Effect of local administration of eicosapentaenoic acid on the jaw-opening reflex in rats.

Although eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) application in vitro inhibits voltage-gated Na+ (Nav) channels in excitable tissues, the acute local effect of EPA on the jaw-opening reflex in vivo remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine whether local administration of EPA to adult male Wistar rats could attenuate the excitability of the jaw-opening reflex in vivo, including nociception. The jaw-opening reflex evoked by electrical stimulation of the tongue was recorded by a digastric muscle electromyogram (dEMG) in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. The amplitude of the dEMG response was significantly increased in proportion to the electrical stimulation intensity (1×-5× threshold). At 3×, local administration of EPA dose-dependently inhibited the dEMG response, lasting 60 min, with maximum inhibition observed within approximately 10 min. The mean magnitude of dEMG signal inhibition by EPA was almost equal to that observed with a local anesthetic, 1% lidocaine, and with a half dose of lidocaine plus a half dose of EPA. These findings suggest that EPA attenuates the jaw-opening reflex, possibly by blocking Nav channels of primary nerve terminals, and strongly support the idea that EPA is a potential therapeutic agent and complementary alternative medicine for the prevention of acute trigeminal nociception.

Assessing minipig compact jawbone quality at the microscale.

Preclinical studies often require animal models for in vivo experiments. Particularly in dental research, pig species are extensively used due to their anatomical similarity to humans. However, there is a considerable knowledge gap on the multiscale morphological and mechanical properties of the miniature pigs' jawbones, which is crucial for implant studies and a direct comparison to human tissue. In the present work, we demonstrate a multimodal framework to assess the jawbone quantity and quality for a minipig animal model that could be further extended to humans. Three minipig genotypes, commonly used in dental research, were examined: Yucatan, Göttingen, and Sinclair. Three animals per genotype were tested. Cortical bone samples were extracted from the premolar region of the mandible, opposite to the teeth growth. Global morphological, compositional, and mechanical properties were assessed using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) together with Raman spectroscopy and nanoindentation measurements, averaged over the sample area. Local mineral-mechanical relationships were investigated with the site-matched Raman spectroscopy and micropillar compression tests. For this, a novel femtosecond laser ablation protocol was developed, allowing high-throughput micropillar fabrication and testing without exposure to high vacuum. At the global averaged sample level, bone relative mineralization demonstrated a significant difference between the genotypes, which was not observed from the complementary micro-CT measurements. Moreover, bone hardness measured by nanoindentation showed a positive trend with the relative mineralization. For all genotypes, significant differences between the relative mineralization and elastic properties were more pronounced within the osteonal regions of cortical bone. Site-matched micropillar compression and Raman spectroscopy highlighted the differences between the genotypes' yield stress and mineral to matrix ratios. The methods used at the global level (averaged over sample area) could be potentially correlated to the medical tools used to assess jawbone toughness and morphology in clinics. On the other hand, the local analysis methods can be applied to quantify compressive bone mechanical properties and their relationship to bone mineralization.

Evaluation of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the osteoradionecrosis of the jaws: Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to investigate the effects of hyperbaric oxygen and other approaches for treating the osteoradionecrosis of the jaws (ORNJ) systematically. METHODS: According to the preset inclusion and exclusion criteria, randomized controlled trials and cohort studies on hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of ORNJ were screened, and foreign language databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane library were searched via a computer; Chinese databases such as CNKI, VIP, Wanfang data, and CBM were searched from the established database to September 2020. Relevant books were searched manually to collect all literatures on the efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen and its related therapies in ORNJ treatment. Two researchers were independent and mutually blind, the papers were selected, data were collected, and the bias risk was evaluated. If any difference was detected, it would be decided by discussion or arbitrated by a third party. The data related to the efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen and its related therapy in the treatment of the ORNJ were extracted, and the Revman5.4 software was used for Meta-analysis. In case of large heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis was performed. A funnel chart was used to evaluate possible publication bias qualitatively. RESULTS: Four randomized controlled trials and seven cohort studies were included in Meta-analyses. In ORNJ treatment, no significant differences between the group subjected to hyperbaric oxygen and both surgery and antibiotics and the group that underwent both surgery and antibiotics (RR=1.16, 95%CI: 0.86~1.58, P>0.05); between the group with hyperbaric oxygen and the group with antibiotics (RR=0.83, 95%CI: 0.63~1.09, P>0.05); between the group with hyperbaric oxygen and the group with antifibrotic drugs (RR=0.07, 95%CI: 0.00~155.86, P>0.05); between the group with single or combined use of HBO and the group with other intervention methods (RR=0.89, 95%CI: 0.67~1.19, P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy cannot replace surgery and antibiotic therapy. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is not superior to antibiotics and antifibrotic drugs, but the benefits of antifibrotic drugs should be further explored.

