Differentiation of intestinal stem cells toward goblet cells under systemic iron overload stress are associated with inhibition of Notch signaling pathway and ferroptosis.

Iron overload can lead to oxidative stress and intestinal damage and happens frequently during blood transfusions and iron supplementation. However, how iron overload influences intestinal mucosa remains unknown. Here, the aim of current study was to investigate the effects of iron overload on the proliferation and differentiation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs). An iron overload mouse model was established by intraperitoneal injection of 120 mg/kg body weight iron dextran once a fortnight for a duration of 12 weeks, and an iron overload enteroid model was produced by treatment with 3 mM or 10 mM of ferric ammonium citrate for 24 h. We found that iron overload caused damage to intestinal morphology with a 64 % reduction in villus height/crypt depth ratio, and microvilli injury in the duodenum. Iron overload mediated epithelial function by inhibiting the expression of nutrient transporters and enhancing the expression of secretory factors in the duodenum. Meanwhile, iron overload inhibited the proliferation of ISCs and regulated their differentiation into secretory mature cells, such as goblet cells, through inhibiting Notch signaling pathway both in mice and enteroid. Furthermore, iron overload caused oxidative stress and ferroptosis in intestinal epithelial cells. In addition, ferroptosis could also inhibit Notch signaling pathway, and affected the proliferation and differentiation of ISCs. These findings reveal the regulatory role of iron overload on the proliferation and differentiation of ISCs, providing a new insight into the internal mechanism of iron overload affecting intestinal health, and offering important theoretical basis for the scientific application of iron nutrition regulation.

Sex drives colonic mucin sialylation in wild mice.

Mucin protein glycosylation is important in determining biological properties of mucus gels, which form protective barriers at mucosal surfaces of the body such as the intestine. Ecological factors including: age, sex, and diet can change mucus barrier properties by modulating mucin glycosylation. However, as our understanding stems from controlled laboratory studies in house mice, the combined influence of ecological factors on mucin glycosylation in real-world contexts remains limited. In this study, we used histological staining with 'Alcian Blue, Periodic Acid, Schiff's' and 'High-Iron diamine' to assess the acidic nature of mucins stored within goblet cells of the intestine, in a wild mouse population (Mus musculus). Using statistical models, we identified sex as among the most influential ecological factors determining the acidity of intestinal mucin glycans in wild mice. Our data from wild mice and experiments using laboratory mice suggest estrogen signalling associates with an increase in the relative abundance of sialylated mucins. Thus, estrogen signalling may underpin sex differences observed in the colonic mucus of wild and laboratory mice. These findings highlight the significant influence of ecological parameters on mucosal barrier sites and the complementary role of wild populations in augmenting standard laboratory studies in the advancement of mucus biology.

Effect of Nano-selenium on Biological Mechanism of Goblet Cells of the Small Intestine Within Laying Hen.

Dietary selenium intake within the normal physiological range is critical for various supporting biological functions. However, the effect of nano-selenium on biological mechanism of goblet cells associated with autophagy is largely unknown.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of nano-selenium on the mucosal immune-defense mechanism of goblet cells (GCs) in the small intestine of laying hens.The autophagy was determined by using specific markers. Nano-selenium-treated group of immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunofluorescence (IF), and western blotting (WB) results indicated the strong positive immune signaling of microtubule-associated light chain (LC3) within the mucosal surface of the small intestine. However, weak expression of LC3 was observed in the 3-methyladenine autophagy inhibitor (3-MA) group. IHC and IF staining results showed the opposite tendency for LC3 of sequestosome 1 (P62/SQSTM1). P62/SQSTM1 showed strong positive immune signaling within the mucosal surface of the small intestine of the 3-MAgroup, and weak immune signaling of P62/SQSTM1 in the nano-selenium-treated group. Moreover, pinpointing autophagy was involved in the mucosal production and enrichment of mucosal immunity of the GCs. The morphology and ultrastructure evidence showed that the mucus secretion of GCs was significantly increased after nano-selenium treatment confirmed by light and transmission electron microscopy. Besides that, immunostaining of IHC, IF and WB showed that autophagy enhanced the secretion of Mucin2 (Muc2) protein in nano-selenium-treated group. This work illustrates that the nano-selenium particle might enhance the mucosal immune-defense mechanism via the protective role of GCs for intestinal homeostasis through autophagy.

