Creating and Implementing a Community Engagement Strategy for the 2022-2027 Illinois Comprehensive Cancer Control Plan Through an Academic-State Public Health Department Partnership.

INTRODUCTION: Comprehensive cancer control (CCC) plans are state-level blueprints that identify regional cancer priorities and health equity strategies. Coalitions are encouraged to engage with community members, advocacy groups, people representing multiple sectors, and working partners throughout the development process. We describe the community and legislative engagement strategy developed and implemented during 2020-2022 for the 2022-2027 Illinois CCC plan. METHODS: The engagement strategies were grounded in theory and evidence-based tools and resources. It was developed and implemented by coalition members representing the state health department and an academic partner, with feedback from the larger coalition. The strategy included a statewide town hall, 8 focus groups, and raising awareness of the plan among state policy makers. RESULTS: A total of 112 people participated in the town hall and focus groups, including 40 (36%) cancer survivors, 31 (28%) cancer caregivers, and 18 (16%) Latino and 26 (23%) African American residents. Fourteen of 53 (26%) focus group participants identified as rural. Participants identified drivers of cancer disparities (eg, lack of a comprehensive health insurance system, discrimination, transportation access) and funding and policy priorities. Illinois House Resolution 0675, the Illinois Cancer Control Plan, was passed in March 2022. CONCLUSION: The expertise and voices of community members affected by cancer can be documented and reflected in CCC plans. CCC plans can be brought to the attention of policy makers. Other coalitions working on state plans may consider replicating our strategy. Ultimately, CCC plans should reflect health equity principles and prioritize eliminating cancer disparities.

"I Think [Western] Healthcare Fails Them": Qualitative Perspectives of State-recognized Women Tribal Members on Elders' Healthcare Access Experiences.

Elder tribal members are important cultural and spiritual leaders and experts among many American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) cultures. AI/AN Elders play a key role in the maintenance and transmission of traditional cultural knowledge and practices and are highly valued members of AI/AN communities. AI/AN populations face disparities in healthcare outcomes, and the healthcare needs of AI/AN Elders remain an understudied area of research, particularly among tribes in the South and for tribes who do not have federal recognition. Qualitative data was collected through semi-structured interviews among 31 women, all of whom are members of a state-recognized Tribe in the Southern United States. While the interview questions were specific to their own reproductive healthcare experiences, repeated concerns were voiced by the women regarding the health of the Elders in their community. Key findings captured several concerns/barriers regarding Elders' healthcare experiences including: (a) Language and communication barriers between Elders and healthcare workers; (b) Prior negative experiences with Western medicine; (c) Lasting impacts of educational discrimination; (d) Concerns over self-invalidation; (e) Transportation barriers; and (f) Need for community programs. Issues related to these barriers have resulted in a concern that Elders are not receiving the full benefit of and access to Western healthcare systems. The purpose of this analysis was to highlight the concerns voiced by women tribal members on the health and wellbeing of Elders in their community. Opportunities related to the importance of prioritizing and improving AI/AN Elders' healthcare experiences and access are also described.

Creating an Alianza: Group Perinatal Education for Newly Immigrated Latinx Pregnant People.

Pregnant people who are recent immigrants often face barriers navigating the health care system and establishing a support network to sustain them through pregnancy and new parenthood. The Cultivando una Nueva Alianza (CUNA) program from the Children's Home Society of New Jersey was created to address these obstacles. For over 20 years, CUNA has collaborated with local midwives to develop a program for newly immigrated, Spanish-speaking Latinx pregnant people. The curriculum, facilitated by trained members of the community, provides education around pregnancy, birth, and early parenting and connects participants with prenatal care and community resources while cultivating a social support network. The program's success is seen in improved clinical outcomes, ongoing involvement by graduates, and strong continued support from community stakeholders. The CUNA program has been replicated in nearby communities and offers a blueprint for a low-tech intervention to improve the health and wellness of this population.

Integrated Care Pathways for Black Persons With Traumatic Brain Injury: A Critical Transdisciplinary Scoping Review of the Clinical Care Journey.