Dental microwear of a basal ankylosaurine dinosaur, Jinyunpelta and its implication on evolution of chewing mechanism in ankylosaurs.

Jinyunpelta sinensis is a basal ankylosaurine dinosaur excavated from the mid Cretaceous Liangtoutang Formation of Jinyun County, Zhejiang Province, China. In the present study, its dental microwear was observed using a confocal laser microscope. Jinyunpelta had steep wear facets that covered most of buccal surfaces of posterior dentary teeth. Observation of dental microwear on the wear facet revealed that scratch orientation varied according to its location within the wear facet: vertically (i.e. apicobasally) oriented scratches were dominant in the upper half of the wear facet, and horizontally (i.e. mesiolaterally) oriented ones were in the bottom of the facet. These findings indicated that Jinyunpelta adopted precise tooth occlusion and biphasal jaw movement (orthal closure and palinal lower jaw movement). The biphasal jaw movement was widely observed among nodosaurids, among ankylosaurids, it was previously only known from the Late Cretaceous North American taxa, and not known among Asian ankylosaurids. The finding of biphasal jaw movement in Jinyunpelta showed sophisticate feeding adaptations emerged among ankylosaurids much earlier (during Albian or Cenomanian) than previously thought (during Campanian). The Evolution of the biphasal jaw mechanism that contemporaneously occurred among two lineages of ankylosaurs, ankylosaurids and nodosaurids, showed high evolutionary plasticity of ankylosaur jaw mechanics.

3D bioprinting of tissue-specific osteoblasts and endothelial cells to model the human jawbone.

Jawbone differs from other bones in many aspects, including its developmental origin and the occurrence of jawbone-specific diseases like MRONJ (medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw). Although there is a strong need, adequate in vitro models of this unique environment are sparse to date. While previous approaches are reliant e.g. on scaffolds or spheroid culture, 3D bioprinting enables free-form fabrication of complex living tissue structures. In the present work, production of human jawbone models was realised via projection-based stereolithography. Constructs were bioprinted containing primary jawbone-derived osteoblasts and vasculature-like channel structures optionally harbouring primary endothelial cells. After 28 days of cultivation in growth medium or osteogenic medium, expression of cell type-specific markers was confirmed on both the RNA and protein level, while prints maintained their overall structure. Survival of endothelial cells in the printed channels, co-cultured with osteoblasts in medium without supplementation of endothelial growth factors, was demonstrated. Constructs showed not only mineralisation, being one of the characteristics of osteoblasts, but also hinted at differentiation to an osteocyte phenotype. These results indicate the successful biofabrication of an in vitro model of the human jawbone, which presents key features of this special bone entity and hence appears promising for application in jawbone-specific research.

Age Differences in Naloxone Reversibility of Electroacupuncture on the Jaw Opening Reflex in Rats.

Background: Electroacupuncture is one of the most popular physical treatments for clinical pain, but the potential influence of a patient's age on the effectiveness of electroacupuncture treatment has not been clearly established. Objectives: The present study aimed to detect a potential difference in electroacupuncture- induced analgesia between juvenile and adult rats. Methods: In this study, we investigated the effects of electroacupuncture treatment on the nociceptive jaw-opening reflex evoked by tooth-pulp stimulation in juvenile and adult rats. Results: Our results showed there were age differences in electroacupuncture-induced analgesic effects in rats, especially with naloxone antagonization. The ratio of naloxonereversibility against electroacupuncture analgesia was greater in adult rats than in juvenile rats. Conclusion: These results suggest that electroacupuncture analgesia is produced mainly by the non-opioid system in juvenile rats and by the opioid system in adult rats.

Therapeutic alternatives in the management of osteoradionecrosis of the jaws. Systematic review.