A nerve-goblet cell association promotes allergic conjunctivitis through rapid antigen passage.

The penetration of allergens through the epithelial layer is the initial step in the development of allergic conjunctivitis. Although pollinosis patients manifest symptoms within minutes after pollen exposure, the mechanisms of the rapid transport of the allergens remain unclear. In the present study, we found that the instillation of pollen shells rapidly induces a large number of goblet cell-associated antigen passages (GAPs) in the conjunctiva. Antigen acquisition by stromal cells, including macrophages and CD11b+ dendritic cells, correlated with surface GAP formation. Furthermore, a substantial amount of antigen was transported to the stroma during the first 10 minutes of pollen exposure, which was sufficient for the full induction of an allergic conjunctivitis mouse model. This inducible, rapid GAP formation and antigen acquisition were suppressed by topical lidocaine or trigeminal nerve ablation, indicating that the sensory nervous system plays an essential role. Interestingly, pollen shell-stimulated GAP formation was not suppressed by topical atropine, suggesting that the conjunctival GAPs and intestinal GAPs are differentially regulated. These results identify pollen shell-induced GAP as a therapeutic target for allergic conjunctivitis.

Nanopeptide C-I20 as a novel feed additive effectively alleviates detrimental impacts of soybean meal on mandarin fish by improving the intestinal mucosal barrier.

Antibacterial peptide has been widely developed in cultivation industry as feed additives. However, its functions in reducing the detrimental impacts of soybean meal (SM) remain unknown. In this study, we prepared nano antibacterial peptide CMCS-gcIFN-20H (C-I20) with excellent sustained-release and anti-enzymolysis, and fed mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) with a SM diet supplemented with different levels of C-I20 (320, 160, 80, 40, 0 mg/Kg) for 10 weeks. 160 mg/Kg C-I20 treatment significantly improved the final body weight, weight gain rate and crude protein content of mandarin fish and reduced feed conversion ratio. 160 mg/Kg C-I20-fed fish maintained appropriate goblet cells number and mucin thickness, as well as improved villus length, intestinal cross-sectional area. Based on these advantageous physiological changes, 160 mg/Kg C-I20 treatment effectively reduced multi-type tissue (liver, trunk kidney, head kidney and spleen) injury. The addition of C-I20 did not change the muscle composition and muscle amino acids composition. Interestingly, dietary 160 mg/Kg C-I20 supplementation prevented the reduction in myofiber diameter and change in muscle texture, and effectively increased polyunsaturated fatty acids (especially DHA + EPA) in muscle. In conclusion, dietary C-I20 in a reasonable concentration supplementation effectively alleviates the negative effects of SM by improving the intestinal mucosal barrier. The application of nanopeptide C-I20 is a prospectively novel strategy for promoting aquaculture development.

Effect of In Ovo Trace Element Supplementation on Immune-Related Cells of the Small Intestine of Post-hatched Broiler Chicken.

Pathological conditions and harmful drugs cause many gastrointestinal diseases in broiler chicken. The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of trace elements zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) supplementation on histomorphology, immunological role, and functional activity of goblet cells (GCs) of the small intestine. The Alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff (AB-PAS) was performed to assess the histomorphological changes in GCs, which revealed the regular dispersion with high electron density of GCs throughout the mucosal surface in the supplemented group. However, irregular dispersion with low electron density of GCs was present in the control group. The immunological functional role of GCs within the small intestine was examined by mucicarmine staining, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. The results showed a high mucin glycol protein secretion in the supplemented group, whereas limited mucin glycol protein secretion in the control group. Furthermore, the biological significance showed a high and low immunoreactivity of Muc2 and Muc13 in the supplemented and control groups, respectively. Immunofluorescence was used to confirm the immunosignaling of Muc2. Results revealed high immunosignaling of Muc2 at the apical part of the small intestine in the supplementation group, while low immunosignaling of Muc2 in the control group. Results suggest that trace element supplementation had significant effect on morphology and immunological role of GCs, which might be essential for immune function and health status of broiler chicken.

Phytoestrogen arctigenin preserves the mucus barrier in inflammatory bowel diseases by inhibiting goblet cell apoptosis via the ERß/TRIM21/PHB1 pathway.