Objectives: This novel critical transdisciplinary scoping review examined the literature on integrated care pathways that consider Black people living with traumatic brain injury (TBI). The objectives were to (a) summarize the extent, nature, and range of literature on care pathways that consider Black populations, (b) summarize how Blackness, race, and racism are conceptualized in the literature, (c) determine how Black people come to access care pathways, and (d) identify how care pathways in research consider the mechanism of injury and implications for human occupation. Methods: Six databases were searched systematically identifying 178 articles after removing duplicates. In total, 43 articles on integrated care within the context of Black persons with TBI were included. Narrative synthesis was conducted to analyze the data and was presented as descriptive statistics and as a narrative to tell a story. Findings: All studies were based in the United States where 81% reported racial and ethnic disparities across the care continuum primarily using race as a biological construct. Sex, gender, and race are used as demographic variables where statistical data were stratified in only 9% of studies. Black patients are primarily denied access to care, experience lower rates of protocol treatments, poor quality of care, and lack access to rehabilitation. Racial health disparities are disconnected from racism and are displayed as symptoms of a problem that remains unnamed. Conclusion: The findings illustrate how racism becomes institutionalized in research on TBI care pathways, demonstrating the need to incorporate the voices of Black people, transcend disciplinary boundaries, and adopt an anti-racist lens to research.

[Hitupmã'ax: intercultural education and specific health care for the Maxakali people]. / Hitupmã'ax: educação intercultural e atendimento diferenciado à saúde do povo maxakali.

This study analyzed an artifact (a book on health) conceived by the Maxakali people, called Hitupmã'ax: curar (2008). Parallel to the project for the production of this book, the aim was to understand the negotiation of public health in Brazil from a historical and intercultural perspective of non-Western epistemologies. It was found that the construction of the Maxakali work represented an effort to bridge the gap in the perception of health and health care between indigenous and non-indigenous people. This was then used to demonstrate the importance of this intercultural project for the shaping of public policies for indigenous people in general and particularly for the promotion of the history, knowledge, and culture of the Maxakali people.

Este trabalho analisou um artefato (um livro de saúde) concebido pelo povo maxakali, denominado Hitupmã'ax: curar (2008). Tangenciado o projeto de produção do livro, o objetivo foi entender o processo de negociação da saúde pública no Brasil, dentro de uma perspectiva histórica e intercultural das epistemologias não ocidentais. Constatamos que a construção da obra maxakali representa um esforço para diminuir a distância da percepção e dos cuidados de saúde entre indígenas e não indígenas, e por essa via demonstramos a importância desse projeto intercultural para a efetivação de políticas públicas voltadas para o público indígena em geral e, especificamenete, para a promoção da história, dos saberes e da cultura maxakali.

Hitupmã'ax: educação intercultural e atendimento diferenciado à saúde do povo maxakali / Hitupmã'ax: intercultural education and specific health care for the Maxakali people

Resumo Este trabalho analisou um artefato (um livro de saúde) concebido pelo povo maxakali, denominado Hitupmã'ax: curar (2008). Tangenciado o projeto de produção do livro, o objetivo foi entender o processo de negociação da saúde pública no Brasil, dentro de uma perspectiva histórica e intercultural das epistemologias não ocidentais. Constatamos que a construção da obra maxakali representa um esforço para diminuir a distância da percepção e dos cuidados de saúde entre indígenas e não indígenas, e por essa via demonstramos a importância desse projeto intercultural para a efetivação de políticas públicas voltadas para o público indígena em geral e, especificamenete, para a promoção da história, dos saberes e da cultura maxakali.

Abstract This study analyzed an artifact (a book on health) conceived by the Maxakali people, called Hitupmã'ax: curar (2008). Parallel to the project for the production of this book, the aim was to understand the negotiation of public health in Brazil from a historical and intercultural perspective of non-Western epistemologies. It was found that the construction of the Maxakali work represented an effort to bridge the gap in the perception of health and health care between indigenous and non-indigenous people. This was then used to demonstrate the importance of this intercultural project for the shaping of public policies for indigenous people in general and particularly for the promotion of the history, knowledge, and culture of the Maxakali people.