BACKGROUND: to systematically review the literature, comparing the healing of osteoradionecrosis (ORN) among the therapeutic alternatives: surgical, pharmacological and combined. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The review was organized according to the PRISMA protocol with regards to the following PICO question: patients with ORN of the jaws (P=Patient); all interventions reported (I = intervention); between all therapies (C=Comparison); healing of lesions (O=outcome). RESULTS: Surgical treatment was the most common choice (46.3%) followed by pharmacological treatment, exclusively (25.9%) or combined (26.9%). Treatment exclusively by surgical intervention seems to be most effective option, with 51.2% of the lesions healed, OR for healing of 5.7 (CI95% 1.9-16.9, p=0.002). Only 1 case (0.9%) corresponded to low level laser therapy. CONCLUSIONS: It seems clear that early intervention with conservative surgical combined with pharmacological methods improves the prognosis of ORN.

Evaluation of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the osteoradionecrosis of the jaws: Meta-analysis / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#This study was performed to investigate the effects of hyperbaric oxygen and other approaches for treating the osteoradionecrosis of the jaws (ORNJ) systematically.@*METHODS@#According to the preset inclusion and exclusion criteria, randomized controlled trials and cohort studies on hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of ORNJ were screened, and foreign language databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane library were searched via a computer; Chinese databases such as CNKI, VIP, Wanfang data, and CBM were searched from the established database to September 2020. Relevant books were searched manually to collect all literatures on the efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen and its related therapies in ORNJ treatment. Two researchers were independent and mutually blind, the papers were selected, data were collected, and the bias risk was evaluated. If any difference was detected, it would be decided by discussion or arbitrated by a third party. The data related to the efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen and its related therapy in the treatment of the ORNJ were extracted, and the Revman5.4 software was used for Meta-analysis. In case of large heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis was performed. A funnel chart was used to evaluate possible publication bias qualitatively.@*RESULTS@#Four randomized controlled trials and seven cohort studies were included in Meta-analyses. In ORNJ treatment, no significant differences between the group subjected to hyperbaric oxygen and both surgery and antibiotics and the group that underwent both surgery and antibiotics (RR=1.16, 95%CI: 0.86~1.58, @*CONCLUSIONS@#Hyperbaric oxygen therapy cannot replace surgery and antibiotic therapy. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is not superior to antibiotics and antifibrotic drugs, but the benefits of antifibrotic drugs should be further explored.

Avaliação da ozonioterapia no tratamento da osteonecrose induzida por zoledronato em ratas senis / Evaluation of ozone therapy in the treatment of zoledronate-induced osteonecrosis in senile rats

A ozonioterapia vem se demonstrando uma ferramenta promissora na prevenção de infecções e no auxílio da reparação tecidual, conciliando com os desafios no tratamento da osteonecrose dos maxilares induzida por medicamentos (ONM-M), este projeto objetiva analisar os efeitos da ozonioterapia, em 55 ratas senis (18 meses), entre 300-350g, induzidas a osteonecrose via medicamentosa (Zoledronato 100µg/kg), após exodontia do primeiro molar inferior. Os animais foram divididos em 4 grupos equitativos (10 ratas por grupo), o primeiro grupo SAL, recebeu aplicações de soro fisiológico por 7 semanas, grupo SAL + OZ recebeu aplicações de soro fisiológico por 7 semanas e o tratamento com a ozonioterapia (0,7mg/kg) a cada 2 dias por 28 dias, o grupo ZOL recebeu aplicações de zoledronato (100µg/kg) por 7 semanas e por último o grupo ZOL + OZ recebeu também aplicações de zoledronato no mesmo protocolo e foi tratado com a ozonioterapia (0,7mg/kg) a cada 2 dias por 28 dias. Todos as ratas receberam a antibioticoterapia (Cristacilina® 0,1ml/kg por dia) iniciando 3 dias antes do procedimento de extração, se estendendo até 4 dias de pós-operatório, passaram pela extração do molar na terceira semana de experimento e foram submetidas a eutanásia na sétima semana de experimento. Após a eutanásia as mandíbulas foram ressecadas, reduzidas e preparadas para as análises microtomográficas (caracterização óssea do osso senil (MCT0) e após terapia com zoledronato (MCT1ZOL) contra seu par controle (MCT1SAL), parâmetros volumétricos (Bv,Bv.Tv,Tb.Th,Tb.N,Tb.Sp,Po.Tot) dos grupos experimentais), histométricas (porcentagem de osso neoformado e porcentagem de osso não vital) e imunoistoquímicas (expressão de TNFa, IL-1b, VEGF, OCN e TRAP). Os resultados da caracterização óssea não apresentaram diferença quando comparado os grupos experimentais (p> 0,05), possivelmente devido ao pouco tempo decorrido na terapia com zoledronato. Os demais resultados comparando os grupos experimentais mostrou com diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p< 0,05) uma característica de osso vítreo, denso, sem vitalidade, pobre em vascularização, com elevados valores para marcadores de inflamação, traduzindo isso em osteonecrose dos maxilares relacionada com a medicação, destoando principalmente do grupo controle SAL, que apresentou melhora na reparação alveolar e características de osso vital e vascularizado. A ozonioterapia (ZOL+OZ, SAL+OZ) apresentou valores significantes estatisticamente quando comparado ao grupo sem tratamento, traduzindo em melhora na vascularização do tecido ósseo, em melhora reparacional do alvéolo, modulação da inflamação local e o aparecimento/manutenção de células osteoblásticas ativas (p< 0,05). Mostrando-se uma terapia viável no controle/tratamento da osteonecrose dos maxilares relacionado com medicamentos(AU)