Intestinal mucus barrier dysfunction is closely involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). To investigate the protective effect and underlying mechanism of arctigenin, a phytoestrogen isolated from the fruits of Arctium lappa L., on the intestinal mucus barrier under colitis condition. The role of arctigenin on the intestinal mucus barrier and the apoptosis of goblet cells were examined by using both in vitro and in vivo assays. Arctigenin was demonstrated to promote the mucus secretion and maintain the integrity of mucus barrier, which might be achieved by an increase in the number of goblet cells via inhibiting apoptosis. Arctigenin selectively inhibited the mitochondrial pathway-mediated apoptosis. Moreover, arctigenin elevated the protein level of prohibitin 1 (PHB1) through blocking the ubiquitination via activation of estrogen receptor ß (ERß) to competitively interact with PHB1 and disrupt the binding of tripartite motif 21 (TRIM21) with PHB1. ERß knock down in the colons of mice with DSS-induced colitis resulted in significant reduction of the protection of arctigenin and DPN against the mucosal barrier. Arctigenin can maintain the integrity of the mucus barrier by inhibiting the apoptosis of goblet cells through the ERß/TRIM21/PHB1 pathway.

Alpha-Ketoglutarate Promotes Goblet Cell Differentiation and Alters Urea Cycle Metabolites in DSS-Induced Colitis Mice.

The metabolite, alpha-ketoglutarate (aKG), shows promise as an approach for ameliorating colitis, but much remains unknown about the full extent of its effects on the metabolome and mucosal barrier. To further elucidate this matter, C57BL/6 male mice received drinking water with or without 1% aKG for three weeks, then were subjected to 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induction for 7 days followed by 7 days of recovery. Cecal content and intestinal tissue samples were analyzed for changes in metabolite profile and signaling pathways. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomics revealed a separation between the metabolome of mice treated with or without aKG; putrescine and glycine were significantly increased; and ornithine and amide products, oleamide and urea were significantly decreased. Based on a pathway analysis, aKG treatment induced metabolite changes and enriched glutathione metabolism and the urea cycle. Additionally, signaling pathways committing epithelial cells to the secretory lineage were elevated in aKG-treated mice. Consistently, aKG supplementation increased goblet cells staining, mRNA expression of mucin 2, and, trefoil factor 3 and Krüppel-like factor 4, markers of goblet cell differentiation. These data suggest the ameliorating the effects of aKG against chemically induced colitis involves a reduction in harmful metabolites and the promotion of goblet cell differentiation, resulting in a more-fortified mucus layer.

An International Registry of Peritoneal Carcinomatosis from Appendiceal Goblet Cell Carcinoma Treated with Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy.

PURPOSE: Peritoneal carcinomatosis from appendiceal goblet cell carcinoma (A-GCC) is a rare and aggressive form of appendiceal tumor. Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intra peritoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) was reported as an interesting alternative regarding survival compared to surgery without HIPEC and/or systemic chemotherapy. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of CRS and HIPEC for patients presenting A-GCC through an international registry. METHODS: A prospective multicenter international database was retrospectively searched to identify all patients with A-GCC tumor and peritoneal metastases who underwent CRS and HIPEC through the Peritoneal Surface Oncology Group International (PSOGI). The post-operative complications, long-term results, and principal prognostic factors were analyzed. RESULTS: The analysis included 83 patients. After a median follow-up of 47 months, the median overall survival (OS) was 34.6 months. The 3- and 5-year OS was 48.5% and 35.7%, respectively. Patients who underwent complete macroscopic CRS had a significantly better survival than those treated with incomplete CRS. The 5-year OS was 44% and 0% for patients who underwent complete, and incomplete CRS, respectively (HR 9.65, p < 0.001). Lymph node involvement and preoperative chemotherapy were also predictive of a worse prognosis. There were 3 postoperative deaths, and 30% of the patients had major complications. CONCLUSION: CRS and HIPEC may increase long-term survival in selected patients with peritoneal metastases of A-GCC origin, especially when complete CRS is achieved. Ideally, randomized control trials or more retrospective data are needed to confirm CRS and HIPEC as the gold standard in this pathology.