La atención a la salud en Mesoamérica antes y después de 1519 / Health care in Mesoamerica before and after 1519

Resumen En este ensayo se discute la situación de la atención a la salud en Mesoamérica antes e inmediatamente después de 1519. En los primeros 50 años después de la Conquista, los españoles hicieron un uso muy extensivo de la medicina náhuatl. Sin embargo, con el tiempo, el ámbito de influencia de esta tradición se vio limitado debido a la rápida imposición de un sistema de atención muy diferente que poco aprovechó, entre otras cosas, la riqueza terapéutica de la medicina prehispánica.

Abstract This paper discusses the situation of healthcare in Mesoamerica before and immediately after 1519. In the first 50 years after the Conquest, the Spaniards made extensive use of Nahuatl medicine. However, the influence of this medical tradition was limited due to the rapid imposition of a very different medical system which took little advantage of, among other things, the therapeutic wealth of pre-Hispanic healing traditions.

[Health care in Mesoamerica before and after 1519]. / La atención a la salud en Mesoamérica antes y después de 1519.

This paper discusses the situation of healthcare in Mesoamerica before and immediately after 1519. In the first 50 years after the Conquest, the Spaniards made extensive use of Nahuatl medicine. However, the influence of this medical tradition was limited due to the rapid imposition of a very different medical system which took little advantage of, among other things, the therapeutic wealth of pre-Hispanic healing traditions.

En este ensayo se discute la situación de la atención a la salud en Mesoamérica antes e inmediatamente después de 1519. En los primeros 50 años después de la Conquista, los españoles hicieron un uso muy extensivo de la medicina náhuatl. Sin embargo, con el tiempo, el ámbito de influencia de esta tradición se vio limitado debido a la rápida imposición de un sistema de atención muy diferente que poco aprovechó, entre otras cosas, la riqueza terapéutica de la medicina prehispánica.

Doctors of Plural Medicine, Knowledge Transmission, and Family Space in India.

The transmission of traditional medical knowledge - either institutionally or through established lineages - is assumed to involve one single tradition or another. In India however, families of doctors often engage with multiple traditions, including Ayurveda, Unani, homeopathy, yoga, and biomedicine. Parents, children, siblings and spouses trained in different medical systems occasionally share knowledge and clinical space, producing versatile therapies. By exploring such cases, I challenge studies focused on single traditions and propose to examine "family space" as the physical and relational proximity that enables kin doctors to experiment with plural therapies while negotiating legitimacy and authority within the changing institution of the Indian family.

Situating biologies of traditional Chinese medicine in Central Europe.

Since the concept of 'local biologies' was proposed in the 1990s, it has been used to examine biosocial processes that transform human bodies in similar and different ways around the globe. This paper explores understandings of biosocial differentiation and convergence in the case of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in the Czech Republic. Specifically, it examines how Czech TCM practitioners view TCM as universally applicable while fine-tuning it to situated biosocial conditions, experimenting with the compatibilities of various human and plant bodies as part of their generalised, clinical practice. Drawing upon ethnographic research among TCM practitioners in the Czech Republic, it suggests that in addition to the individualization of TCM therapeutics to suit particular patients, Czech TCM is characterised by collective particularization, shaped by local concerns over ethnic, environmental and cultural differences. By looking critically at TCM practitioners' sensitivities to localised biological similarities and differences it aims to contribute to understandings of the expansion of TCM in Central Europe, as well as more broadly to current social science debates over the risks and opportunities inherent in abandoning the assumption of a universal human body and biology.

Association Between Race and Ethnicity in the Delivery of Regional Anesthesia for Pediatric Patients: A Single-Center Study of 3189 Regional Anesthetics in 25,664 Surgeries.

