarker levels in periodontitis patients. Methods: 100 patients with malocclusion secondary to periodontitis were selected as subjects.They were divided into a control group (n=50) and a study group (n=50) according to the random number method. The control group was treated with a straight wire appliances, and the study group was given bracketless and invisible orthodontic treatment. Clinical effects, Periodontal indicators [plaque index (PLI), gingival crevicular bleeding index (SBI), gingival index (GI), periodontal pocket probe depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL)], gingival crevicular fluid and serum IL-6, MMP-8 and TNF-α levels and the incidence of adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. The uniqueness of this method is that it compares the impact of traditional straight-wire orthodontic treatment and invisible orthodontic treatment without brackets on biomarker levels and clinical effects in patients with periodontitis. In order to understand the role of orthodontic treatment methods in Provides useful information for use in periodontitis treatment. Results: The main findings of this study highlight the significant impact of bracketless clear braces in improving periodontal indicators and cytokine levels. Patients treated with bracketless clear braces demonstrate better clinical outcomes in periodontitis treatment compared with traditional straight-wire orthodontic treatment. The response rate of the study group was higher than that of the control group (94.00% vs. 72.00%) (P < .05). After 2 years of treatment, PLT, SBI, GI, PD and CAL were decreased in both groups and the observation group was significantly lower than the control group (P < .05). After 6 months of treatment, the levels of IL-6, MMP-8 and TNF-α in gingival crevicular fluid and serum were decreased in both groups, and the observation group was significantly lower than the control group (P < .05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups (P > .05). Conclusion: The treatment of periodontitis without brackets has a significant effect, which can improve the periodontal condition and reduce the levels of IL-6, MMP-8 and TNF-α in gingival crevicular fluid and serum. Bracketless invisible braces have shown potential clinical significance in improving periodontal indicators and cytokine levels in patients with periodontitis, providing support for providing more comfortable and effective orthodontic treatment options, which may help promote patients' Oral health. These findings suggest the positive role of bracketless invisible braces in comprehensive periodontal treatment, which is expected to influence the practice of orthodontics and periodontal treatment and improve patient treatment experience and effects.

Comparison of the effectiveness of Morus alba and chlorhexidine gels as an adjunct to scaling and root planing on stage II periodontitis - A randomized controlled clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to assess and compare the effect of Morus alba and chlorhexidine gel as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in treating stage II periodontitis. METHODS: A single-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted on 180 patients with stage II periodontitis who received full-mouth SRP. They were randomly assigned to receive chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) gel, Morus alba (MA) and placebo gel for Groups A, B and C, respectively, at the baseline, 15 days and 30 days. Plaque index (PI), Gingival index (GI), periodontal pocket depth (PPD) and quantitative analysis (culture) of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia were assessed at baseline and 45 days. Analysis of variance was used to compare the significant difference in PI, GI, PPD and microbiological parameters between the three groups after the intervention, followed by post hoc Mann-Whitney U and Tukey's HSD test for clinical and microbiological parameters, respectively. RESULTS: Intergroup comparison of the PI, GI and microbiological parameters between the MA and CHX groups at the end of 45 days did not show a statistically significant difference (p > 0.05), whereas a statistically significant difference was observed for PPD between MA and CHX groups with the mean difference of 0.18 mm (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Morus alba gel was found to be effective in decreasing PPD. However, there was no difference between Morus alba and chlorhexidine gel as an adjunct to SRP in treating stage II periodontitis.