Pharmacological screening of Acalypha indica L.: Possible role in the treatment of asthma.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Acalypha indica Linn (Euphorbiaceae), a popular traditional medicine, is an erect herb found throughout various parts of India. In Ayurveda, Acalypha indica was commonly used in asthma and allergy. However, no attempts were made in past to validate the antiasthmatic potential of Acalypha indica. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study was aimed to assess the anti-asthmatic potential of ethanolic extracts of Acalypha indica leaves (EAIL) using various experimental animal models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: EAIL was analyzed using different screening methods such as acetylcholine and histamine-induced contraction of goat tracheal chain, clonidine-induced catalepsy in mice, milk-induced leucocytosis and eosinophilia in mice, clonidine-induced mast cell degranulation in rats, passive paw anaphylaxis in rats, histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs, and ovalbumin (OVA)-induced histopathological alterations in mice. RESULTS: Data received in the present study showed that EAIL drastically antagonized acetylcholine and histamine-induced contraction of goat tracheal chain, suggesting its anticholinergic and antihistaminic activity respectively. The duration of immobility, produced by clonidine, was found to be decreased in mice which showed its H1 receptor blocking activity. In milk-induced leucocytosis and eosinophilia in mice, EAIL significantly reduced the number of leucocytes and eosinophils suggesting its adaptogenic and anti-allergic potential. Inhibition of clonidine-induced mast cell degranulation in rats displayed its mast cell stabilizing potential. Reduction of paw edema in passive paw anaphylaxis exhibited antianaphylactic activity of EAIL. Guinea pigs were protected from histamine-induced bronchoconstriction by EAIL which revealed its bronchodilator potential. Furthermore, the histopathological architecture of lung tissue was near to normal. CONCLUSION: Our results contribute towards validation of the traditional use of Acalypha indica in the treatment of asthma due to the presence of a wide range of phytoconstituents. Hence our investigation revealed that EAIL possessed strong antiasthmatic property by virtue of various mechanisms.

Intraperitoneal supplementation of iron alleviates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis by enhancing intestinal barrier function.

Iron supplementation is necessary for the treatment of anemia, one of the most frequent complications in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, oral iron supplementation leads to an exacerbation of intestinal inflammation. Gut barrier plays a key role in the pathogenesis of IBD. The aim of this study was to characterize the interrelationship between systemic iron, intestinal barrier and the development of intestinal inflammation in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced experimental colitis mice model. We found that DSS-treated mice developed severe inflammation of colon, but became much healthy when intraperitoneal injection with iron. Iron supplementation alleviated colonic and systemic inflammation by lower histological scores, restorative morphology of colonic villi, and reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, intraperitoneal supplementation of iron enhanced intestinal barrier function by upregulating the colonic expressions of tight junction proteins, restoring intestinal immune homeostasis by regulating immune cell infiltration and T lymphocyte subsets, and increasing mucous secretion of goblet cells in the colon. High-throughput sequencing of fecal 16 S rRNA showed that iron injection significantly increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, which was suppressed in the gut microbiota of DSS-induced colitis mice. These results provided evidences supporting the protective effects of systemic iron repletion by intraperitoneal injection of iron on intestinal barrier functions. The finding highlights a novel approach for the treatment of IBD with iron injection therapy.

Acceleration of Small Intestine Development and Remodeling of the Microbiome Following Hyaluronan 35 kDa Treatment in Neonatal Mice.

The beneficial effects of human milk suppressing the development of intestinal pathologies such as necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants are widely known. Human milk (HM) is rich in a multitude of bioactive factors that play major roles in promoting postnatal maturation, differentiation, and the development of the microbiome. Previous studies showed that HM is rich in hyaluronan (HA) especially in colostrum and early milk. This study aims to determine the role of HA 35 KDa, a HM HA mimic, on intestinal proliferation, differentiation, and the development of the intestinal microbiome. We show that oral HA 35 KDa supplementation for 7 days in mouse pups leads to increased villus length and crypt depth, and increased goblet and Paneth cells, compared to controls. We also show that HA 35 KDa leads to an increased predominance of Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae, Lactobacillales Lactobacillaceae, and Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae. In seeking the mechanisms involved in the changes, bulk RNA seq was performed on samples from the terminal ileum and identified upregulation in several genes essential for cellular growth, proliferation, and survival. Taken together, this study shows that HA 35 KDa supplemented to mouse pups promotes intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, as well as the development of Paneth cells and goblet cell subsets. HA 35 KDa also impacted the intestinal microbiota; the implications of these responses need to be determined.

