Determination of Tissue Protective and Antioxidant Activities of Two Medicinal Mushrooms from Turkey against CCl4-lnduced Experimental Oxidative Stress in Rats.

This study aimed at determining hepatoprotective and antioxidants effects of Lactarius deliciosus and Agrocybe cylindracea against CCl4-induced oxidative stress (OS) in rats. Herein, 36 rats were divided into 6 groups: (I) Control, (II) CCl4, (III) CCl4 + L. deliciosus, (IV) L. deliciosus, (V) CCl4 + A. cylindracea, and (VI) A. cylindracea. According to the 7-week study results, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) (brain), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (kidney), malondialdehyde (MDA) (kidney), MDA (spleen), MDA (erythrocyte), GST (erythrocyte), and GST (liver) in group III (at 10%, 26%, 34%, 57%, 7%, 25%, 42%, 27%, and 35%, respectively) were significantly lower than in group II. Moreover, the reduced glutathione (GSH) (spleen) and catalase (spleen) in group III (at 20% and 38%, respectively) were significantly higher than in group II. AST, ALT, triglyceride, glutathione reductase (GR) (brain), GR (kidney), SOD (spleen), and SOD (liver) in group V (at 194%, 147%, 38%, 36%, 66%, 8%, and 7%, respectively) were significantly higher than in group II. However, MDA (kidney), MDA (erythrocyte), (GSH) (erythrocyte), MDA (liver), GSH (liver), and GST (liver) in group V (at 48%, 35%, 34%, 15%, 30%, and 41%, respectively) were significantly lower than in group II. Hence, while L. deliciosus may exhibit tissue-protective against CCl4-induced OS in rats, A. cylindracea does not.

The antioxidative and anti-aging effects of acidic- and alkalic-extractable mycelium polysaccharides by Agrocybe aegerita (Brig.) Sing.

Two extractable polysaccharides of Ac-MPS and Al-MPS were extracted from the mycelium of Agrocybe aegerita (Brig.) Sing and the in vitro antioxidant activities and in vivo anti-aging activities in a d-gal-induced aging mice were investigated in the present study. The in vitro antioxidant analysis showed that Ac-MPS showed superior scavenging effects on hydroxyl of 68.62±2.59% and DPPH of 85.19±3.26% at the concentration of 4500µg/mL. Biochemical indices and antioxidant analysis in vivo showed that Ac-MPS had better effects in raising hepatic activities of SOD, CAT, GPx and T-AOC, inhibiting hepatic contents of LPO and MDA, as well as improving serum lipid levels of LDL-C, HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, TG and TC. Furthermore, HYP measurements suggested that skin collagen in aging mice could be maintained. This study suggested that both Ac-MPS and Al-MPS could be used as potential natural agents or dietary supplements in attenuating aging and its complications.

Optimization of Mycelia Selenium Polysaccharide Extraction from Agrocybe cylindracea SL-02 and Assessment of their Antioxidant and Anti-Ageing Activities.

The aim of the present study was to optimize the purification of mycelia selenium polysaccharides (MSPS) from Agrocybe cylindracea SL-02 and characterize their in vitro antioxidant and in vivo anti-ageing activities. The Box-Behnken experimental design (BBD) was evaluated, which showed that the optimum conditions included an extraction temperature of 94.99°C, a pH of 9 and a precipitation temperature of 12°C, and the predicted yield was 11.036 ± 0.31%. The in vitro antioxidant assay demonstrated that MSPS had potential effects on scavenging and enhanced the reducing power of reactive oxygen species. The in vivo anti-ageing evaluation showed that MSPS significantly reduced the malonaldehyde (MDA) contents and total cholesterol (CHOL) levels, and remarkably improved the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in mice in response to D-galactose-induced ageing. Furthermore, the characteristic analysis of MSPS indicated a selenium content of 1.76 ± 0.10 mg/g at a concentration of 6 µg/mL in liquid media and a monosaccharide composition of rhamnose, arabinose, mannose, glucose and galactose at a molar ratio of 29:3:1:18.8:2.7. These results suggest that MSPS might be suitable for functional foods and natural drugs on preventing the ageing progress induced by toxic chemicals.

