Efficacy of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy in Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a nuclear reaction-based tumor cell-selective particle irradiation method. High-dose methotrexate and whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) are the recommended treatments for primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). This tumor responds well to initial treatment but relapses even after successful treatment, and the prognosis is poor as there is no safe and effective treatment for relapse. In this study, we aimed to conduct basic research to explore the possibility of using BNCT as a treatment for PCNSL. METHODS: The boron concentration in human lymphoma cells was measured. Subsequently, neutron irradiation experiments on lymphoma cells were conducted. A mouse central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma model was created to evaluate the biodistribution of boron after the administration of borono-phenylalanine as a capture agent. In the neutron irradiation study of a mouse PCNSL model, the therapeutic effect of BNCT on PCNSL was evaluated in terms of survival. RESULTS: The boron uptake capability of human lymphoma cells was sufficiently high both in vitro and in vivo. In the neutron irradiation study, the BNCT group showed a higher cell killing effect and prolonged survival compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: A new therapeutic approach for PCNSL is urgently required, and BNCT may be a promising treatment for PCNSL. The results of this study, including those of neutron irradiation, suggest success in the conduct of future clinical trials to explore the possibility of BNCT as a new treatment option for PCNSL.

Simultaneous boron (B) removal and electricity generation from domestic wastewater using duckweed-based wastewater treatment reactors coupled with microbial fuel cell.

Boron removal from water environment is a critical issue for scientific spotlight because its removal from wastewater is difficult and costly with conventional treatment method. Herein, an innovative, cost effective and attractive method which depends on duckweed-based wastewater treatment systems coupled with microbial fuel cell reactor (DWWT-MFC) was investigated for B-polluted domestic wastewater treatment and simultaneous electricity generation for the first time in an eco-technological study. Lemna gibba L. was selected as a model duckweed species, and different reactors were also designed to identify which mechanisms are dominant for B removal in a DWWT-MFC reactor matrix. DWWT-MFC reactor achieved 71% B removal in experiment period, and the plant effect on B removal mechanisms in the reactor matrix was recorded as 37.7 ±â€¯4.92% (F = 2.543, p < 0.05). However, supplementary aeration and microbial effects on B removal were determined as negligible. Average maximum voltage output was found as 1.47 V, and maximum power density was 34.8 mW/m2 at a current density of 43.9 mA/m2 with supplementary aeration. Moreover, DWWT-MFC reactor achieved 84%, 81% and 76% of COD, NH4+ and PO43- removal efficiencies, respectively. Moreover, L. gibba grew well in the anode chamber of DWWT-MFC with an average biomass yield of 218 ±â€¯43 g/m2 and a total chlorophyll (a+b) concentration of 30.2 mg g-1, which indicates that anolyte environment was not toxic for L. gibba growth. Consequently, it can be suggested that environmental experts may use DWWT-MFC as an efficient removal method to treat B from domestic wastewater and to produce bioelectricity.

Boron removal from hydraulic fracturing wastewater by aluminum and iron coagulation: Mechanisms and limitations.

One promising water management strategy during hydraulic fracturing is treatment and reuse of flowback/produced water. In particular, the saline flowback water contains many of the chemicals employed for fracking, which need to be removed before possible reuse as "frac water." This manuscript targets turbidity along with one of the additives; borate-based cross-linkers used to adjust the rheological characteristics of the frac-fluid. Alum and ferric chloride were evaluated as coagulants for clarification and boron removal from saline flowback water obtained from a well in the Eagle Ford shale. Extremely high dosages (> 9000 mg/L or 333 mM Al and 160 mM Fe) corresponding to Al/B and Fe/B mass ratios of ∼70 and molar ratios of ∼28 and 13 respectively were necessary to remove ∼80% boron. Hence, coagulation does not appear to be feasible for boron removal from high-strength waste streams. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed BO bonding on surfaces of freshly precipitated Al(OH)3(am) and Fe(OH)3(am) suggesting boron uptake was predominantly via ligand exchange. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy provided direct evidence of inner-sphere boron complexation with surface hydroxyl groups on both amorphous aluminum and iron hydroxides. Only trigonal boron was detected on aluminum flocs since possible presence of tetrahedral boron was masked by severe AlO interferences. Both trigonal and tetrahedral conformation of boron complexes were identified on Fe(OH)3 surfaces.

Evaluation of two hybrid poplar clones as constructed wetland plant species for treating saline water high in boron and selenium, or waters only high in boron.

Wetland mesocosms were constructed to assess two hybrid poplar clones (Populustrichocarpa×P. deltoides×P. nigra '345-1' and '347-14') for treating saline water high in boron (B) and selenium (Se), and a hydroponic experiment was performed to test the B tolerance and B accumulation in both clones. In the mesocosm experiment, clone 345-1 exhibited no toxic symptoms at an EC of 10mScm-1, while clone 347-14 showed slight toxic symptoms at 7.5mScm-1. The removal percentages of B, Se, sodium (Na), and chloride (Cl) ranged from 26.7-45.6%, 50-69.4%, 18.4-24.0%, and 15.8-23.2%, respectively, by clone 345-1, and from 22.9-29.4%, 31.7-43.8%, 16.5-24.2%, and 14.9-23.9%, respectively, by clone 347-1. In the hydroponic experiment, B toxic symptoms were observed at treatments of 150 and 200mg B L-1 for clones 345-1 and 347-14, respectively. The greatest leaf B concentrations of 3699 and 1913mgkg-1 were found in clone 345-1 and clone 347-14, respectively. The translocation factor (TF) of clone 347-14 was less than clone 345-1. Clone 345-1 only showed significantly greater (P<0.05) B removal percentages than clone 347-14 when B treatment was <20mg B L-1. In conclusion, both tested poplar clones competitively accumulated and removed B and Se in constructed wetlands.