Impact of P2X7 Purinoceptors on Goblet Cell Function: Implications for Dry Eye.

By providing ~70% of the eye's refractive power, the preocular tear film is essential for optimal vision. However, its integrity is often jeopardized by environmental and pathologic conditions that accelerate evaporation and cause sight-impairing dry eye. A key adaptive response to evaporation-induced tear film hyperosmolarity is the reflex-triggered release of tear-stabilizing mucin from conjunctival goblet cells. Here, we review progress in elucidating the roles of ion channels in mediating this important exocytotic response. Much is now known about the modulatory impact of ATP-sensitive potassium channels, nonspecific cation channels and voltage-gated calcium channels. Recently, we discovered that during unremitting extracellular hyperosmolarity, P2X7 receptor/channels also become activated and markedly impair goblet cell viability. However, our understanding of possible adaptive benefits of this P2X7 activation remains limited. In the present study, we utilized high-temporal resolution membrane capacitance measurements to monitor the exocytotic activity of single goblet cells located in freshly excised rat conjunctiva. We now report that activation of P2X7 purinoceptors boosts neural-evoked exocytosis and accelerates replenishment of mucin-filled granules after exocytotic depletion. Thus, P2X7 activation exerts a yin-yang effect on conjunctival goblet cells: the high-gain benefit of enhancing the supply of tear-stabilizing mucin is implemented at the high-risk of endangering goblet cell survival.

Thyme oil alleviates Ova-induced bronchial asthma through modulating Th2 cytokines, IgE, TSLP and ROS.

Bronchial asthma (BA) is a heterogeneous allergic respiratory disease with diverse inflammatory symptoms, pathology, and responses to treatment. Thyme is a natural product which is consisted of multiple phenolic compounds of therapeutic significance for treatment of cough and bronchitis. This study evaluated the efficacy of thyme oil against ovalbumin (OVA)-induced BA in an experimental rabbit model. Forty male rabbits were divided into four equal groups [control group (G1), OVA (G2), thyme oil (G3), and OVA plus thyme oil (G4)]. Animals were treated for 30 days, and clinical, histopathological (HP), histochemical (HC), immunohistochemical (IHC), morphometric, biochemical and flow cytometry methods were performed, followed by statistical analysis. All used methods revealed normal structure of the lung tissues in rabbits of G1 and G3. In contrast, the clinical examination of G2 rabbits revealed an obvious increase in the respiratory rate, sneezing and wheezing, whereas the HP, HC and IHC techniques exhibited substantial inflammatory changes in the peribronchio-vascular lung tissues with thinning, degeneration, apoptosis (using the TUNEL assay), necrosis, and shedding of the airway epithelium. Furthermore, the morphometric results confirmed significant increases in the numbers of inflammatory cells, goblet cells, eosinophils and apoptotic cells from (12, 0, 2, 2 cells) to (34,10, 16, 18 cells) respectively, as well as the area percentage of collagen fiber deposition and immunoexpression of eotaxin-1/10 high power fields. Additionally, the biochemical results revealed significant increases in the serum levels of TSLP, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, IgE and eotaxin-1 cytokines from (140, 40, 15, 38, 120, 100, 48) pg./ml to (360, 270, 130, 85, 365, 398, 110) pg./ml respectively, while analysis of ROS by flow cytometry revealed remarkable oxidative stress effects in G2 rabbits. On the other hand, treatment of rabbits with thyme oil in G4 substantially alleviated all OVA-induced alterations. Overall, our findings indicate for the first time that thyme oil can ameliorate OVA-induced BA via its immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antioxidant effects on the lung tissues of rabbits.