Antiproliferative Activities of Hot Water Extracts from Culinary-Medicinal Mushrooms, Ganoderma tsugae and Agrocybe cylindracea (Higher Basidiomycetes) on Cancer Cells.

Using anticancer agents to progress chemotherapy to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells is an effective means. Two medicinal mushrooms, Ganoderma tsugae and Agrocybe cylindracea, exhibited various physiological effects, and the antiproliferation effect on HL-60, Hep 3B, and C6 cells was studied. The viability of different cancer cells was decreased significantly by hot water extracts from different forms of G. tsugae and A. cylindracea. The hot water extracts from the fruit body, mycelium, and filtrate of A. cylindracea were less effective in inhibiting the antiproliferation of C6, Hep 3B, and HL-60 cells than were those from G. tsugae, as evidenced by their IC50 values. The IC50 values of G. tsugae on C6, Hep 3B, and HL-60 cells were 1.13, 2.73, and 2.60 mg/mL, respectively, whereas those of baby G. tsugae were 1.87, 2.63, and 3.12 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, the filtrates of G. tsugae on C6 and Hep 3B cells were 2.81 and 2.80 mg/mL, respectively. The morphological transformation of 3 cancer cells was observed clearly, and the possible mechanism would be necrosis, apoptosis, or differentiation. Owing to the noticeable effect on antiproliferation of hot water extracts, especially those from G. tsugae, the extract could be of great potential to be used as an alternative cancer therapy.

Bioactive composition, antimicrobial activities and the influence of Agrocybe aegerita (Brig.) Sing on certain quorum-sensing-regulated functions and biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Agrocybe aegerita (Brig.) Sing is a basidiomycete, white rot fungus. Antimicrobial activities and the antiqourum effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa of an A. aegerita methanolic extract were investigated. The extract showed very good antimicrobial activity against all the tested microorganisms in a dose dependent manner. Effects of the Sub-MIC, MIC and 2MIC of the A. aegerita methanolic extract regulated the virulence factors in the quorum sensing (QS) test, as well as biofilm formation on P. aeruginosa. Sub-inhibitory and inhibitory concentrations of the extract demonstrated the reduction of virulence factors such as pyocyanin production, twitching and swimming motility. The biofilm forming capability of P. aeruginosa PAO1 was also reduced in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, the chemical composition of the methanolic extract was determined considering its phenolic composition. The methanolic extract of A. aegerita can be a very good source of bioactive substances. This research is of great importance due to the prevalence of drug-resistant microorganisms.

Antitumor activity of the protein and small molecule component fractions from Agrocybe aegerita through enhancement of cytokine production.

A water soluble extract from the medicinal mushroom Agrocybe aegerita has been shown to stimulate splenocyte proliferation, cytotoxic activity, and tumor rejection effect in tumor-bearing mouse models. In the present study, the crude extract was separated into a protein component fraction (Yp), mainly containing lectins and serine proteinase, and a small molecule component fraction (Ys), mainly containing triethylene glycol, α-bisabolol, n-hexadecanoic acid, and so on. The antitumor activity of the fractions was investigated in a tumor-bearing BALB/c mouse model. Repeat administration of Yp and Ys significantly inhibited tumor growth (P<.001), but little toxicity was observed. Moreover, the protein fraction Yp performed better than Ys in both antitumor and lifespan-prolonging activity. The cytokine expression levels in serum and splenocytes from extract-treated mice were selectively screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and the results showed that Yp upregulated the mRNA level of Th2 cytokine interleukin-10 (P<.01), and Ys increased the mRNA level of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (P<.01) and anti-inflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor-ß (P<.01). All these data suggest that Yp and Ys can inhibit tumor growth via different mechanisms, which promotes the understanding of antitumor properties of medicinal fungi.