Sodium alginate coating of Ginkgo biloba leaves extract containing phenylpropanoids as an ecofriendly preserving agent to maintain the quality of peach fruit.

Plant constituents are of great interest in the food processing industry as potential natural preservative agents for controlling foodborne pathogens. In this study, the 95% EtOH/H2 O extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves was separated using polarity extraction solvents with petroleum ether (PE), ethyl acetate (EA), n-butanol (nB), and water (W) by the principle of similarity and compatibility. Through TLC and NMR analysis of these extracts, it can be concluded that the main component of PE extract were organic acids, for EA extract were flavonoids, for nB extract were phenylpropanoids, and water extract were oligosaccharides. Twelve monomer compounds were separated from the extracts to verify the composition of each extraction stage. Results of morphological and molecular identification revealed that Monilinia fructicola and Rhizopus stolonifer were the main fungi causing peach rot. After evaluating the antifungal activity and peach quality of the four extract/sodium alginate coatings, it was found that the n-butanol extract/sodium alginate coating containing phenylpropanoids had the lowest decay index and the best preservation effect, providing a sustainable alternative to reduce the harm to the environment of synthetic preservatives. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The abuse of synthetic preservatives poses a threat to the ecological environment and physical health. Therefore, this study developed sodium alginate coating of Ginkgo biloba leaves extract containing phenylpropanoids, which has good effects on the preservation of peaches. The agent is a promising environmentally friendly alternative for synthetic preservatives.

assessment of antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-urease and anti-tyrosinase capacities of leaves extracts.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the chemical profile of methanolic crude extract and its fractions (Ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, to evaluate their biological and pharmacological properties: antioxidant (1, 1-diphenyl-2-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic) (ABTS), galvinoxyle free radical scavenging, reducing power, phenanthroline and ß carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assays), enzymes inhibitory ability against several enzymes [acetyl-cholinesterase (AChE), buthyrylcholinesterase (BChE), urease and tyrosinase]. METHODS: Secondary metabolites were extracted from Tamarix africana air-dried powdered leaves by maceration, the crude extract was fractionated using different solvents with different polarities (Ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous). The amount of polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins (hydrolysable and condensed) were determined using colorimetric assays. A variety of biochemical tests were carried out to assess antioxidant and oxygen radical scavenging properties using DPPH, ABTS, galvinoxyle free radical scavenging, reducing power, phenanthroline and ß carotene-linoleic acid bleaching methods. Neuroprotective effect was examined against acetylcholinesterase and buthy-rylcholinesterase enzymes. The anti-urease and anti-tyrosinase activities were performed against urease and tyrosinase enzymes respectively. The extract's components were identified using LC-MS and compared to reference substances. RESULTS: The results indicated that Tamarix africana extracts presented a powerful antioxidant activity in all assays and exhibited a potent inhibitory effect against AChE and BChE as well as urease and tyrosinase enzymes. LC-MS analysis identified amount of eight phenolic compounds were revealed in this analysis; Apigenin, Diosmin, Quercetin, Quercetine-3-glycoside, Apigenin 7-O glycoside, Rutin, Neohesperidin and Wogonin in methanolic extract and its different fractions of Tamarix africana from leaves. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, it is reasonable to assume that Tamarix africana could be considered as a potential candidate for pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food industries to create innovative health-promoting drugs.

Antiapoptotic and antioxidative efficacy of rhizomes of Curcuma amada on the management of diabetes-induced male infertility in albino rat: An effective fraction selection study.