Pingchuan formula attenuates airway mucus hypersecretion via regulation of the PNEC-GABA-IL13-Muc5ac axis in asthmatic mice.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Asthma is a common chronic respiratory disease. It has been reported that Pingchuan formula (PCF) can control asthma attacks by reducing airway inflammation, muscle spasm and mucus secretion. However, PCF's mechanism for reducing airway mucus hypersecretion remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of PCF on airway mucus secretion in asthmatic mice and to explore changes in the PNEC-GABA-IL13-Muc5ac axis. METHODS: Male Babl/c mice were used to establish the asthma model via sensitisation with OVA. Mice were randomly divided into Normal, OVA, DEX, and PCF groups. After treatment, lung histopathology was observed with H&E and PAS staining. BALF levels of IL-5 and IL-13 were detected using ELISA. The levels of mRNA and protein expression for GAD1, GABAARß1, GABAARα1 and Muc5ac in the lung tissue were measured by RT-PCR and Western blot assays. PNECs were observed with AgNOR staining. RESULTS: PCF treatment effectively reduced goblet cell (P < 0.01) and PNEC (P < 0.05) proliferation, lung tissue inflammation and airway mucus hypersecretion. In addition, PCF also markedly downregulated mRNA and protein expression of GAD1, GABAARß1, GABAARα1 and Muc5ac (P < 0.05, compared with OVA), thus inhibiting the GABA-IL-13 pathway in the lung tissue of asthmatic mice. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that PCF controls asthma attacks by reducing airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion via the PNEC-GABA-IL13-Muc5ac axis.

Medicinal Plant Leaf Extract From Sage and Lemon Verbena Promotes Intestinal Immunity and Barrier Function in Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata).

The inclusion of a medicinal plant leaf extract (MPLE) from sage (Salvia officinalis) and lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora), rich in verbascoside and triterpenic compounds like ursolic acid, was evaluated in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fed a low fishmeal-based diet (48% crude protein, 17% crude fat, 21.7 MJ kg-1, 7% fishmeal, 15% fish oil) for 92 days. In particular, the study focused on the effect of these phytogenic compounds on the gut condition by analyzing the transcriptomic profiling (microarray analysis) and histological structure of the intestinal mucosa, as well as the histochemical properties of mucins stored in goblet cells. A total number of 506 differentially expressed genes (285 up- and 221 down-regulated) were found when comparing the transcriptomic profiling of the intestine from fish fed the control and MPLE diets. The gut transcripteractome revealed an expression profile that favored biological mechanisms associated to the 1) immune system, particularly involving T cell activation and differentiation, 2) gut integrity (i.e., adherens and tight junctions) and cellular proliferation, and 3) cellular proteolytic pathways. The histological analysis showed that the MPLE dietary supplementation promoted an increase in the number of intestinal goblet cells and modified the composition of mucins' glycoproteins stored in goblet cells, with an increase in the staining intensity of neutral mucins, as well as in mucins rich in carboxylated and weakly sulfated glycoconjugates, particularly those rich in sialic acid residues. The integration of transcriptomic and histological results showed that the evaluated MPLE from sage and lemon verbena is responsible for the maintenance of intestinal health, supporting gut homeostasis and increasing the integrity of the intestinal epithelium, which suggests that this phytogenic may be considered as a promising sustainable functional additive for aquafeeds.

Syzygium samarangense leaf extract mitigates indomethacin-induced gastropathy via the NF-κB signaling pathway in rats.

We previously profiled the chemical composition of wax apple, Syzygium samarangense, leaf extract using HR-LC-MS/MS and reported its antioxidant, hepatoprotective and antitrypanosomal activities. The plant is widely used in traditional medicine to cure several ailments like bronchitis, asthma, diabetes, fever, pathogenic infections, gut spasms, as well as renal diseases. However, neither the gastroprotective effects nor the underlying mechanisms were explored. Here, we investigated the gastroprotective potential of the leaf extract on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats and explored the involved mechanism(s) of action. Administration of indomethacin significantly increased the ulcer index, mucosal injury, the gastric levels of the inflammatory markers nuclear factor kabba B-p65(NF-κB p65), myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde (MDA) and Caspase-3 expression. It reduced the gastric levels of the endogenous antioxidants glutathione as well peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH) and the gastric mucosal protective factors, mucus secretion and goblet cells. Pretreatment with the leaf extract displayed a prominent decrease in the ulcer index, inflammatory cell infiltration, inflammatory markers, MDA, protein expression of Caspase-3 and a significant increase in the gastric levels of the endogenous antioxidants, mucus content and goblet cell proliferation when compared to the indomethacin group. The individual secondary metabolites of the extract exhibited low binding energy when docked into the prostaglandin receptors EP3 and EP4. This study revealed the gastroprotective effect of S. samarangense on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. The gastroprotective effects might be attributed to cytoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic activities with a possible potential of activating EP3 and EP4 receptors. In conclusion, S. samarangense has a promising potential in the prevention of NSAIDs-induced ulcers.