Adjunctive use of omega-3 fatty acids in combination with low-dose aspirin in periodontitis: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Periodontitis is one of the most common dental diseases with a range of treatment approaches, including pathogenetically reasonable use of various host immune modulators. One such approach is the use of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in combination with low-dose aspirin. This systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to compare the standard treatment alone and adjunctive use of omega-3 PUFAs in combination with low-dose aspirin with or without standard treatment in patients with periodontitis. A systematic review of the literature was performed using MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Central and Google Scholar databases. Selection criteria included the following: randomized controlled trials in subjects with periodontitis in the age group above 18 years old, with follow-up periods ranging from 6 weeks to 6 months. The meta-analysis was performed using standard methodological procedures according to Cochrane recommendations, including assessment of risk-of-bias and level of evidence (GRADE). Meta-analysis was performed for such clinical outcomes as plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP) and bleeding index (BI) based on data from seven randomized clinical trials conducted between 2010 and 2020. It was shown that adjunctive use of omega-3 PUFAs in combination with low-dose aspirin results in significant clinical improvement in PD, CAL and GI during both short and prolonged follow-up periods. The use of omega-3 PUFAs and low-dose aspirin in periodontitis patients may be promising as an adjunct therapy, however, due to a limited number of patients and significant heterogeneity, further studies need to be conducted.

Fotobiomodulación con láser de baja intensidad en el tratamiento integral ortodóntico: reporte de un caso / Photobiomodulation with low intensity laser in comprehensive orthodontic treatment: report of a case

El apiñamiento dental es una maloclusión frecuen-te y junto con los requerimientos de estética dental son una causa habitual de la solicitud de tratamien-to ortodóncico. El tiempo que demanda y las moles-tias que pudiera ocasionar el tratamiento produce inquietud en los pacientes y un esfuerzo de los or-todoncistas para optimizar el tiempo y prevenir los efectos adversos. Los tratamientos odontológicos multidisciplinarios permiten una mejor respuesta estética, funcional y de estabilidad post tratamiento. El tiempo de alineación dentaria y finalización, en los pacientes tratados con láser de baja intensidad po-dría mejorar tanto los índices gingivales como la res-puesta al dolor. Adicionalmente, las corticales óseas de los pacientes con ortodoncia tratados con láser, podrían verse menos afectadas en comparación con las de los pacientes no tratados. Se presenta un caso de fotobioestimulación con láser de baja intensidad aplicado en un paciente en fase de alineación, que forma parte de un estudio prospectivo aleatorizado que se desarrolla en la FOUBA y fue aprobado por el comité de Ética de la institución. El paciente aceptó y firmó el consentimiento informado. Finalizada la etapa de alineación, se evaluó la efectividad de la te-rapia con láser de baja intensidad actualmente de-nominada fotobiomodulación en incisivos superiores en la fase de alineación para acelerar el movimiento dentario, la respuesta gingival, el dolor, el estado de la cortical alveolar vestibular y la estética del perfil (AU)

Dental crowding, which is a frequent malocclusion, and dental aesthetic requirements are a common cause for requesting orthodontic treatment. The time that the treatment requires and the inconvenience that it could cause worries the patient and makes orthodontists strive to optimize time and prevent adverse effects. Multidisciplinary treatments would allow a better aesthetic, functional and post-treatment stability response. The dental alignment and completion time in patients treated with low-intensity laser could improve both gingival indices and response to pain. Additionally, the bone cortical of orthodontic patients treated with laser could be less affected compared to those of untreated patients. A case of low-intensity laser photobiostimulation applied to a patient in the alignment phase is presented, which is part of a prospective randomized study carried out at FOUBA and was approved by the institution's Ethics Committee. The patient accepted and signed the informed consent. After the alignment phase, the effectiveness of low-level laser therapy actually called photobiomodulation in upper incisors in the alignment phase is evaluated to accelerate tooth movement; the gingival response; the pain; the vestibular alveolar cortical and the aesthetics of the profile (AU)

Comparative Evaluation of 3 Commercial Mouthwash Formulations on Clinical Parameters of Chronic Gingivitis.

