Assuntos
Bem-Estar do Animal/história , Bem-Estar do Animal/legislação & jurisprudência , Criação de Animais Domésticos/história , Criação de Animais Domésticos/legislação & jurisprudência , Animais , Animais Domésticos , Cães , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História Antiga , História Pré-Moderna 1451-1600 , História Medieval , Reino Unido , Medicina Veterinária/históriaRESUMO
In Japan, at the old ports of the whaling industry, at all 365 slaughterhouses of the country, at some of the more than 90 wholesale markets of marine products, and at most of the about 170 testing facilities using laboratory animals, there are memorial stones for the souls of the animals killed for human welfare. Except at the whaling ports, where the memorials often can be dated back to the 17. century, all stones have been erected in the 20. century, most of them during the last 2 decades. The roots of this Japanese folk custom are probably in the prehistoric times of Shintoism. With the introduction of Buddhism in the 6. century, the killing of animals was considered sinful. Following the opening of the country in 1860, slaughterhouses were established.
Assuntos
Matadouros/história , Academias e Institutos/história , Práticas Mortuárias/história , Bem-Estar do Animal/história , Animais , História do Século XV , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História Antiga , História Medieval , Japão , Religião/história , BaleiasAssuntos
Experimentação Animal , Bem-Estar do Animal , Filosofia Médica , Bem-Estar do Animal/história , Animais , Pesquisa Biomédica , Ética Médica , Europa (Continente) , Governo Federal , Regulamentação Governamental , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História Antiga , Humanos , Princípios Morais , Filosofia Médica/história , Medição de Risco , Estados Unidos , Vivissecção/históriaRESUMO
The historical development of the use of laboratory animals runs broadly parallel with the development of western human medicine. From the latter half of the nineteenth century, after the first anaesthetics were discovered, the number of animals used for experiments showed a particularly marked increase. A number of causes of these developments are discussed. From the latter half of the twentieth century, experimental animals themselves have become a subject of investigation. The discipline of laboratory animal science is then developed. Laboratory animal science increases the reproducibility of experimental studies and contributes to the welfare of laboratory animals. An important recent development was started in teaching laboratory animal science when the Laboratory Animal Order promulgated on May 31, 1985, became operative. In this Order, the training requirements are stated, which have to be met by those taking part in animal experiments (investigators, animal technicians, experts in laboratory animal science). A particular training in laboratory animal science is made compulsory on each of these categories. The Department of Laboratory Animal Science in Utrecht has national terms of reference for university education in this field. The contents of this education is briefly discussed. Finally, a number of problems are reviewed, which are associated with testing the ethical aspects of animal experiments.