Effects of Anthocyanin on Intestinal Health: A Systematic Review.

Intestinal health relies on the association between the mucosal immune system, intestinal barrier and gut microbiota. Bioactive components that affect the gut microbiota composition, epithelial physical barrier and intestinal morphology were previously studied. The current systematic review evaluated evidence of anthocyanin effects and the ability to improve gut microbiota composition, their metabolites and parameters of the physical barrier; this was conducted in order to answer the question: "Does food source or extract of anthocyanin promote changes on intestinal parameters?". The data analysis was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines with the search performed at PubMed, Cochrane and Scopus databases for experimental studies, and the risk of bias was assessed by the SYRCLE tool. Twenty-seven studies performed in animal models were included, and evaluated for limitations in heterogeneity, methodologies, absence of information regarding allocation process and investigators' blinding. The data were analyzed, and the anthocyanin supplementation demonstrated positive effects on intestinal health. The main results identified were an increase of Bacteroidetes and a decrease of Firmicutes, an increase of short chain fatty acids production, a decrease of intestinal pH and intestinal permeability, an increase of the number of goblet cells and tight junction proteins and villi improvement in length or height. Thus, the anthocyanin supplementation has a potential effect to improve the intestinal health. PROSPERO (CRD42020204835).

Immunomodulatory responses in plectasin-supplemented broilers under tropical environmental conditions.

The present study was aimed to determine the immunomodulatory effects of dietary supplementation of the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) plectasin on broiler chickens. The experiment involved 300-day-old Ross chicks reared in a conventional housing system and subjected to ambient temperature and relative humidity. The birds were randomly allocated to five treatment groups: the non-supplemented negative control group (T1), enramycin-supplemented group (T2), and groups supplemented with varying doses of plectasin at 150 ppm, 300 ppm, and 450 ppm (T3, T4, and T5, respectively) from day 1 to 35. The results indicated that plectasin supplementation increased jejunal and ileal goblet cell (GC) counts, serum interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels at neonatal age, and serum immunoglobulin Y (IgY) titer on days 7, 21, 28, and 35. These findings confirmed that plectasin induces positive immunomodulatory responses by specifically enhancing gut mucosal barriers, early innate immunity, and humoral immune response. Specifically, supplementation at 150 ppm may be considered as the optimal dose for inclusion in broiler chicken feeds.

A Synthetic Curcuminoid Analogue, 2,6-Bis-4-(Hydroxyl-3-Methoxybenzylidine)-Cyclohexanone (BHMC) Ameliorates Acute Airway Inflammation of Allergic Asthma in Ovalbumin-Sensitized Mice.

2,6-Bis-(4-hydroxyl-3-methoxybenzylidine) cyclohexanone (BHMC), a synthetic curcuminoid analogue, has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties in cellular models of inflammation and improve the survival of mice from lethal sepsis. We further evaluated the therapeutic effect of BHMC on acute airway inflammation in a mouse model of allergic asthma. Mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA), followed by intraperitoneal administration of 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg of BHMC. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, blood, and lung samples were collected, and the respiratory function was measured. OVA sensitization and challenge increased airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and pulmonary inflammation. All three doses of BHMC (0.1-10 mg/kg) significantly reduced the number of eosinophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils, as well as the levels of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) as compared to OVA-challenged mice. However, serum level of IgE was not affected. All three doses of BHMC (0.1-10 mg/kg) were effective in suppressing the infiltration of inflammatory cells at the peribronchial and perivascular regions, with the greatest effect observed at 1 mg/kg which was comparable to dexamethasone. Goblet cell hyperplasia was inhibited by 1 and 10 mg/kg of BHMC, while the lowest dose (0.1 mg/kg) had no significant inhibitory effect. These findings demonstrate that BHMC, a synthetic nonsteroidal small molecule, ameliorates acute airway inflammation associated with allergic asthma, primarily by suppressing the release of inflammatory mediators and goblet cell hyperplasia to a lesser extent in acute airway inflammation of allergic asthma.