BACKGROUND: Racial and ethnic disparities in health care are well documented in the United States, although evidence of disparities in pediatric anesthesia is limited. We sought to determine whether there is an association between race and ethnicity and the use of intraoperative regional anesthesia at a single academic children's hospital. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of all anesthetics at an academic tertiary children's hospital between May 4, 2014, and May 31, 2018. The primary outcome was delivery of regional anesthesia, defined as a neuraxial or peripheral nerve block. The association between patient race and ethnicity (white non-Hispanic or minority) and receipt of regional anesthesia was assessed using multivariable logistic regression. Sensitivity analyses were performed comparing white non-Hispanic to an expansion of the single minority group to individual racial and ethnic groups and on patients undergoing surgeries most likely to receive regional anesthesia (orthopedic and urology patients). RESULTS: Of 33,713 patient cases eligible for inclusion, 25,664 met criteria for analysis. Three-thousand one-hundred eighty-nine patients (12.4%) received regional anesthesia. One thousand eighty-six of 8884 (13.3%) white non-Hispanic patients and 2003 of 16,780 (11.9%) minority patients received regional anesthesia. After multivariable adjustment for confounding, race and ethnicity were not found to be significantly associated with receiving intraoperative regional anesthesia (adjusted odds ratios [ORs] = 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.86-1.06; P = .36). Sensitivity analyses did not find significant differences between the white non-Hispanic group and individual races and ethnicities, nor did they find significant differences when analyzing only orthopedic and urology patients, despite observing some meaningful clinical differences. CONCLUSIONS: In an analysis of patients undergoing surgical anesthesia at a single academic children's hospital, race and ethnicity were not significantly associated with the adjusted ORs of receiving intraoperative regional anesthesia. This finding contrasts with much of the existing health care disparities literature and warrants further study with additional datasets to understand the mechanisms involved.

Medical anthropology and symbolic cure: from the placebo to cultures of meaningful healing.

The perspectives of medical anthropology on symbolic cure are crucial for understanding placebo mechanisms on the medical agenda. However, while classic biomedical conceptions of the placebo discredited cultural factors as legitimate therapeutic tools, the anthropological critical approach confronted this perspective in the opposite way, rejecting the role of neurobiological factors, and using culture as a self-contained phenomenon. This manuscript is a review of the symbolic healing, stressing the importance of an integrated and interdisciplinary study of the placebo response, and the need to go beyond both biological and cultural reductionisms. Various perspectives from medical anthropology will be described, ranging from classical to multilevel perspectives that enable consideration of the placebo in its neurobiological, psychological and cultural dimensions.

Health ethics and Indigenous ethnocide.

In colonial societies such as Canada the implications of colonialism and ethnocide (or cultural genocide) for ethical decision-making are ill-understood yet have profound implications in health ethics and other spheres. They combine to shape racism in health care in ways, sometimes obvious, more often subtle, that are inadequately understood and often wholly unnoticed. Along with overt experiences of interpersonal racism, Indigenous people with health care needs are confronted by systemic racism in the shaping of institutional structures, hospital policies and in resource allocation decisions. Above all, racism is a function of state law - of the unilateral imposition of the settler society law on Indigenous communities. Indeed, the laws, including health laws, are social determinants of the ill-health of Indigenous peoples. This article describes the problem of Indigenous ethnocide and explores its ethical implications. It thereby problematizes the role of law in health ethics.

Listening to First Nations women' expressions of heart health: mite achimowin digital storytelling study.

Historically, heart health was approached holistically by First Nations (FN) peoples, which was integrated into daily living. Caring for the physical, emotional and spiritual needs of individuals, community, family, and the living environment was integral. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada demonstrates the decimation of health practices through governmental policy to destroy the cultural foundations of FN peoples. Relational systems and ways of living were outlawed, and the health of FN people suffered. A digital storytelling study collaborated with Manitoba FN women with lived experience of caring for a biomedical-diagnosed heart condition. The objective was to identify concepts, language, and experiences of heart health among FN women. Six women created five digital stories; four are available publically online. Themes addressed by the storytellers include: changes to diet and lifestyle, related health conditions, experiences with healthcare system, residential schools, and relationships with children and grandchildren. The intersection of Western and FN knowledges heard in the women's stories suggests heart health knowledge and care is embedded within historical and social contexts. Insights into the non-dichotomous relationship between FN and biomedical knowledge of heart health, along with their conceptualisations of heart, suggests historical and social roots underlying heart health issues First Nations women face.

Developing the Alliances to Expand Traditional Indigenous Healing Practices Within Alberta Health Services.

