[Diagnosis and therapy of abscess forming pneumonia]. / Diagnostik und Therapie abszedierender Pneumonien.

Aspiration of oro-pharyngeal secretions and gastric content is the most frequent cause of formation of primary lung abscess. A compromised mental status (e.g. alcoholism, sedatives, stroke) and esophageal dysfunction (e.g. herniation, vomiting) are important risk factors. Aspiration pneumonia presents as a subacute disease and is usually not distinguishable from other causes of pneumonia, until typical radiological signs of cavitation and putrid sputum appear 8 to 14 days after the initial event of aspiration. Anaerobic bacteria play a pivotal role in an almost exclusively mixed spectrum of causative organisms. Aerobic pathogens are also frequently isolated, but whether they are an active part of infection or merely represent colonizers remains unclear in many instances. Differential diagnosis includes bronchial neoplasms, either as necrotizing carcinoma or as the cause of poststenotic cavernous pneumonia, other infectious diseases like tuberculosis, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia or endocarditis with septic metastases, and lung artery embolism or vasculitis (M. Wegener). Fiberoptic bronchoscopy is extremely helpful in determining cause and etiology of the disease and should be carried out in all patients presenting with cavernous lung lesions. Bacteriological sampling should be performed using protected specimen brushing (PSB) technique. Broncho-alveolar lavage might serve as a less expensive but also less sensitive alternative measure. Since anaerobic bacteria resemble ubiquitous commensals of the oral cavity, sputum is of no use in anaerobic culture. Principal therapeutic strategy is antibiotic therapy for an extended period, usually four weeks to four months, unless radiologic changes and as well laboratory as clinical indicators of infection are completely resolved. Clindamycin, optionally supplemented with a second or third generation cephalosporin and Ampicillin/Sulbactam proved equally effective in treating aspiration pneumonia and primary lung abscess. The role of Moxifloxacin and other new flouroquinolones with their favorable pharmacodynamics is currently evaluated. Provided that antibiotics are prescribed for a sufficient period of time and patients' compliance is ensured, surgical procedures are limited to a negligible number of complications, e.g. recurrent severe hemoptysis, empyema or broncho-pleural fistula.

Doce casos de absceso pulmonar en pediatría: revisión clínica / 12 cases of lung abscesses in paediatrics: clinical review

El absceso pulmonar (AP) se define como un área de supuración que desarrolla necrosis central y cavitación del parénquima pulmonar, rodeado por una pared gruesa de tejido inflamatorio. Con el objeto de describir las características clínicas, tratamiento y evolución de los pacientes con AP, revisamos los 12 pacientes con AP egresados del Servicio de Pediatría del Hos. Clínico de la U. Católica, durante un período de 10 años (1990 a 1999) cinco pacientes eran hombres; tenían una edad promedio de 4,3 años (5 meses a 8 años); los síntomas principales fueron fiebre, tos, dificultad respiratoria y compromiso del estado general, 7 habían usado antibióticos previo al ingreso. En 10/12 se observó leucocitosis (promedio: 20 136 cel/mmü), aumento de la VHS (promedio: 78 mm/h) y elevación de la PCR (promedio: 31 mg/di). La localización más frecuente fue el LSD (7 casos), LID (2 pacientes), LII (2 casos) y 1 tenía compromiso de LSD y LID. En 7 casos se observó concomitantemente derrame pleural, 4 presentaron atelectasia y 2 neumotórax. Se aisló germen en 4 pacientes, Streptococcus pneumoniae en 3/4 (uno asociado a Stafilococcus aureus) y Streptococcus beta hemolítico grupo A en 1 caso. Todos recibieron tratamiento con 1 o más antibióticos, 2 requirieron lobectomía por alteración anatómica predisponente (secuestro pulmonar o quiste pulmonar simple). La evolución fue hacia la mejoría en todos, con una estadía hospitalaria promedio de 14,8 días y desaparición de las imágenes cavitarias entre la cuarta semana y tercer mes posterior al alta. En nuestro estudio encontramos que el AP es poco frecuente, que tiene una evolución favorable con resolución clínica y radiológica, requiriendo la gran mayoría de las veces solo tratamiento médico

[Prevention of early inflammatory complications after transthoracic interventions and estimation of the degree of immunologic deficiency]. / Profilaktika rannikh vospalitel'nykh oslozhnenii posle trans- torakal'nykh vmeshatel'stv s uchetom vyrazhennosti immunodefitsita.

An analysis of the results of the examination and treatment of 379 patients undergoing transthoracic interventions showed that the use of the target-aimed selective immunomodulation, short-term antibacterial prophylaxis, inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolites, active elimination of the circulating immune complexes and medium-weight molecular peptides and adequate local analgesia after the interventions providing normalization of the laryngeal reflex and early activation of the patients permitted the incidence of the pulmonary complications to be decreased by 2.5 times, pleural complications by 1.7 times, suppuration of the postoperative wound by 1.8 times and the total expenses by 25.6 per cent.