Antibacterial biohybrid nanofibers for wound dressings.

Globally, chronic wounds impose a notable burden to patients and healthcare systems. Such skin wounds are readily subjected to bacteria that provoke inflammation and hence challenge the healing process. Furthermore, bacteria induce infection impeding re-epithelialization and collagen synthesis. With an estimated global market of $20.4 billion by 2021, appropriate wound dressing materials e.g. those composed of biopolymers originating from nature, are capable of alleviating the infection incidence and of accelerating the healing process. Particularly, biopolymeric nanofibrous dressings are biocompatible and mostly biodegradable and biomimic the extracellular matrix structure. Such nanofibrous dressings provide a high surface area and the ability to deliver antibiotics and antibacterial agents locally into the wound milieu to control infection. In this regard, with the dangerous evolution of antibiotic resistant bacteria, antibiotic delivery systems are being gradually replaced with antibacterial biohybrid nanofibrous wound dressings. This emerging class of wound dressings comprises biopolymeric nanofibers containing antibacterial nanoparticles, nature-derived compounds and biofunctional agents. Here, the most recent (since 2015) developments of antibacterial biopolymeric nanofibrous wound dressings, particularly those made of biohybrids, are reviewed and their antibacterial efficiency is evaluated based on a comprehensive literature analysis. Lastly, the prospects and challenges are discussed to draw a roadmap for further progresses and to open up future research avenues in this area. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: With a global market of $20.4 billion by 2021, skin wound dressings are a crucial segment of the wound care industry. As an advanced class of bioactive wound dressing materials, natural polymeric nanofibers loaded with antibacterial agents, e.g. antimicrobial nanoparticles/ions, nature-derived compounds and biofunctional agents, have shown a remarkable potential for replacement of their classic counterparts. Also, given the expanding concern regarding antibiotic resistant bacteria, such biohybrid nanofibrous wound dressings can outperform classical drug delivery systems. Here, an updated overview of the most recent (since 2015) developments of antibacterial biopolymeric nanofibrous wound dressings is presented. In this review, while discussing about the antibacterial efficiency of such systems, the prospects and challenges are highlighted to draw a roadmap for further progresses in this area.

[PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PLASTER BANDAGES]. / FIZIKALNA SVOJSTVA SADRENIH ZAVOJA.

The physical properties of plaster bandages are a very important factor in achieving the basic functions of immobilization (maintaining bone fragments in the best possible position), which directly affects the speed and quality of fracture healing. This paper compares the differences between the physical properties of plaster bandages (mass, specific weight, drying rate, elasticity and strength) and records the differences in plaster modeling of fast bonding 10 cm wide plaster bandages, from three different manufacturers: Safix plus (Hartmann, Germany), Cellona (Lohman Rauscher, Austria) and Gipsan (Ivo Lola Ribar ltd., Croatia). Plaster tiles from ten layers of plaster, dimension 10 x 10 cm were made. The total number of tiles from each manufacturer was 48. The water temperature of 22 °C was used for the first 24 tiles and 34 'C was used for the remainder. The average specific weight of the original packaging was: Cellona (0.52 g/cm3), Gipsan (0.50 g/cm3), Safix plus (0.38 g/cm3). Three days after plaster tile modeling an average specific weight of the tiles was: Gipsan (1.15 g/cm3), Safix plus (1.00 g/cm3), Cellona (1.10 g/cm3). The average humidity of 50% for Safix plus and Cellona plaster tiles was recorded 18 hours after modeling, while for the Gipsan plaster tiles, this humidity value was seen after 48 hours. On the third day after plaster modeling the average humidity of the plaster tiles was 30% for Gipsan, 24% for Safix and 16% for Cellona. Cellona plaster tiles made with 34 °C water achieved the highest elasticity (11.75±3.18 MPa), and Gipsan plaster tiles made with 22 °C had the lowest (7.21±0.9 MPa). Cellona plaster tiles made with 34 °C water showed maximum material strength (4390±838 MPa), and Gipsan plaster tiles made with 22 °C water showed the lowest material strength (771±367 MPa). The rigidity and strength of Cellona and Gipsan plaster are higher in tiles made in warmer water, and for Safix plus are higher in tiles made in cooler water. All three types of plaster differentiate in physical properties. The differences in mass and specific weight before and after plaster modeling are minimal. There are greater differences in drying rate, elasticity and strength between the three different plaster materials.

