Assuntos
Alginatos/química , Ambystoma mexicanum/metabolismo , Anti-Infecciosos/química , Hidrogéis/química , Lipoxigenase/química , Nanocápsulas/química , Pectinas/química , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular , Composição de Medicamentos , Liberação Controlada de Fármacos , Epiderme/enzimologia , Fibroblastos/citologia , Humanos , Lipoxigenase/farmacologia , Masculino , Fenômenos Mecânicos , Ratos Wistar , Cicatrização/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Orexin-A-like immunoreactivity in the axolotl brain was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Immunoreactive somata formed a single group in the hypothalamus, but were distributed beyond several nuclei, namely, the ventral aspect of the nucleus preopticus posterior, dorsal aspect of the nucleus suprachiasmaticus and anterior aspect of the pars ventralis hypothalami. Immunoreactive fibers were distributed throughout the brain from the olfactory bulb to the spinal cord except the cerebellum. The densest immunoreactive fibers were seen in the medial forebrain bundle and caudal lateral forebrain bundle. The largest number of immunoreactive puncta were seen in the mesencephalic tectum in addition to the hypothalamus. Immunoelectron microscopic analysis revealed the presence of synaptoid connections of immunoreactive fibers on neuronal somata in the tectum. The function of the mesencephalic system in the urodele seems to be sensory integration, suggesting that the orexin-A nervous system is associated with the modulation of sensory inputs. Orexin-A immunoreactive puncta were also observed on catecholaminergic and serotonergic somata. In view of the restricted somatic distribution in the hypothalamus, wide distribution of fibers throughout the central nervous system (CNS), and intimate association with monoaminergic somata, the orexin nervous system in the axolotl CNS is similar to those of other vertebrates, suggesting that this system is essential for brain functions throughout vertebrates.
Assuntos
Ambystoma mexicanum/metabolismo , Catecolaminas/metabolismo , Sistema Nervoso Central/metabolismo , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/metabolismo , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neuropeptídeos/metabolismo , Serotonina/metabolismo , Ambystoma mexicanum/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Vias Autônomas/metabolismo , Vias Autônomas/ultraestrutura , Axônios/metabolismo , Axônios/ultraestrutura , Mapeamento Encefálico , Sistema Nervoso Central/ultraestrutura , Feminino , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Hipotálamo/ultraestrutura , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão , Vias Neurais/metabolismo , Vias Neurais/ultraestrutura , Neurônios/ultraestrutura , Orexinas , Especificidade da Espécie , Colículos Superiores/metabolismo , Colículos Superiores/ultraestrutura , Tirosina 3-Mono-Oxigenase/metabolismoRESUMO
Afferent and efferent connections of the thalamic eminence of the axolotl were determined using the fluorescent compound DiI as a tracer. The thalamic eminence is connected reciprocally with a number of telencephalic and diencephalic areas, particularly with the medial pallium, the amygdala and the preoptic region. Efferent connections are widespread throughout the ipsilateral diencephalon. These findings are discussed in relation to the homology of this nucleus, especially its homologue in agnathan brains.