Ozone therapy has been shown to be a promising tool in the prevention of infections and in the aid of tissue repair, reconciling with the challenges in the treatment of medication-induced jaw osteonecrosis (ONM-M), this project aims to analyze the effects of ozone therapy in 55 rats senile (18 months), between 300-350g, induced to osteonecrosis via medication (Zoledronate 100µg / kg), after extraction of the lower first molar. The animals were divided into 4 equitable groups (ten rats per group), the first SAL group, received saline applications for 7 weeks, SAL + OZ group received saline applications for 7 weeks and ozone therapy (0, 7mg / kg) every 2 days for 28 days, the ZOL group received applications of zoledronate (100µg / kg) for 7 weeks and lastly the ZOL + OZ group also received applications of zoledronate in the same protocol and was treated with ozone therapy (0.7mg / kg) every 2 days for 28 days. All rats received antibiotic therapy (Cristacilina® 0.1ml / kg per day) starting 3 days before the extraction procedure, extending up to 4 days after the operation, underwent molar extraction in the third week of the experiment and were submitted to euthanasia in the seventh week of experiment. After euthanasia, the mandibles were resected, reduced and prepared for microtomographic analysis (bone characterization of senile bone (MCT0) and after therapy with zoledronate (MCT1ZOL) against its control pair (MCT1SAL), volumetric parameters (Bv, Bv.Tv, Tb .Th, Tb.N, Tb.Sp, Po.Tot) of the experimental groups), histometric (percentage of newly formed bone and percentage of non-vital bone) and immunohistochemistry (expression of TNFa, IL-1b, VEGF, OCN and TRAP) . The results of bone characterization did not show any difference when comparing the experimental groups (P> 0.05), possibly due to the short time elapsed in zoledronate therapy. The other results comparing the experimental groups showed with statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) a characteristic of vitreous bone, dense, without vitality, poor in vascularization, with high values for inflammation markers, translating this into a related jaw osteonecrosis with medication, disagreeing mainly with the SAL control group, which showed improvement in alveolar repair and characteristics of a vital and vascularized bone. Ozone therapy (ZOL + OZ, SAL + OZ) showed statistically significant values when compared to the untreated group, translating into an improvement in bone tissue vascularization, a reparational improvement of the alveolus, modulation of local inflammation and the appearance/maintenance of cells active osteoblasts (P < 0.05). Showing to be a viable therapy in the control/treatment of osteonecrosis of the jaws related to drugs(AU)

Efetividade da terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana utilizando butil azul de toluidina e laser de baixa potência na prevenção da osteonecrose dos maxilares associada à terapia medicamentosa / Effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using butyl toluidine blue and low-level laser in preventing the occurrence of medicationrelated osteonecrosis of the jaws