OBJECTIVES: Indigenous people have unique health needs that require culturally appropriate holistic care that addresses physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual health. Access to both traditional Indigenous healing practices and Western medicine are needed for all encompassing holistic health. DESIGN: This inquiry addresses actions suggested by the United Nations (UN) and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC) with regard to traditional Indigenous medicine and healing and was guided by an Organizational Sponsor and Inquiry Team. SETTING: The fieldwork for this study took place within Alberta Health Services (AHS), established in 2008 when 12 separate health entities merged to become Canada's first and largest fully integrated provincial health system. PARTICIPANTS: Two Elders and a Cultural Helper provided perspectives on cultural protocols surrounding the traditional Indigenous sweat lodge ceremony. Three Indigenous community members provided perspectives on AHS services and holistic health through participation in the traditional Indigenous sweat lodge ceremony. Seven AHS administrative employees provided perspectives on implementation. INTERVENTIONS: This study was conducted within an action research framework and the researcher conducted a literature review, interviews, and a focus group to allow for triangulation. RESULTS: Throughout the interviews and focus group, participants consistently emphasized the importance of increasing efforts to expand traditional Indigenous healing practices within AHS, giving rise to the primary study theme: Expanding Traditional Indigenous Healing Practices within AHS. Several subthemes emerged in support of this primary focus, including the following: (1) enhancing cultural competency and safety training among leadership and employees; (2) adhering to tradition and protocol; (3) establishing meaningful partnerships; (4) strengthening organizational facets of program delivery; and (5) need for additional financial, human, and logistical resources. CONCLUSIONS: During this time of reconciliation with Indigenous peoples in Canada and beyond, health care leaders and providers have an ethical responsibility and important opportunity to help improve the troubling health disparities at hand. This will inevitably require tremendous reflection, humility, courage, and commitment by stakeholders at all levels, as they work to transform health systems that disproportionately disadvantage Indigenous ways of knowing and being while implicitly privileging Eurocentric, biomedical perspectives. This pursuit, despite the barriers that may arise, is a moral, social, and political imperative for all those health care workers who seek to reduce suffering.

Intercultural health in Ecuador: an asymmetrical and incomplete project.

Intimate connections between culture and health are complicated by various understandings of the human body, divergent beliefs about reality and place-bound theories about healing. Health care systems in various countries are modified with a goal of creating 'hybrid' structures that make room for traditional practices within a dominant Western model. But genuine intercultural health care is elusive. In Ecuador, a country with great cultural and geographic diversity, the culture-health spectrum is broad and bumpy. This is especially evident in health care politics, education and administration. A constitution adopted in 2008 aims for inclusivity and equality by incorporating indigenous concepts of the 'good life' and ideals of an intercultural society. These new values and perspectives should be reflected in economics, law, education and health care. But these concepts confront a racial, political and economic history that has delegitimized indigenous systems of knowledge and belief. This paper contrasts 'ideal' and 'real' intercultural health care using case studies of the Tsáchila, an indigenous group in coastal Ecuador. The conclusion is that 'ideal' intercultural health care, as reflected in medical school education and clinical practice, is a superficial attempt at dialogue and understanding between indigenous and western medicine. 'Real' intercultural health care involves a more profound level of mutual respect and cross-cultural understanding that aims for symmetry in patient-doctor relationships. Insights from medical anthropology guide the authors through a critical analysis that addresses interculturality as a political issue and a political struggle that the Tsáchilas - like other indigenous groups - are losing.

Stuck in the Clinic: Vernacular Healing and Medical Anthropology in Contemporary sub-Saharan Africa.

While vernacular therapeutics had long been a topic of interest to many writing about medicine and healing in Africa, with a few exceptions most recent anthropological writings on medicine in Africa are focused on biomedicine. In this article, I trace this shift back to the turn of the millennium and the convergence of three events: the emergence of global health, the accession of the occult economies paradigm, and critiques of culturalism in medical anthropology. I argue that these three shifts led to research projects and priorities that looked different from those defined and undertaken as late as the late 1990s. While seeking to avoid the errors that could come with writing about vernacular therapeutic traditions in Africa as bounded comprehensive systems, I argue that there are empirical, political, and practical reasons why medical anthropologists may want to reconsider our collective research priorities.