Men with diabetes have negative effects on reproduction that causes sexual dysfunction. Medicinal plants are non-toxic and much safer than synthetic drugs because regular use of synthetic drugs shows long-term side effects. Curcuma amada (Roxb) is a medicinal plant used in Ayurveda and Unani medicinal systems in India. The goal of this study is to rummage the potential efficiency of the most potent solvent fraction of effective extract of hydro-methanol 60:40 of C. amada rhizome on male gonadal hypofunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Diabetes-induced testicular hypofunction was evaluated by glycemic, spermiological, biochemical, genomic, flow cytometric, and histology of testicular tissue. The n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl-acetate, and n-butanol solvent fractions of the said extract were administrated for 4 weeks at 10 mg dose/100 g body weight/day. Among all the used fractions, the ethyl-acetate solvent fraction-treated group showed maximum recovery in serum insulin (177.42%), sperm count (92.84%), sperm motility (97.15%), and serum testosterone (164.33%). The diabetic rats treated with ethyl-acetate solvent fraction also exhibited the maximum resettlement in flow cytometric analysis of sperm viability (55.84%) and sperm mitochondrial integrity (149.79%), gene expression patterns of key markers for androgenesis (Δ5, 3ß-HSD 87.50%, and 17ß-HSD 74.66%) and apoptosis (Bax 44.63%, Bcl-2 54.03%, and Caspase-3 35.77%) along with testicular histology. The ethyl-acetate fraction contains alkaloids, flavonoids, and polyphenols where all of these components are not present in other fractions, may be the most effective cause for the recovery of diabetes-linked oxidative stress-mediated testicular hypofunctions. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Nowadays worldwide, the use of synthetic drugs are reduced due to their toxic effect. At present, synthetic drugs are replaced by several herbal drugs, the natural source of medicine which has many therapeutic values. C. amada has strong antioxidant activity due to the presence of bio-active compound(s) that can able to manage streptozotocin-induced diabetes linked to oxidative damage of male gonadal organs. Therefore, these bio-active compound(s)-containing said medicinal plant may use as a good source of antioxidative food in the food industry as nutraceuticals and in pharmaceutical industries for the development of the herbal drug to manage diabetes-linked male gonadal hypofunctions. At present, WHO also gives emphasis for developing one drug-multi-disease therapy. From such a viewpoint, this active fraction-containing phytomolecules may have corrective efficacy against diabetes as well as oxidative stress-linked testicular complications.

Antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral activity, and gas chromatographic analysis of Varanus griseus oil extracts.

There is an urgent need to develop natural antimicrobials for the control of rapidly mutating drug-resistant bacteria and poultry viruses. Five extracts were prepared using diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, methanol, 1-butanol and n-hexane from abdominal fats of Varanus griseus locally known as Indian desert monitor. Antibacterial, antioxidant and antiviral activities from oil extracts were done through disc diffusion method, stable 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and in ovo antiviral assay, respectively. The gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were used to determine principal active compounds and chemical profile of each oil extract. n-Hexane extract showed clear zones of inhibition (ZOI) against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae (12 ± 0.5 mm, 9 ± 0.5 mm, and 9 ± 0.5 mm) while diethyl ether extract exhibited significant antibacterial activity (11 ± 0.5 mm) against Proteus vulgaris only. In case of drug-resistant strains, methanol extract was active (6 ± 0.5 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus, whereas n-hexane extract has shown ZOI 11 ± 0.5 mm against P. aeruginosa. Range of percentage scavenging activity of V. griseus oil extracts from DPPH free radical assay was 34.9-70.7%. For antiviral potential, growth of new castle disease virus (NDV) was effectively inhibited by all five extracts (HA titer = 0-4). The highest antiviral activity against avian influenza virus (H9N2) was observed from methanol, diethyl ether and 1-Butanol oil extracts with HA titers of 2, 2 and 0, respectively. Methanol, diethyl ether, 1-butanol and n-hexane oil extracts produced best hemagglutination assay (HA) titer values (0, 0, 4 and 0) against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Ethyl acetate and 1-Butanol extract exhibited good antiviral potential against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) with indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) titers of 8 and 4, respectively. Main classes of identified compounds through gas chromatography were aldehydes, fatty acids, phenols and esters. GC-MS identified 11 bioactive compounds in V. griseus oil extracts. It is summarized that V. griseus oil has strong antioxidant activity and good antimicrobial potential because of its bioactive compounds.