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a efetividade e a segurança do emprego de múltiplas sessões de aPDT, utilizando o butil azul de toluidina (BuAT) e a irradiação com laser de baixa potência (LBP), no sítio de extração dental de ratas com os principais fatores de risco para a ocorrência da osteonecrose dos maxilares associada à terapia medicamentosa (ONM-M). Vinte e oito ratas senescentes foram distribuídas em quatro grupos experimentais: VEI, VEI-aPDT, ZOL e ZOL-aPDT. O protocolo de tratamento teve duração de 7 semanas. Um dia antes do início deste protocolo foi instalada uma ligadura de algodão ao redor do primeiro molar inferior esquerdo para indução da periodontite experimental (PE). Nos grupos VEI e VEI-aPDT, as ratas receberam injeções intraperitoneais de 0,45ml de solução de cloreto de sódio 0,9% (veículo) a cada três dias. Nos grupos ZOL e ZOL-aPDT, as ratas receberam 0,45ml do veículo acrescido de 100µg/Kg do zoledronato a cada três dias. Após três semanas do início do protocolo de tratamento a ligadura foi removida e foi realizada a exodontia do primeiro molar inferior esquerdo. Nos grupos VEI e ZOL não foi efetuado nenhum tratamento local no sítio de extração dental. Nos grupos VEI-aPDT e ZOL-aPDT foram realizadas sessões de aPDT aos 0, 2, e 4 dias pós exodontia. Para a aPDT depositouse sobre o sítio de extração dental 300µl de BuAT (concentração: 0,5mg/ml; tempo de pré-irradiação, 60s) em seguida foi realizada a irradiação com laser de baixa potência (laser: InGaAIP; 660nm; 35mW; 74,2J/cm²; 60s) emissor: InGaAlP; comprimento de onda: 660 nm, laser visível - vermelho; potência: 35 mW; densidade energética por ponto: 74,2 J/cm2 ; tempo de aplicação: 60s). Decorridos 28 dias pós-operatórios foi realizada a eutanásia. As hemimandíbulas foram devidamente processadas para assegurar que no sítio de extração dental fossem efetuadas: 1) análise clínica; 2) análise histológica da reparação tecidual; 3) análise histométrica da Porcentagem de Tecido Ósseo Neoformado (PTOnf); 4) análise histométrica da Porcentagem de Tecido Ósseo Não Vital (PTOnv) e; análise imunoistoquímica de células TRAPpositivas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística com nível de significância de 5%. Os grupos ZOL e ZOL-aPDT apresentaram menor quantidade de células TRAP-positivas quando comparados com os grupos VEI e VEI-aPDT. O grupo ZOL apresentou grande comprometimento do processo de reparação tecidual, condizentes com um quadro de ONM-M. Os grupos VEI, VEI-aPDT e ZOL-aPDT apresentaram um processo de reparação tecidual favorável do sítio de extração dental. No grupo ZOL a PTOnf no sítio de extração dental se mostrou menor que nos grupos VEI, VEI-aPDT e ZOL-aPDT. No grupo ZOL a PTOnv se mostrou maior que nos grupos VEI, VEIaPDT e ZOL-aPDT. No grupo ZOL-aPDT a PTOnv se apresentou maior que nos grupos VEI e VEI-aPDT. O emprego de múltiplas sessões de aPDT, utilizando o BuAT e LBP, no sítio de extração dental de ratas senescentes tratadas com alta dose de zoledronato se mostrou uma estratégia terapêutica segurança e efetiva para evitar a ocorrência da ONM-M pós exodontia(AU)

The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of using multiple aPDT sessions, using butyl toluidine blue (BuTB) and low-level laser irradiation (LLL), at the dental extraction site of rats with the main risk factors for the occurrence of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (MRONJ). Twenty-eight senescent rats were distributed in four experimental groups: VEH, VEH-aPDT, ZOL and ZOL-aPDT. The treatment protocol lasted 7 weeks. One day before the beginning of this protocol, a cotton ligature was installed around the mandibular first molar left to induce experimental periodontitis (EP). In the VEH and VEH-aPDT groups, the rats received intraperitoneal injections of 0.45 ml of 0.9% sodium chloride solution (vehicle) every three days. In the ZOL and ZOL-aPDT groups, the rats received 0.45 ml of the vehicle plus 100 µg / Kg of zoledronate every three days. Three weeks after the beginning of the treatment protocol, the ligature was removed and extraction of the mandibular first molar left was performed. In the VEH and ZOL groups, no local treatment was performed at the tooth extraction site. In the VEH-aPDT and ZOL-aPDT groups, aPDT sessions were performed at 0, 2, and 4 days after extraction. For aPDT, 300µl of BuTB was deposited on the dental extraction site (0.5mg / ml; pre-irradiation time, 60s), followed by irradiation with low-level laser (laser: InGaAIP; 660nm; 35mW; 74.2J / cm²; 60s). After 28 postoperative days, euthanasia was performed. The hemimandibles were properly processed to ensure that at the tooth extraction site: 1) clinical analysis; 2) histological analysis of tissue repair; 3) histometric analysis of the Percentage of Neoformed Bone Tissue (PNFBT); 4) histometric analysis of the Percentage of NonVital Bone Tissue (PNVBT) and; immunohistochemical analysis of TRAP-positive cells. The data were submitted to statistical analysis with a 5% significance level. The ZOL and ZOL-aPDT groups showed less TRAP-positive cells when compared with the VEH and VEH-aPDT groups. The ZOL group showed great compromise in the tissue repair process, consistent with MRONJ. The groups VEH, VEH-aPDT and ZOL-aPDT presented a favorable tissue repair process at the dental extraction site. In the ZOL group, the PNFBT at the tooth extraction site was lower than in the VEH, VEH-aPDT and ZOL-aPDT groups. In the ZOL group, PNVBT was higher than in the VEH, VEHaPDT and ZOL-aPDT groups. In the ZOL-aPDT group, PNVBT was higher than in the VEH and VEH-aPDT groups. The use of multiple aPDT sessions, using BuTB and LLL, at the dental extraction site of senescent rats treated with a high dose of zoledronate proved to be a safe and effective therapeutic strategy to prevent the occurrence of MRONJ after tooth extraction(AU)