Removal of boron and fluoride in wastewater using Mg-Al layered double hydroxide and Mg-Al oxide.

Mg-Al layered double hydroxide intercalated with NO3- and Mg-Al oxide were found to remove hazardous materials such as B and As, as well as Cl- and SO42-, from artificial and real hot spring wastewater. However, compared with the mixture of Al2(SO4)3 and Ca(OH)2, both adsorbents were inferior for the removal of B from real hot spring wastewater. Both adsorbents were also found to remove F- and PO43- from artificial semiconductor plant wastewater. Both adsorbents have the same ability to remove B from landfill wastewater as the mixture of Al2(SO4)3 and Ca(OH)2; furthermore, both remove Cl-, Br-, and SO42-. The benefit of Mg-Al layered double hydroxide intercalated with NO3- is that it does not require neutralization after the treatment. Overall, it can be stated that among the materials tested, Mg-Al layered double hydroxide intercalated with NO3- is the most suitable adsorbent for the treatment of hot spring and landfill wastewater.

Equilibrium and kinetic studies of adsorption of boron on activated alumina.

Boron is widely distributed in the environment, mainly in the form of boric acid or borate salts, and its contamination of waters is a concern around the world. This study focuses on boron removal by means of adsorption onto activated alumina. Optimum adsorption was achieved in the pH range 8.0 to 8.5. Approximately 60% (by mass) boron removal was achieved using an adsorbent dose of 5 g at an initial boron concentration of 50 mg/L. Adsorption isotherms at 10, 20, and 30 degrees C were investigated. The results fitted with the Langmuir and Freundlich equations showed a monolayer adsorption onto a surface, with a finite number of identical sites. To study the rate-limiting step, the adsorption kinetic data of boron were analyzed using first-order (Lagergren) and second-order kinetic models. The experimental results obtained showed that the adsorption process followed a second-order kinetic model.

Removal of boron from aqueous solution by adsorption on Al2O3 based materials using full factorial design.

This paper aims the adsorption of boron from aqueous solution onto Siral 30 and Pural using 2(3) full factorial design. The effect of individual variables and their interactional effects for boron adsorption were also determined. From the statistical analysis, it is inferred that as pH and temperature increased boron adsorption from aqueous solution decreased. Siral 30 was found to be more efficient adsorbent than Pural. The unimportant factor affecting boron adsorption from aqueous solution was also verified by using Fisher adequacy test. At the 90% confidence level, the type of adsorbent, temperature and type of adsorbent-temperature interaction was effective on boron adsorption from aqueous solution. The experimental results were fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (DR) equations to find out adsorption capacities. In most cases, the results indicate that Freundlich and DR equations are well described with the sorption data. The adsorption capacity values of Siral 30 calculated from Freundlich and DR equation was greater than that of Pural. The thermodynamic parameters were also estimated and the adsorption process was not spontaneous nature.

Removal of B, Cr, Mo, and Se from wastewater by incorporation into hydrocalumite and ettringite.

Boron, chromium, molybdenum, and selenium often occur in high concentrations in fly ash leachates. During the leaching of fly ash in alkaline environments, hydrocalumite (Ca4Al2(OH)12(OH)2 x 6H2O) and ettringite (Ca6Al2(OH)12(SO4)3 x 26H20) form as secondary precipitates. In this study, the removal of B, Cr, Mo, and Se oxyanions from high pH waters by incorporation into hydrocalumite and ettringite was examined. Experiments were performed by precipitating these minerals in solutions containing B, Cr, Mo, and Se oxyanions at conditions relevant to lime-leaching of fly ash as well as to fly ash containing concrete. The uptake of all four anions by hydrocalumite and ettringite was high. Anion uptake by hydrocalumite was larger than that by ettringite, and hydrocalumite was able to reduce anion concentrations to below drinking water standards. Ettringite showed an anion preference in the order of B(OH)4- > SeO4(2-) > CrO4(2-) > MoO4(2-). In contrast, borate was least preferred by hydrocalumite. Coordination, size, and electronegativity are likely the factors that result in the observed differences among the oxyanions.

The influence of the root zone temperatures on the phytoextraction of boron and aluminium with potato plants growing in the field.

The effect of different root zone temperatures on the concentration and content of B and Al in potato plants was examined using four different treatments of plastic mulches: T1: transparent polyethylene; T2: white polyethylene; T3: coextruded black and white polyethylene; T4: black polyethylene. An open-air treatment (T0) was used as control. The results showed significantly positive effects of the plastic covers on the root-zone temperatures: T0 = 16 degrees C, T1 = 20 degrees C, T2 = 23 degrees C, T3 = 27 degrees C, T4 = 30 degrees C. These different soil temperature conditions significantly altered the B concentrations, with T3 promoting the greatest concentrations and phytoaccumulation. The root zone temperature treatments induced higher concentrations and accumulation of Al in the T2 and T3 treatments in the roots, tubers, and leaves. The T2 and T3 lead to high levels of pectins in the roots, tubers, and leaves. This appears to reflect a possible mechanism of tolerance to the high Al and B concentrations in the analysed organs.