Nephroprotective effect of persimmon leaves (Diospyros kaki L.f.) against CCl4-induced renal toxicity in Swiss Albino rats.

Diospyros kaki L.f. fruit and leaves are traditionally used for the treatment of hypertension, angina, internal hemorrhage, antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory effects.In the current study, the protective effects of ethyl acetate (Per-1), n-butanol (Per-2), and aqueous (Per-3) fractions of Diospyros kaki leaves against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced nephrotoxicity in Swiss albino rats were tested. Animal were divided into nine groups; each group consists of six animals. The groups were : group I was untreated and kept as control, group II was treated with CCl4 only, group III (silymarin with CCl4); group IV (Per-1 100 mg/kg with CCl4);group V (Per-1 200 mg/kg with CCl4); group VI (Per-2 100 mg/kg with CCl4); group VII (Per-2 200 mg/kg with CCl4); group VIII (Per-3 100 mg/kg with CCl4); and group IX (Per-3 200 mg/kg with CCl4). Silymarin was used as standard drug. All tested fractions were found active (except Per-1 at low dose of 100 mg/kg) with significant value (p < 0.001) compared to CCl4 only group. Serum creatinine, malondialdehyde (MDA), and uric acid were significantly (p < 0.001) lowered in group VII-IX as compared to CCl4 only group. Similarly, total protein (TP) and non-protein sulfhydryls(NP-SH) level in kidney tissues were significantly (p < 0.001) elevated in the same groups compared to CCl4 only group. Further to check the cardio-protective potential, biochemical parameters such as LDH, creatine kinase, TP, MDA, and NP-SH levels in myocardial tissues were also estimated.These findings confirmed that the n-butanol and aqueous fractions are active and recommended for further bioactive phytoconstituents screening. Repeated column chromatography on silica gel G and sephadex-LH-20 of the active n-butanol fraction, four flavonoids were isolated. Based on the spectroscopic NMR data, compounds were identified as kaempferol (1), quercetin (2), astragalin (3), and rutin (4).

Direct versus Sequential Analysis of Procyanidin- and Prodelphinidin-Based Condensed Tannins by the HCl-Butanol-Acetone-Iron Assay.

In this study, we optimized the HCl-butanol-acetone-iron (HBAI) assay for the analysis of B-linked procyanidin (PC) and prodelphinidin (PD) condensed tannins (CTs) by direct analysis of whole tissue and sequential analysis of acetone-water extracts and insoluble residues prepared from forage, woody plant, food, and food byproduct samples. Yields of anthocyanidins (cyanidin and delphinidin) were optimized by heating ≤0.25 mg mL-1 CT standards, 1 mg mL-1 tissue, or 1-2 mg mL-1 acetone-water fractioned tissue for 3 h at 70 °C in medium containing 5% concentrated HCl, 6.7% total water, 50% acetone, 42% n-butanol, and 0.15% ammonium iron(III) sulfate dodecahydrate. Accurate quantitation required CT standards of known purity sourced from the same tissue being analyzed. Both analysis methods provided comparable estimates of total CTs for most PD-rich samples, but only the sequential method gave good recovery and accurate estimates of CTs in most PC-rich samples.

Search for compounds contributing to onion-like off-flavor in beer and investigation of the cause of the flavor.