[Dressings for local treatment of leg ulcers]. / Pansements utilisés dans le traitement local des ulcères de jambe.

The beneficial effect of a moist wound environment has been well established for healing rate of acute wounds, pain relief and debridement of chronic wounds. Modern dressings are occlusive or semi occlusive, classified according to their physical composition and to their performances such as absorbent capacity, hydrating ability, adhesive components and debridement capacity. They are used to control the exudates and to maintain the wound in a moist environment. Published systematic reviews of the value of different types of dressings in the management of chronic wounds provide only weak levels of evidence of their clinical efficacy, in terms of healing rate. Nevertheless, the indications of modern dressings were recently determined according to a systematic review of the literature and to a formal consensus process. Despite the lack of appropriate studies, modern dressings remains a part of the standard of care and are widely used according to the experience of the clinicians, in larger indications than what may be recommended by evidence-based medicine.

Physico-chemical properties of commercial active alginate dressings.

The aim of this study was to analyse the changing physico-chemical properties of commercial active alginate wound dressings and to evaluate an attempt to improve their effect through chemical modification. The dressings were modified by treating them with specially designed solutions of sodium lactate and arachis oil. Then selected physico-chemical properties (sorption and desorption, theoretical density, pharmaceutical availability of chemical compounds, resistance to washing) were compared for each raw and modified dressing.

Assessment and management of surgical wounds in clinical practice.

Successful nursing care of surgical wounds is dependent on the nurse's knowledge and understanding of normal wound healing physiology, the type of surgery performed, the method of closure and the optimal treatment of the resultant wound. Using this knowledge, nurses can provide a systematic and holistic patient assessment, and consider any potential wound-related complications.

Practical treatment of wound pain and trauma: a patient-centered approach. An overview.

Chronic wound pain is distressing and influences the patient's ability to function. One of the failures of modern medicine is the inadequate assessment and treatment of pain. The clinician's approach to chronic wound pain combines the "preparing the wound bed" paradigm with chronic wound pain models. A holistic approach must include the diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause, identification and correction of patient-centered concerns, and the three major components of local wound care (debridement, bacterial balance/prolonged inflammation, and moisture balance). The Krasner pain model defines chronic (persistent), noncyclic acute, and cyclic acute wound pain. Chronic persistent wound pain without an event or trigger often relates to the cause of the wound that needs to be corrected to relieve the pain. Noncyclic acute pain is often experienced with a surgical procedure such as sharp debridement. Cyclical acute pain may occur repeatedly with removal or application of new local wound dressings. Securing a thorough pain history focusing on pain patterns will help healthcare professionals develop specific pain relief initiatives. Pain is a component of quality of life. Patient-centered concerns need to address pain control measures until the cause of the pain can be corrected. Controlling pain, however, may not always improve quality of life scores. Each of the components of local wound care also may be responsible for the production of pain; strategies need to be implemented to ensure adequate patient comfort.

Compression bandaging.

Compression therapy is an important element to the treatment of venous leg ulcers. The factors to be considered when applying compression bandage therapy are discussed in detail.

Bandage application.

The application of external compression is known to be an effective treatment for venous ulcers and the skills required to provide adequate pressure depend on the type of compression to be applied. Holistic assessment of the patient, along with education of the practitioner, leads to safe application of compression bandages. Incorrectly applied bandages can cause an increase in the size of the ulcer and may lead to amputation if used on ischaemic limbs1.