BACKGROUND Chlorhexidine (CHX) is not prescribed as a mouthwash for long-term use; therefore, probiotic/herbal mouthwashes are being investigated. This study compared the effect of 3 commercial mouthwashes on plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and bleeding index (BI) in patients with chronic gingivitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty-five patients (all with moderate plaque) were randomly allocated into 3 groups (Gp): Gp 1 (CHX), Gp 2 (Manuka), and Gp 3 (Pro-Dental). Three periodontal clinical parameters - PI, GI, and BI - were recorded at baseline and on days 7, 14, and 28. An oral hygiene maintenance program was followed by a double-blinded intervention (coded bottle containing mouthwash). Both inter-group and intra-group comparisons were made using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with multiple t tests. All probable values were considered to have various levels of significance at P<0.05 or below. RESULTS All indices for all groups showed higher values (mean) at baseline, which were lower on days 7, 14, and 28. No differences in any clinical parameter at any point of time existed between Gp 1 and Gp 2. There were, however, significant differences (P<0.05) between Gp 1/Gp 3 and Gp 2/Gp 3 for all clinical parameters at all observed time periods (days 7, 14, 28). Intra-group comparison for all groups demonstrated highly significant differences between baseline values and other time points. CONCLUSIONS For managing chronic gingivitis, Manuka mouthwash is as effective as a CHX mouthwash, as there were no differences observed in any clinical parameters at any point points.

Effect of Supplementation of Vitamin D in Patients with Periodontitis Evaluated before and after Nonsurgical Therapy.

Background: Vitamin D has anti-inflammatory properties and the potential to increase the generation of antimicrobial peptides like cathelicidin and defensins that may have a good impact on oral health. Higher vitamin D consumption has also been linked to a reduced risk of periodontal disease progression. Hence, the primary objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the clinical and laboratory parameters of oral supplementation of vitamin D as an adjuvant to scaling and root planing and to assess the bone mineral density via qualitative ultrasound bone density scanner in chronic periodontitis patients. Methodology. This study included 40 patients with periodontitis categorized into 2 groups with twenty patients each, Group I comprising scaling and root planing (SRP) alone and Group II comprising SRP along with vitamin D supplementation. Plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment loss was measured as clinical parameters. Serum vitamin D levels were assessed before and after SRP at both baseline and 6 weeks. Results: The intergroup comparison of clinical parameters (PI, GI, PPD, and CAL) at 6 weeks for both the groups showed statistical significance. Intragroup comparison of clinical parameters from baseline to 6 weeks showed a statistically significant reduction in both groups. The mean bone mineral density level in both the control and test groups demonstrated a mean T score of -1.3 and -1.21, respectively. The mean vitamin D levels were 27.8460 and 28.1020 for the test and control groups, respectively, which was statistically insignificant (p = 0.705) and those at six-week intervals improved to 31.3650 and 28.0240 which were statistically significant (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: It could be stated that a positive relationship exists between periodontitis and osteopenia which could aggravate periodontal destruction. All periodontitis cases should thus be evaluated for BMD and supplemented with vitamin D3 in an appropriate dosage and time frame to treat both these diseases.

Does the use of omega-3 fatty acids as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy provide additional benefits in the treatment of periodontitis? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This review aimed to assess the impact of dietary omega-3 fatty acids as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment when compared with periodontal treatment alone on periodontal clinical parameters of periodontitis patients. We included only randomized clinical trials (RCTs) with at least 3-months follow-up of non-surgical periodontal therapy, in combination with dietary omega-3 fatty acids. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and LILACS databases were searched for articles published up to October 2021. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to determine the change in clinical attachment level (CAL), probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and gingival index (GI) after therapy. Of the eight hundred eighty-four potentially relevant papers retrieved from the electronic databases, 10 RCTs were selected for qualitative analysis, and of these, 8 RCTs were included in meta-analysis. RCTs showed a significant PPD reduction/CAL gain associated with the use of omega-3 fatty acids. The pooled estimates revealed significant overall PPD reduction of 0.42 mm (95% CI 0.15, 0.68) and CAL gain 0.58 mm (95% CI 0.24, 0.92). In individuals with periodontitis, the use of omega-3 fatty acid dietary supplementation as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment can provide additional benefits in CAL gain and PPD reduction, compared with non-surgical periodontal treatment alone.