Somatic Modulation in Tinnitus: Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of the somatic modulation test in patients with tinnitus and analyze the treatment outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records of patients who visited the tinnitus clinic at a local university hospital between October 2018 and April 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: The data of 81 patients were analyzed for this study, of which 61.7% (n=51) showed tinnitus modulation after one or more neck or jaw maneuvers. Patients with narrow-band noise tinnitus tended to show maneuver-induced modulation more frequently than those with pure-tone tinnitus (85.7% vs. 53.3%, p=0.010). Neck maneuvers reduced tinnitus loudness in 29.6% of the patients, while 27.2% of patients (n=22) reported worsening of tinnitus loudness, and 23.5% of patients (n=19) reported tinnitus suppression after jaw maneuvers. None of the patients with noise exposure history reported tinnitus modulation. Backward regression analysis revealed that age was an independent risk factor for improvement (Exp [B]=0.703, p=0.034, 95% CI=0.508-0.974). However, somatic modulation or medical treatments targeting somatic modulation were not related to improvement. CONCLUSION: Patients showing modulation after neck or jaw maneuvers have specific clinical characteristics. However, somatic modulation itself does not affect the final treatment outcome.

Teriparatide Promotes Bone Healing in Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: A Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Trial.

PURPOSE: Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is an infrequent but morbid and potentially serious condition associated with antiresorptive and antiangiogenic therapies. Although MRONJ can be prevented by optimizing oral health, management of established cases is supportive and remains challenging. Teriparatide, an osteoanabolic agent that improves bone healing in preclinical studies and in chronic periodontitis, represents a potential treatment option. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial, 34 participants with established MRONJ, with a total of 47 distinct MRONJ lesions, were allocated to either 8 weeks of subcutaneous teriparatide (20 µg/day) or placebo injections, in addition to calcium and vitamin D supplementation and standard clinical care. Participants were observed for 12 months, with primary outcomes that included the clinical and radiologic resolution of MRONJ lesions. Secondary outcomes included osteoblastic responses as measured biochemically and radiologically and changes in quality of life. RESULTS: Teriparatide was associated with a greater rate of resolution of MRONJ lesions (odds ratio [OR], 0.15 v 0.40; P = .013), and 45.4% of lesions resolved by 52 weeks compared with 33.3% in the placebo group. Teriparatide was also associated with reduced bony defects at week 52 (OR, 8.1; P = .017). The incidence of adverse events was balanced between groups, including nausea, anorexia, and musculoskeletal pain, most of mild severity. CONCLUSION: Teriparatide improves the rate of resolution of MRONJ lesions and represents an efficacious and safe treatment for it.

RETRACTED: The effect of combined application of pentoxifylline and vitamin E for the treatment of osteoradionecrosis of the jaws: a meta-analysis.

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the corresponding author and following a translated comparative examination of the two articles for similarity. It has been concluded that duplicate publication has occurred. The significantly duplicated article of the same title by same research team is: The effect of combined application of pentoxifylline and vitamin E for the treatment of osteoradionecrosis of the jaws: A meta-analysis Chin J Stomatol Res (Electronic Edition). August 2017, Vol.11, No.4. Both articles report on a meta-analysis study and focus on the treatment of osteoradionecrosis of the jaws by pentoxifylline combined with vitamin E, with search timeframe extending 2 years later in the retracted article.

The last Palaeoproteus (Urodela: Batrachosauroididae) of Europe.

