A Pilot Study of a Grape Seed Procyanidin Extract for Lung Cancer Chemoprevention.

Grape seed procyanidin extract (GSE) had been reported to exert antineoplastic properties in preclinical studies. A modified phase I, open-label, dose-escalation clinical study was conducted to evaluate the safety, tolerability, MTD, and potential chemopreventive effects of leucoselect phytosome (LP), a standardized GSE complexed with soy phospholipids to enhance bioavailability, in heavy active and former smokers. Eight subjects ages 46-68 years were enrolled into the study and treated with escalating oral doses of LP for 3 months. Bronchoscopies with bronchoalveolar lavage and bronchial biopsies were performed before and after 3 months of LP treatment. Hematoxylin and eosin stain for histopathology grading and IHC examination for Ki-67 proliferative labeling index (Ki-67 LI) were carried out on serially matched bronchial biopsy samples from each subject to determine responses to treatment. Two subjects were withdrawn due to issues unrelated to the study medication, and a total of 6 subjects completed the full study course. In general, 3 months of LP, reaching the highest dose per study protocol was well tolerated and no dosing adjustment was necessary. Such a treatment regimen significantly decreased bronchial Ki-67 LI by an average of 55% (P = 0.041), with concomitant decreases in serum miR-19a, -19b, and -106b, which were oncomirs previously reported to be downregulated by GSE, including LP, in preclinical studies. In spite of not reaching the original enrollment goal of 20, our findings nonetheless support the continued clinical translation of GSE as an antineoplastic and chemopreventive agent against lung cancer.

Effect of oral theaflavin administration on body weight, fat, and muscle in healthy subjects: a randomized pilot study.

Theaflavins are reddish-colored polyphenols in black tea. To test the efficacy of theaflavin administration on body fat and muscle, we performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study and investigated the effect of theaflavins administration on the body composition using of healthy subjects. In this study, 30 male and female Japanese were enrolled and participants were randomly allocated to receive placebo, theaflavin (50 or 100 mg/day), or catechin (400 mg/ml) for 10 weeks. The effects were evaluated using body weight, body fat percentage, subcutaneous fat percentage, and skeletal muscle percentage. Theaflavin administration significantly improved body fat percentage, subcutaneous fat percentage, and skeletal muscle percentage when compared to with the placebo. In contrast, there was no significant difference in all measured outcomes between the catechin and the placebo groups. The results indicate that oral administration of theaflavin had a beneficial effect on body fat and muscle in healthy individuals.

The impact of theaflavins on systemic-and microcirculation alterations: The murine and randomized feasibility trials.

Theaflavins are polyphenols found in black tea; their physiological activities were not well investigated. The present study in rats evaluated the influence of theaflavins on circulation. In addition, an intervention pilot study examined the influence of a theaflavin drink on postprandial hemodynamic change. In an animal study, a single oral dose of theaflavin rich fraction (TF, 10mg/kg) caused transient increase in mean blood pressure (MBP) and heart rate (HR). TF also elevated cremastric blood flow significantly, and the magnitude of this effect was in this order: theaflavin 3'-O-gallate (TF2B) >>theaflavin-3-O-gallate (TF2A) >>theaflavin (TF1)=theaflavin-3, 3'-di-O-gallate (TF3). In addition, these hemodynamic alterations in mammals totally disappeared when pretreated with carvedilol as an adrenaline blocker. We also treated 10-mg/kg/day TF to the rats for 2 weeks. At the end of the ingestion period, MBP was reduced significantly, and aortic eNOS level was elevated by the repeated ingestion of TF compared with distilled water. In the intervention trial, blood pressure of the volunteers was increased significantly 2 and 4h after ingestion of the TF drink (45mg/drink) compared with before treatment. A significant difference was observed in FMD between the placebo and theaflavin groups 4h after ingestion. These results suggested that theaflavin has potent activity to alter hemodynamics in both murine and healthy subjects. Further studies is needed to elucidate the details; however, the results of animal study suggested that the possible involvement of sympathetic nervous system in the hemodynamic changes caused by TF.

Protective effect of theaflavin-enriched black tea extracts against dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrosis in rats.

Liver cirrhosis is responsible for hepatic fibrosis resulting in high mortality and is also a risk factor for developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is the fifth most common cancer in men and the seventh in women globally. Several studies have found effective anti-cancer activities of theaflavins, the major black tea polyphenols. The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effects of theaflavin-enriched black tea extracts (TF-BTE) on hepatic fibrosis induced by dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) administration in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Treatment of SD rats with DMN (10 mg per kg bw) for 4 weeks produced inflammation and remarkable liver fibrosis assessed by serum biochemistry and histopathological examination. Fibrotic status and the activation of hepatic stellate cells were improved by oral administration of 40% theaflavins in black tea extracts (40% TF-BTE) as evidenced by histopathological examination. Oral administration of 40% TF-BTE at a low dose of 50 mg per kg bw per day and a high dose of 100 mg per kg bw per day attenuated the DMN-induced elevation of serum GOT (glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase) and GPT (glutamic pyruvic transaminase) levels and reduced necrosis, bile duct proliferation, and inflammation. Western blot analyses revealed that TF-BTE inhibited the expression of liver alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) protein. The histochemical examination showed the inhibitory effect of TF-BTE on the p-Smad3 expression. Overall, these data demonstrated that TF-BTE exhibited hepatoprotective effects on experimental fibrosis, potentially by inhibiting the TGF-ß1/Smad signaling.