The Gaseous Ozone Therapy as a Promising Antiseptic Adjuvant of Periodontal Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: the establishment of periodontitis is regulated by the primary etiological factor and several individual conditions including the immune response mechanism of the host and individual genetic factors. It results when the oral homeostasis is interrupted, and biological reactions favor the development and progression of periodontal tissues damage. Different strategies have been explored for reinforcing the therapeutic effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment of periodontal tissue damage. Gaseous ozone therapy has been recognized as a promising antiseptic adjuvant, because of its immunostimulating, antimicrobial, antihypoxic, and biosynthetic effects. Then, we hypothesized that the adjunct of gaseous ozone therapy to standard periodontal treatment may be leveraged to promote the tissue healing response. METHODS: to test this hypothesis, we conducted a prospective randomized study comparing non-surgical periodontal treatment plus gaseous ozone therapy to standard therapy. A total of 90 healthy individuals with moderate or severe generalized periodontitis were involved in the study. The trial was conducted from September 2019 to October 2020. Forty-five patients were randomized to receive scaling and root-planning (SRP) used as conventional non-surgical periodontal therapy plus gaseous ozone therapy (GROUP A); forty-five were allocated to standard treatment (GROUP B). The endpoint was defined as the periodontal response rate after the application of the ozone therapy at 3 months and 6 months, defined as no longer meeting the criteria for active periodontitis. Statistical analysis was performed employing SPSS v.18 Chicago: SPSS Inc. RESULTS: periodontal parameters differed significantly between patients treated with the two distinct procedures at 3 months (p ≤ 0.005); a statistically significant difference between groups was observed from baseline in the CAL (p ≤ 0.0001), PPD (p ≤ 0.0001) and BOP (p ≤ 0.0001) scores. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that SRP combined with ozone therapy in the treatment of periodontitis revealed an improved outcome than SRP alone.

Efficacy of herbal- versus chlorhexidine-based mouthwashes towards oral hygiene maintenance in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The review aims to fill the gap in literature by comparing the efficacy of herbal and chlorhexidine-based mouthwashes towards oral hygiene maintenance (OHM) in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment (OT). METHODS: Indexed databases were searched electronically to include randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for data gathering. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020182497). Risk of bias assessment, quality of evidence investigation and meta-analysis were performed to evaluate reported OHM-related parameters at time points before and after the use of chlorhexidine (control group) and herbal mouthwashes (intervention group). With 95% confidence intervals, mean difference (MD) or standardized mean difference (SMD) was used to estimate effect size. RESULTS: Out of eight RCTs, results from one RCT favoured chlorhexidine and the results from a second RCT favoured herbal mouthwashes. Results from three RCTs showed comparable effects for the respective investigated OHM-related parameters. Chlorhexidine demonstrated higher antimicrobial efficacy against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in two studies, and one RCT found comparable antimicrobial efficacies. Risk of bias was low in two studies, and moderate and high in two studies each. Quality of evidence was very low to moderate for the respective investigated parameters. Sub-group analysis for parameters colony forming units (CFU) {SMD (0.40) [95% CI (-0.22, 1.03)], gingival index (GI) {MD (0.06) [95% CI (-0.08, 0.20)]}, plaque index (PI) {SMD 0.22 [95% CI (-0.23, 0.67)]} before the use of chlorhexidine and herbal mouthwashes remained inconclusive. CONCLUSION: The comparison between efficacy of herbal and chlorhexidine towards OHM in patients undergoing fixed OT remains debatable.

Efficacy of antioxidants therapy on progression of periodontal disease - A randomized control trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Increased oxidative stress has emerged as one of the prime factors in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Hence, antioxidant therapy may become a promising tool in the treatment of periodontal disease. Uric acid is a major salivary antioxidant, levels of which decrease in periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of antioxidant therapy on the progression of periodontal disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a randomized controlled clinical trial conducted among 48 systemically healthy participants having generalized gingivitis with probing depth <3 mm, plaque index (PI) <1, and no bone and attachment loss. Participants were randomly assigned equally (n = 24) into two groups (test and control) using the lottery method. Full mouth scaling and root planing were performed in both the groups and oral hygiene instructions were given. Periodontal assessment at baseline 1 h after scaling and root planing was done with clinical parameters by a single examiner. Test group was prescribed; the commercially available anti-oxidant containing natural lycopene with green tea extract. Sample collection was done for both the groups at baseline and at the 45th day. RESULTS: It was observed that significantly high results were obtained during intra-group comparison for both modified plaque index and sulcus bleeding index from baseline to 45 days. After treatment, a very highly significant increase (P ≤ 0.001) in the test group and significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in the control group were observed in salivary uric acid levels. CONCLUSION: Oral lycopene and green tea extract supplementation is positively associated with salivary uric acid levels and plays an important role in the management of gingivitis.