The Batrachosauroididae are an enigmatic group of salamanders known from the Cretaceous and Tertiary of North America and Europe. In Europe, the family is known only by two species of the genus Palaeoproteus. The genus has limited distribution in Western and Central Europe. In the present paper, we describe a new species, Palaeoproteus miocenicus, from the early late Miocene (11-9 Ma) of Austria and Ukraine, representing the youngest record of the family Batrachosauroididae from the Neogene of Europe. The new species differs from the Paleogene representatives of the genus by 12 characters, including large body size, the long anterior extension of the Meckelian groove and the size and shape of the odontoid process on the dentary. The µCT scanning of bones of the new species revealed novel features (e.g. anterior extension of Meckelian groove, interconnected network of canals and small cavities in atlas) observable only in this species. P. miocenicus inhabited aquatic environments, which existed under wet climatic conditions with mean annual precipitation higher than 900 mm. The new species expands the temporal range of the genus by at least 30 million years and enlarges the palaeogeographic distribution of the genus into Eastern Europe.

The effect of brief pre-anesthetic exercise therapy of jaw and neck joints on mouth opening, neck extension, and intubation conditions during induction of general anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The effort to improve tracheal intubation process is clinically valuable. We hypothesized that a preoperative brief exercise therapy would increase mouth opening and neck extension, enhancing intubation conditions during general anesthesia. METHODS: Patients undergoing general anesthesia were randomized into two groups. The exercise group performed the exercise regimen including masseter muscle massage and stretching of jaw and neck joints before anesthetic induction, while the control did not. Before (baseline) and after the intervention, we evaluated Mallampati score, mouth aperture size, and sternomental distance. After tracheal intubation, intubation difficulty scale with direct laryngoscope and oropharyngeal soft tissue injury were also evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 138 patients completed the analysis (control = 68, exercise = 70). Baseline characteristics did not differ between groups. At anesthetic induction, there was a significant difference in Mallampati score between the two groups (P = 0.039) and the incidence of Mallampati scores of 1 was higher in the exercise group (odds ratio [95% CI]: 2.1 [1.0-4.3], P = 0.043). Mouth opening after the intervention was greater in the exercise group than in the control group (estimated difference [95% CI]: - 2.4 [- 4.8 - -0.1], P = 0.042) and sternomental distance was similar between the two groups (estimated difference [95% CI]: - 3.7 [- 9.0-1.7, P = 0.175). The exercise group showed less soft tissue injuries (odds ratio [95% CI]: 0.2 [0.1-0.8], P = 0.009), however, intubation difficulty scale did not differ between the study groups (P = 0.112). CONCLUSIONS: The brief pre-anesthetic exercise improved intubation conditions and enabled faster tracheal intubation with less injury to oropharyngeal soft tissue. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Research Information Service (registration number: KCT0002618), registered at December 28, 2017.

Applying sensory and instrumental techniques to evaluate the texture of French fries from fast food restaurant.

The aim of the work is to explore the relationship between the instrument and sensory data and to select the type of probes suitable for determining the texture of French fries. Ten commercial French fries were assessed using different probe types and perceived sensations through descriptive analysis. The eight sensory attributes developed by trained panelists can distinguish samples well. Simultaneously, the result of instrument data analysis revealed that the variation coefficient of three-point bending was the largest, which indicates that the measurement accuracy was lower. The compression test showed significant correlation with most of the sensory attributes (r = .64-.90), while the cut test with a Volodkevich Bite Jaws probe does not correlate with all sensory attributes (r = .03-.49). Among these instrumental methods, compression, blade with guillotine probe, and puncture test are recommended for texture measuring of French fries. These results will provide a time-saving and efficient method for determining the texture of French fries.

Resveratrol suppresses nociceptive jaw-opening reflex via 5HT3 receptor-mediated GABAergic inhibition　.

Systemic administration of the dietary constituent, resveratrol, was previously shown to inhibit the nociceptive jaw-opening reflex (JOR) via the endogenous opioid system. The present study investigated whether resveratrol could similarly affect the JOR under in vivo conditions via 5HT3 receptor-mediated GABAergic inhibition. We used electrical stimulation of the tongue in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats to evoke the JOR, which was recorded as the anterior belly of the digastric muscle electromyograms (dEMG). Intravenous administration of resveratrol (2 mg/kg) reduced the dEMG amplitude in response to three times the determined threshold electrical stimulation, with maximum inhibition reached within approximately 10 min. These inhibitory effects on the JOR were reversible to control levels after approximately 20 min. Pretreatment of rats with either 5HT3 receptor antagonist, ondansetron (0.25-1 mg/kg, i.p.), or GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline (0.5-1 mg/kg, i.p.), significantly and dose-dependently attenuated the inhibitory effects of resveratrol on dEMG amplitude compared with untreated controls. These findings suggest that resveratrol also attenuates the nociceptive JOR via 5HT3 receptor-mediated GABAergic inhibition. The present study therefore provides new insight into a possible mechanism underlying resveratrol-induced trigeminal antinociception via the descending pain control system and highlights a potential therapeutic agent for complementary alternative medicine.