Onion-like off-flavor is a highly undesirable property in beer. Although several compounds that impart onion-like odors have been identified, the individual contribution of these compounds to the onion-like off-flavor in beer is not clear. In the present study, we searched for compounds that impart an onion-like odor by gas chromatography (GC)-olfactometry. The analysis of several types of beer revealed that 2-mercapto-3-methyl-1-butanol (2M3MB) and 3-mercapto-3-methyl-1-butanol (3M3MB) were possible causative compounds. Based on the difference threshold values in beer (0.13 ng/mL for 2M3MB and 17.5 ng/mL for 3M3MB) and the quantification values of these compounds in beer samples, only 2M3MB was considered to contribute to the onion-like off-flavor in beer. A further formation factor analysis of 2M3MB revealed that 2M3MB was formed in hopped wort after fermentation, and that the concentration of 2M3MB increased following the hot aeration treatment of wort. These results suggest that preventing the hot aeration of wort is a key factor for reducing 2M3MB levels in beer. In a previous report, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol (3MBol) was speculated to be the precursor of 2M3MB and 3M3MB; however, the results of the present quantification analysis and wort addition tests indicate that 3MBol did not contribute to the formation of 2M3MB in the brewing process and that unknown precursors of 2M3MB originated in wort. Identifying the precursor of 2M3MB may facilitate elucidation of the mechanism of 2M3MB formation.

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS FROM CHRYSOPHYLLUM ALBIDUM G. DON-HOLL. STEM-BARK EXTRACTS AND THEIR ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES.

BACKGROUND: The plant, Chrysophyllum albidum is indigenous to Nigeria and its stem-bark has wide application in traditional medicine for the treatment of infections and oxidative stress related diseases. The aim of the study was to isolate the chemical constituents responsible for the antioxidant and antibacterial activity from the stem-bark of the plant in order to justify some of its ethnomedicinal uses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Crude extract of stem-bark of Chrysophyllum albidum obtained from 80% ethanol was successively partitioned with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and n-butanol. The solvent fractions and isolated compounds were tested for antioxidant property using 2-2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. Antibacterial activities were also assessed by means of agar-diffusion and broth micro dilution methods. EtOAc fraction was repeatedly fractionated on column chromatography to afford four compounds and their chemical structures were established using NMR (1D and 2D) and MS. RESULTS: Chromatographic fractionation of EtOAc fraction with the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activities afforded stigmasterol (1),: epicatechin (2),: epigallocatechin (3): and procyanidin B5 (4).: Procyanidin B5 isolated for the first time from genus Chrysophyllum demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 8.8 µM and 11.20 µM in DPPH and nitric oxide assays respectively and equally demonstrated the highest inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli (MIC 156.25 µg/mL), Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 156.25 µg/mL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC 625 µg/mL) and Bacillus subtilis (MIC 156.25 µg/mL). CONCLUSION: The antibacterial and antioxidant activities of epicatechin, epigallocatechin and procyanidin B5 isolated from Chrysophyllum albidum stem-bark validate the folkloric uses.

Chemical constituents comparison of Codonopsis tangshen, Codonopsis pilosula var. modesta and Codonopsis pilosula.

Dang-shen, radix Codonopsis is one of the best-known traditional Chinese medicines and is used mainly as a tonic agent. Nine commercial products belong to three species of Codonopsis genus, Codonopsis tangshen, Codonopsis pilosula var. modesta and a cultivated species of Codonopsis pilosula, which were purchased from drug stores in Taipei and Taichung, Taiwan. To determine the chemical differences between samples of Dang-shen, a method combining solvent partition and HPLC-UV was used. An enriched fraction of n-butanol was obtained, after partition. Then, the chemical profile was determined using a C18 reversed column chromatography in a gradient solvent system with 10-40% acetonitrile in 0.1% formic acid, for 60 min. A comparison of the constituents in the nine commercial products of Dang-shen showed that compounds codonopyrrolidum A, B and codonoside A only exist in C. tangshen, but not in C. pilosula var. modesta and C. pilosula. A predominate compound, codonopyrrolidum A, can be used to distinguish the herbs, C. tangshen from C. pilosula var. modesta and C. pilosula. Low secondary metabolite content was found in the cultivated species of C. pilosula.

A profile of bioactive compounds of Rumex vesicarius L.