Clinical and Immunological Efficacy of Mangosteen and Propolis Extracted Complex in Patients with Gingivitis: A Multi-Centered Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Mangosteen and propolis extracts (MAEC) have been potential therapeutic agents known to exhibit powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the clinical and immunological efficacy of MAEC as well as safety and patient-reported outcomes (PROMs) on gingivitis and incipient periodontitis. METHODS: This study was performed on 104 patients diagnosed with gingivitis or incipient periodontitis. At baseline, the participants were randomly allocated to either the test group, with daily intake of a single capsule containing 194 mg of MAEC for eight weeks, or control group, with placebo. Clinical periodontal evaluation and immunological parameters from saliva and gingival sulcular fluid were assessed at baseline, four, and eight weeks. Individual PROMs were assessed by OHIP-14 questionnaires. RESULTS: There was a significant difference of modified gingival index at four and eight weeks between the test and control groups. In the test group, crevicular interleukin (IL)-6 was reduced, and the salivary matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 was increased after eight weeks. PROMs were improved up to four weeks compared to placebo. CONCLUSION: Oral administration of MAEC would have a potential to reduce gingival inflammation clinically and immunologically in the patients with gingivitis and incipient periodontitis.

Crossover Analysis of the Astringent, Antimicrobial, and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Illicium verum/Star Anise in the Oral Cavity.

INTRODUCTION: Illicium verum commonly known as star anise has been widely used in many Asian countries for pharmaceutical treatment for many diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory, astringent, and antimicrobial properties of an Illicium verum mouthwash. METHODS: The present double blinded randomized clinical trial was conducted on fifty subjects, divided into groups A and B. Illicium verum mouthwash (group A) and placebo (group B) were provided to subjects for 21 days; after 14 days, washout period mouthwashes were switched as per crossover design between groups for 21 days. The gingival index (GI), papillary bleeding index (PBI), and oral microbial count were recorded at each stage of study. RESULTS: The significant intragroup difference was observed, before crossover in group A and after crossover in group B for GI, PBI, and oral microbial count at different stages of study. On comparing both group A and group B at the first and second follow-up for GI, PBI, and oral microbial count, a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed. A statistically highly significant mean intergroup and intragroup difference was seen for all the clinical parameters at different stages of study. CONCLUSION: The study revealed that the Illicium verum/star anise has potent antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and astringent properties.

No benefit of an adjunctive phototherapy protocol in treatment of periodontitis: A split-mouth randomized controlled trial.

AIM: To assess the efficacy of a commercially available adjunctive phototherapy protocol ("Perio-1") in treatment of periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In an examiner-blind, randomized, controlled, split-mouth, multicentre study, 60 periodontitis patients received root surface debridement (RSD) in sextants either alone (control sextants) or with the adjunctive phototherapy protocol (test sextants). Re-evaluation was performed at 6, 12 and 24 weeks. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences in mean (± standard deviation) clinical attachment level (CAL) change from baseline to week 24 were observed between test (-1.00 ± 1.16 mm) and control sextants (-0.87 ± 0.79 mm) at sites with probing pocket depths (PPDs) ≥5 mm ("deep sites") at baseline (p = .212). Comparisons between test and control sextants for all other parameters (CAL change at all sites, PPD change at deep sites/all sites, bleeding on probing, plaque scores), and for all change intervals, failed to identify any statistically significant differences. CONCLUSIONS: The phototherapy protocol did not provide any additional clinical benefits over those achieved by RSD alone. (German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00011229).