Quality Analysis of Minerals Formed by Jaw Periosteal Cells under Different Culture Conditions.

Previously, we detected a higher degree of mineralization in fetal calf serum (FCS) compared to serum-free cultured jaw periosteum derived osteoprogenitor cells (JPCs). By Raman spectroscopy, we detected an earlier formation of mineralized extracellular matrix (ECM) of higher quality under serum-free media conditions. However, mineralization potential remained too low. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the biochemical composition and subsequent biomechanical properties of the JPC-formed ECM and minerals under human platelet lysate (hPL) and FCS supplementation. JPCs were isolated (n = 4 donors) and expanded under FCS conditions and used in passage five for osteogenic induction under both, FCS and hPL media supplementation. Raman spectroscopy and Alizarin Red/von Kossa staining were employed for biochemical composition analyses and for visualization and quantification of mineralization. Osteocalcin gene expression was analyzed by quantitative PCR. Biomechanical properties were assessed by using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Raman spectroscopic measurements showed significantly higher (p < 0.001) phosphate to protein ratios and in the tendency, lower carbonate to phosphate ratios in osteogenically induced JPCs under hPL in comparison to FCS culturing. Furthermore, higher crystal sizes were detected under hPL culturing of the cells. With respect to the ECM, significantly higher ratios of the precursor protein proline to hydroxyproline were detected in hPL-cultured JPC monolayers (p < 0.001). Additionally, significantly higher levels (p < 0.001) of collagen cross-linking were calculated, indicating a higher degree of collagen maturation in hPL-cultured JPCs. By atomic force microscopy, a significant increase in ECM stiffness (p < 0.001) of FCS cultured JPC monolayers was observed. The reverse effect was measured for the JPC formed precipitates/minerals. Under hPL supplementation, JPCs formed minerals of significantly higher stiffness (p < 0.001) when compared to the FCS setting. This study demonstrates that hPL culturing of JPCs leads to the formation of an anorganic material of superior quality in terms of biochemical composition and mechanical properties.

Distinct Contributions of Whisker Sensory Cortex and Tongue-Jaw Motor Cortex in a Goal-Directed Sensorimotor Transformation.

The neural circuits underlying goal-directed sensorimotor transformations in the mammalian brain are incompletely understood. Here, we compared the role of primary tongue-jaw motor cortex (tjM1) and primary whisker sensory cortex (wS1) in head-restrained mice trained to lick a reward spout in response to whisker deflection. Two-photon microscopy combined with microprisms allowed imaging of neuronal network activity across cortical layers in transgenic mice expressing a genetically encoded calcium indicator. Early-phase activity in wS1 encoded the whisker sensory stimulus and was necessary for detection of whisker stimuli. Activity in tjM1 encoded licking direction during task execution and was necessary for contralateral licking. Pre-stimulus activity in tjM1, but not wS1, was predictive of lick direction and contributed causally to small preparatory jaw movements. Our data reveal a shift in coding scheme from wS1 to tjM1, consistent with the hypothesis that these areas represent cortical start and end points for this goal-directed sensorimotor transformation.

Amiskwia is a large Cambrian gnathiferan with complex gnathostomulid-like jaws.

Phylogenomic studies have greatly improved our understanding of the animal tree of life but the relationships of many clades remain ambiguous. Here we show that the rare soft-bodied animal Amiskwia from the Cambrian of Canada and China, which has variously been considered a chaetognath, a nemertine, allied to molluscs, or a problematica, is related to gnathiferans. New specimens from the Burgess Shale (British Columbia, Canada) preserve a complex pharyngeal jaw apparatus composed of a pair of elements with teeth most similar to gnathostomulids. Amiskwia demonstrates that primitive spiralians were large and unsegmented, had a coelom, and were probably active nekto-benthic scavengers or predators. Secondary simplification and miniaturisation events likely occurred in response to shifting ecologies and adaptations to specialised planktonic habitats.