The present study was designed to investigate the bioactive compounds in extracts of Rumex vesicarius L. (Polygonaceae), a wild edible herb growing in Egypt. Ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of leaves of R. vesicarius were conducted by HPLC-PDA-MS/MS-ESI in the negative mode to analyze phenolics content. Results revealed the identification of 13 phenolic compounds: 8-C-glucosyl-apigenin, 8-C-glucosyl-luteolin, 6-C-hexosyl-quercetin, 3-O-rutinosyl-quercetin, 7-O-rhamno-hexosyl-diosmetin, 7-O-rhamno-acetylhexosyl-diosmetin, catechin, epicatechin, ferulohexoside, 6-C-glucosyl-naringenin, epicatechin gallate, 6-C-glucosyl-catechin, and epigallocatechin gallate. Quantification of the identified compounds revealed that 6-C-glucosyl-naringenin was the major compound. Also, qualitative and quantitative analysis of the hydro-ethanolic extract of leaves was carried out for ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, ß-carotene. The essential oil as well as lipids analysis of saponifiable and unsaponifiable matters. The biochemical studies were conducted to evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of roots (REE), leaves (LEE), and fruits (FEE) ethanolic extracts of R. vesicarius (100 mg/kg b.wt., p.o., each) against hepatotoxicity induced by CCl(4) (0.5 mL/kg b.wt., p.o., 3 times a week) compared with silymarin (50 mg/kg b.wt., p.o.) as standard drug. The results confirmed that coadministration of the tested extracts or silymarin with CCl(4) for 4 wk exhibited a marked hepatoprotective activity, attributed to their antioxidant potential, membrane stabilizing effect, and antifibrogenic activities. Practical Application: Investigation of the effect of hommad as a safe hepatoprotective diet that prospectively directs the attention to a valuable therapeutic natural herb rich in bioactive constituents.

Flavonoid glycosides from the leaves of Cissus ibuensis hook (vitaceae).

The bioactive N-butanol fraction of the ethanol extract of the leaves of Cissus ibuensis was fractionated over silica Gel column to give Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (I) and mixtures of Flavonoids (A2). A2 was fractionated using reverse phase HPLC to give Kaempferol 3-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl (1→6)-ß-D-galactopyranoside (II), Kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside(III) and Kaempferol3-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl (1→6)-α-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-ß-D-galactopyranoside (IV). The structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and compared with literature.

Characterization of microemulsion structures in the pseudoternary phase diagram of isopropyl palmitate/water/Brij 97:1-butanol.

This research was aimed to characterize microemulsion systems of isopropyl palmitate (IPP), water, and 2:1 Brij 97 and 1-butanol by different experimental techniques. A pseudoternary phase diagram was constructed using water titration method. At 45% wt/wt surfactant system, microemulsions containing various ratios of water and IPP were prepared and identified by electrical conductivity, viscosity, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), cryo-field emission scanning electron microscopy (cryo-FESEM) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results from conductivity and viscosity suggested a percolation transition from water-in-oil (water/oil) to oil-in-water (oil/water) microemulsions at 30% wt/wt water. From DSC results, the exothermic peak of water and the endothermic peak of IPP indicated that the transition of water/oil to oil/water microemulsions occurred at 30% wt/wt water. Cryo-FESEM photomicrographs revealed globular structures of microemulsions at higher than 15% wt/wt water. In addition, self-diffusion coefficients determined by NMR reflected that the diffusability of water increased at higher than 35% wt/wt water, while that of IPP was in reverse. Therefore, the results from all techniques are in good agreement and indicate that the water/oil and oil/water transition point occurred in the range of 30% to 35% wt/wt water.

[GC-MS analysis of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction products from Rhodiola tibetica].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the chemical constituents of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction products from Rhodiola tibetica. METHOD: The chemical constituents were separated and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULT: 26 Components were identified, and their relative contents were determined by normalization method of area. CONCLUSION: This study provides foundation for the exploitation of the resources of R. tibetica.