Different applications forms of green tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) for the treatment of periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Scaling and root planning (SRP) is the gold standard for non-surgical periodontal treatment. Green tea as a supporting alternative in non-surgical periodontal treatment has been suggested as a therapeutic option in the treatment of periodontitis. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the comparative effectiveness of green tea (Camellia sinensis) in its different forms and applications for the treatment of periodontitis. METHODS: We included randomized clinical trials evaluating green tea as an adjuvant therapeutic agent to scaling and root planning (SRP) in the treatment of periodontitis. For the meta-analysis, we calculated standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95%CI comparing green tea and control (only SRP). We subgrouped by types of application forms of green tea. The certainty of the evidence was assessed through GRADE. RESULTS: Nine studies were included. The follow-up time of treatments varied from 21 days to 6 months. The subgroup meta-analysis showed that the green tea as sachet reduced probing bleeding (SMD = -0.71; 95%CI) and the gingival index (SMD = -0.78; 95%CI) compared to SRP with very low certainty of evidence. The sachet (SMD = -0.29; 95%CI) and dentifrice (SMD = -1.31; 95%CI) reduced plaque index with very low certainty compared to the control. All forms of application of green tea showed very low certainty of evidence (SMD = -0.27; 95% CI) in reducing the probing depth, as well as for the loss of clinical insertion (SMD = -0.42; 95% CI) with low certainty of evidence. CONCLUSION: There was not a difference in the effectiveness of green tea isolated or in combination with SRP to reduce probing depth. Green tea adjunct to periodontal therapy showed very low certainty of effectiveness for the treatment of periodontal disease.

Comparative evaluation of improvement in periodontal and glycemic health status of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients after scaling and root planing with or without adjunctive use of diode laser.

BACKGROUND: Periodontal treatment in diabetic patients reduces systemic inflammatory burden and hence should be closely coordinated with the patient's overall clinical diabetic management. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of diode laser (DL) (Biolase EpicTM, 940 nm, Irvine, CA, USA) as an adjunct to scaling root and planing (SRP) on periodontal health and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients suffering from generalized chronic periodontitis (CP), currently, stage II or above/grade B or C periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY: After initial screening of 55 T2DM patients, a total of 44 T2DM-CP patients (between the age group of 30 and 65 years) were selected and randomly assigned into two groups. The groups were divided into control group (n=22), treated with scaling and root planing alone (SRP alone), and experimental group (n=22), treated with scaling and root planing along with laser therapy (SRP + DL). Laser irradiation was accomplished at perio pocket setting of 0.8 W (average) in a pulse interval of 1.0 ms and pulse length of 1.0 ms delivering 24 J of energy using a 300-µm fiber optic delivery system. RESULTS: Thirty-seven out of 44 enrolled T2DM-CP patients completed the study. Both treatment modalities, i.e., SRP alone and SRP+DL resulted in mean significant (p < 0.001) improvement in periodontal health parameters (plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL)) and glycemic level (RBS, FBS, and HbA1c) in T2DM-CP patients after 6 months, and was higher in SRP+DL group in comparison to SRP alone. Among the periodontal health parameters, the mean PPD reduction and CAL gain were 51.78% and 48.26% in control as compared to 61.56% and 62.54% in experimental group respectively, whereas the mean significant reduction in HbA1c was 13.8% in SRP alone and 22.52% in SRP+DL group after 6 months (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Periodontal treatment involving SRP+DL contributes to improved periodontal health parameters and HbA1c level in T2DM-CP patients.