Person-centred pain management for the patient with acute abdominal pain: An ethnography informed by the Fundamentals of Care framework.

AIMS: To explore and describe the impact of the organizational culture on and the patient-practitioner patterns of actions that contributes to or detract from successful pain management for the patient with acute abdominal pain (AAP) across the acute care pathway. BACKGROUND: Although pain management is a recognized human right, unmanaged pain continues to cause suffering and prolong hospital care. Unanswered questions about how to successfully manage pain relate to both organizational culture and individual practitioners' performance. DESIGN: Focused ethnography, applying the Developmental Research Sequence and the Fundamentals of Care framework. METHODS: Participant observation and informal interviews (92 hr) were performed at one emergency department (ED) and two surgical wards at a University Hospital during April-November 2015. Data include 261 interactions between patients, aged ≥18 years seeking care for AAP at the ED and admitted to a surgical ward (N = 31; aged 20-90 years; 14 men, 17 women; 9 with communicative disabilities) and healthcare practitioners (N = 198). RESULTS: The observations revealed an organizational culture with considerable impact on how well pain was managed. Well-managed pain presupposed the patient and practitioners to connect in a holistic pain management including a trustful relationship, communication to share knowledge and individualized analgesics. CONCLUSIONS: Person-centred pain management requires an organization where patients and practitioners share their knowledge of pain and pain management as true partners. Leaders and practitioners should make small behavioural changes to enable the crucial positive experience of pain management.

Attitudes and Perceptions Towards Access and Use of the Formal Healthcare Sector in Northern Malawi.

We evaluated community attitudes, perceptions, and experiences regarding access and use of health care systems in Northern Malawi. Through a qualitative descriptive approach, 12 focus group discussions were conducted in 2014 with community members (n=71) in Mzimba North, Malawi. Data were transcribed and analyzed for major themes. Both formal health care systems and traditional medicine were widely used as complementary. Health care-seeking behavior was governed by previous treatment history and by whether a disease was believed to be biological or spiritual in nature, the latter being best treated with traditional medicine. Barriers to using formal health care included cost, hospital resources/environment, socio-cultural beliefs, and transportation. Transportation was a significant barrier, often linked to increased mortality. Support of local strategies to address transportation, structural approaches to improve hospital capabilities and environment, and community education reconciling traditional beliefs and modern medicine may mitigate access issues and improve use of the health care system.

Predictors of Delayed Healthcare Seeking Among American Muslim Women.

BACKGROUND: Delayed care seeking is associated with adverse health outcomes. For Muslim women, delayed care seeking might include religion-related motivations, such as a preference for female clinicians, concerns about preserving modesty, and fatalistic beliefs. Our study assesses associations between religion-related factors and delayed care seeking due to a perceived lack of female clinicians. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Surveys were distributed to Muslim women attending mosque and community events in Chicago. Survey items included measures of religiosity, religious fatalism, discrimination, modesty, and alternative medicine utilization and worship practices. The outcome measure asked for levels of agreement to the statement "I have delayed seeking medical care when no woman doctor is available to see me." RESULTS: Two hundred fifty-four women completed the survey with nearly equal numbers of African Americans (26%), Arab Americans (33%), and South Asians (33%). Fifty-three percent reported delays in care seeking due to a perceived lack of female clinicians. In multivariate analysis adjusting for sociodemographic factors, higher religiosity (odds ratio [OR] = 5.2, p < 0.01) and modesty levels (OR = 1.4, p < 0.001) were positively associated with delayed care seeking. Having lived in the United States for >20 years (OR = 0.22, p < 0.05) was negatively associated with delayed care seeking. CONCLUSION: Many American Muslim women reported delays in care seeking due to a perceived lack of female clinicians. Women with higher levels of modesty and self-rated religiosity had higher odds of delaying care. Women who had lived in the United States for longer durations had lower odds of delaying care. Our research highlights the need for gender-concordant providers and culturally sensitive care for American Muslims.