Acrolein-Trapping Mechanism of Theophylline in Green Tea, Coffee, and Cocoa: Speedy and Successful.

Increasing evidence has identified the unsaturated aldehyde acrolein (ACR) as the potential factor that causes deoxyribonucleic acid cross-linking and the development of chronic diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which theophylline (TP) scavenges ACR for the first time. TP efficiently scavenged ACR through forming adducts, which was demonstrated in a system in which TP was incubated with ACR at different ratios for different times for liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Then, the mono- and di-ACR-TP adducts were purified, and their structures were elucidated by high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. We found that the ACR residue on mono-ACR-TP further trapped one more ACR and formed di-ACR-TP adducts. Furthermore, mono- and di-ACR-TP had similar time-dependent ACR-scavenging activity to TP. Finally, we demonstrated that green tea, coffee, and cocoa inhibited ACR by trapping ACR to form mono- and di-ACR-TP adducts during the incubation of green tea, coffee, and cocoa with ACR.

Guarana (Paullinia cupana Mart.) prevents ß-amyloid aggregation, generation of advanced glycation-end products (AGEs), and acrolein-induced cytotoxicity on human neuronal-like cells.

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are considered potent molecules capable of promoting neuronal cell death and participating in the development of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous studies have shown that AGEs exacerbate ß-amyloid (Aß) aggregation and AGE-related cross-links are also detected in senile plaques. Acrolein (ACR) is an α, ß-unsaturated aldehyde found in the environment and thermally processed foods, which can additionally be generated through endogenous metabolism. The role of ACR in AD is widely accepted in the literature. Guarana (Paullinia cupana Mart.) is popularly consumed by the population in Brazil, mainly for its stimulant activity. In the present study, we showed that guarana (10, 100, and 1000 µg/mL) is able to prevent protein glycation, ß-amyloid aggregation, in vitro methylglyoxal, glyoxal, and ACR (20 µM)-induced toxicity on neuronal-like cells (SH-SY5Y). Since these are considered typical AD pathological hallmarks, we propose that guarana may deserve further research as a potential therapeutic agent in such a neurodegenerative disease.

Hydroxytyrosol protects against oxidative damage by simultaneous activation of mitochondrial biogenesis and phase II detoxifying enzyme systems in retinal pigment epithelial cells.

Studies in this laboratory have previously shown that hydroxytyrosol, the major antioxidant polyphenol in olives, protects ARPE-19 human retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative damage induced by acrolein, an environmental toxin and endogenous end product of lipid oxidation, that occurs at increased levels in age-related macular degeneration lesions. A proposed mechanism for this is that protection by hydroxytyrosol against oxidative stress is conferred by the simultaneous activation of two critically important pathways, viz., induction of phase II detoxifying enzymes and stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis. Cultured ARPE-19 cells were pretreated with hydroxytyrosol and challenged with acrolein. The protective effects of hydroxytyrosol on key factors of mitochondrial biogenesis and phase II detoxifying enzyme systems were examined. Hydroxytyrosol treatment simultaneously protected against acrolein-induced inhibition of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator 1 alpha (PPARGC1α) in ARPE-19 cells. The activation of Nrf2 led to activation of phase II detoxifying enzymes, including γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-ligase, NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)-quinone-oxidoreductase 1, heme-oxygenase-1, superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxin and thioredoxin as well as other antioxidant enzymes, while the activation of PPARGC1α led to increased protein expression of mitochondrial transcription factor A, uncoupling protein 2 and mitochondrial complexes. These results suggest that hydroxytyrosol is a potent inducer of phase II detoxifying enzymes and an enhancer of mitochondrial biogenesis. Dietary supplementation of hydroxytyrosol may contribute to eye health by preventing the degeneration of retinal pigment epithelial cells induced by oxidative stress.

[Improvement of local lymph node assay for cosmetics safety evaluation].

OBJECTIVE: To improve the local lymph node assay (LLNA) as an alternative method to detect chemicals for both sensitization and irritation. METHODS: The following chemicals: one negative control: 4-Aminobenzoic Acid, three sensitizers: 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), Hexyl cinnamic aldehyde (HCA), 2-Aminophenol (2-APC) and two irritations: potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) were selected. According to the normal LLNA, groups of female Balb/c mice were treated with test solutions. The thickness of each ear was measured and each auricle was weighed. On the sixth day, the bilateral draining auricular lymph nodes were excised and weighed. The single cell suspensions were prepared, the lymphocyte were counted and the proliferations of lymph cells were detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8). RESULTS: Significant increase in ear thickness and weight were found in groups of KOH, SLS and DNCB (above 0.5%) (P < 0.05), which could be considered as irritants, whereas irritation were not found in 2-APC and HCA. In the allergic test, three sensitizers showed positive, but different sensitivity were found among each index. HCA, DNCB and 2-APC could all obviously augment the weight of lymph node and the lymphocyte count in different groups (P < 0.05). Conspicuous proliferation of lymphocyte were found in DNCB (all group), HCA (above the middle dose) and 2-APC (high dose) by CCK-8. CONCLUSION: The reformed LLNA using auricle thickness and weighing as observed markers for irritation, and using lymph nodes weighing and proliferation of lymphocyte as observed markers for sensitization, could evaluate both sensitization and irritation at the same time.

Plasma cell gingivitis among herbal toothpaste users: a report of three cases.

AIM: The aim of this article is to present a brief review of plasma cell gingivitis (PCG) along with reports of three cases with varying clinical presentations of the condition associated with the use of herbal toothpaste. BACKGROUND: PCG is a rare benign condition of the gingiva characterized by sharply demarcated erythematous and edematous gingivitis often extending to the mucogingival junction. This is considered a hypersensitive reaction. The histological appearance consists of a dense infiltration of normal plasma cells separated by collagenous stroma, usually confined to the free and attached gingiva. The lesion can be eliminated by identifying and avoiding the source of the allergen. REPORT: Three patients ages 26, 27, and 36, respectively, presented with acutely inflamed gingival and a history of recently switching to herbal toothpaste. The gingiva bled readily on probing. Blood tests and gingival biopsy were not contributory. Patients were advised to refrain from the use of herbal toothpaste, and, along with periodontal treatment, the condition underwent remission within a week to two weeks in all three cases. SUMMARY: As more and more herbal products are gaining popularity, clinicians should be aware of some of the untoward effects of these products. Since PCG mimics lesions associated with leukemia and myeloma an early diagnosis of the condition is vital.

Human assay for identifying substances which induce non-allergic contact urticaria: the NICU-test.

The problems of non-immunologic contact urticariogens are addressed from various points of view. A new test for evaluating substances which may cause non-immunologic contact urticaria in humans, the NICU test, is introduced. Characteristic data of widely known contact urticariogens are given.