Laser-assisted regenerative surgical therapy for peri-implantitis: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Different surgical approaches have been proposed to treat peri-implantitis defects with limited effectiveness and predictability. Laser has been proposed as an effective tool to assist in bacterial decontamination and modulating peri-implant tissue inflammation. The aim of this pilot clinical trial was to evaluate the adjunctive benefits of Er:YAG laser irradiation for regenerative surgical therapy of peri-implantitis-associated osseous defects. METHODS: Twenty-four patients diagnosed with peri-implantitis with a radiographic infrabony defect were randomized into two groups. Both test and control groups received the following treatment: open flap mechanical debridement, supracrestal implantoplasty, bone grafting using a mixture of human allograft with demineralized bone matrix human allograft putty, and then covered with acellular dermal matrix membrane. The only difference in the test group was the adjunctive use of Er:YAG laser to modulate and remove inflammatory tissue as well as to decontaminate the implant surface. Clinical assessments, including pocket depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and gingival index (GI) were performed by calibrated masked examiners for up to 6 months following surgery. Standardized radiographs were also taken to evaluate linear bone gain and defect bone fill. Student t-tests were used to analyze those clinical parameters. RESULTS: Both groups showed significant reductions in PD, GI, and CAL gain overtime. The test group demonstrated significantly higher PD reductions at the site level compared to the control group (2.65 ± 2.14 versus 1.85 ± 1.71 mm; test versus control, P = 0.014). There were no statistical differences found in CAL gain (1.90 ± 2.28 versus 1.47 ± 1.76 mm; test versus control), GI reduction (-1.14 ± 1.15 versus -1.04 ± 0.89; test versus control), radiographic linear bone gain (1.27 ± 1.14 versus 1.08 ± 1.04 mm; test versus control) or proportional defect size reduction (- 24.46 ± 19.00% versus -15.19 ± 23.56%; test versus control). There was a positive trend for test patients on PD reduction and CAL gain found in narrow infrabony defects. Major membrane exposure negatively impaired the overall treatment outcome of CAL gain (2.47 ± 1.84 versus 1.03 ± 1.48 mm; no/minor versus major exposure, P = 0.051) and PD reduction in the test group (-3.63 ± 2.11 versus -1.66 ± 1.26 mm, P = 0.049). CONCLUSION: This pilot study indicated using laser irradiation during peri-implantitis regenerative therapy may aid in better probing PD reduction. Nonetheless, a larger sample size and longer follow-up is needed to confirm if Er:YAG laser irradiation provides additional clinical benefits for peri-implantitis regenerative therapy (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03127228).

Dental Status of Firefighters of Rio de Janeiro State and Comparison with Brazilian Oral Health Surveys

ABSTRACT Objective: This cross-sectional study aimed to assess clinical dental status in military firefighters of Rio de Janeiro State and compare data with Brazilian National and Regional oral health surveys. Material and Methods: A sample of 926 military firefighters was examined using the visible biofilm index, the DMFT index and the Community Periodontal Index (CPI). Clinical exams were performed by 15 trained dentists. The Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test with Bonferroni correction were used. Results: Higher biofilm accumulation was associated with increased age. The mean DMFT index for the whole sample of this study was 12.74 (±7.03), and the 'filled' component was the most prevalent (69.9%), whereas the 'decayed' and 'missing' components were, respectively, 8.4% and 21.7%. There was a higher prevalence of periodontal diseases with increasing age, ranging from 57.1% in firefighters of 34 years or less to 70.5% in the ones between 35 and 44 years old and 75.4% in participants at age 45 years or older. Clinical dental status of the military firefighters who belonged to the age group 35-44 was better than the one observed for the Brazilian population at the same age range. However, pathological conditions that can be solved with health promotion strategies associated with dental procedures of low complexity still persist. Conclusion: These results suggest that the availability of dental health care services itself does not represent the most effective approach to the oral health problems found in the studied population.

Periodontal Comparison on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients and Healthy Subjects: A Cross-Sectional Study

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze periodontal comparison between Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) subject and healthy control. Material and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study included 122 subjects, 61 SLE patients and 61 healthy subjects who visited the Rheumatology Department, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, during 2017-2018. Clinical examination of SLE was using Mexican SLE Disease Activity Index and oral cavity conditions were assessed using the periodontal index, gingival index, calculus index, bleeding on probing, clinical attachment loss and mobility teeth. Results: The age of SLE patients ranged from 18-55 years old with the mean age of 29.50 ± 9.57 years old. Periodontitis was higher in SLE patients (88.5%) than healthy subjects (22.95%). In addition, periodontitis occurrence in SLE (2.66 ± 1.02) was significantly different (p<0.001) compared to healthy subjects (0.51 ± 0.81). Conclusion: This study found higher rates of periodontitis, gingivitis, bleeding on probing, clinical attachment loss, and mobility tooth among SLE patients compared to healthy subjects. Periodontitis was also found to be higher along with more severe SLE group.