Cananga oil inhibits Salmonella infection by mediating the homeostasis of purine metabolism and the TCA cycle.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE: Cananga oil (CO) is derived from the flowers of the traditional medicinal plant, the ylang-ylang tree. As a traditional antidepressant, CO is commonly utilized in the treatment of various mental disorders including depression, anxiety, and autism. It is also recognized as an efficient antibacterial insecticide, and has been traditionally utilized to combat malaria and acute inflammatory responses resulting from bacterial infections both in vitro and in vivo. AIM OF THE STUDY: The objective of this study is to comprehensively investigate the anti-Salmonella activity and mechanism of CO both in vitro and in vivo, with the expectation of providing feasible strategies for exploring new antimicrobial strategies and developing novel drugs. METHODS: The in vitro antibacterial activity of CO was comprehensively analyzed by measuring MIC, MBC, growth curve, time-killing curve, surface motility, biofilm, and Live/dead bacterial staining. The analysis of the chemistry and active ingredients of CO was conducted using GC-MS. To examine the influence of CO on the membrane homeostasis of Salmonella, we conducted utilizing diverse techniques, including ANS, PI, NPN, ONPG, BCECF-AM, DiSC3(5), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. In addition, the antibacterial mechanism of CO was analyzed and validated through metabolomics analysis. Finally, a mouse infection model of Salmonella typhimurium was established to evaluate the toxic side effects and therapeutic effects of CO. RESULTS: The antibacterial effect of CO is the result of the combined action of the main chemical components within its six (palmitic acid, α-linolenic acid, stearic acid, benzyl benzoate, benzyl acetate, and myristic acid). Furthermore, CO disrupts the balance of purine metabolism and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) in Salmonella, interfering with redox processes. This leads to energy metabolic disorders and oxidative stress damage within the bacteria, resulting in bacterial shock, enhanced membrane damage, and ultimately bacterial death. It is worth emphasizing that CO exerts an effective protective influence on Salmonella infection in vivo within a non-toxic concentration range. CONCLUSION: The outcomes indicate that CO displays remarkable anti-Salmonella activity both in vitro and in vivo. It triggers bacterial death by disrupting the balance of purine metabolism and the TCA cycle, interfering with the redox process, making it a promising anti-Salmonella medication.

Co-Delivery of Ylang Ylang Oil of Cananga odorata and Oxaliplatin Using Intelligent pH-Sensitive Lipid-Based Nanovesicles for the Effective Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

Smart pH-responsive niosomes loaded with either Oxaliplatin (Ox), Ylang ylang essential oil (Y-oil), or co-loaded with both compounds (Ox-Y) (Ox@NSs, Y@NSs, and Ox-Y@NSs, respectively) were formulated utilizing the thin film method. The developed nanocontainers had a spherical morphology with mean particle sizes lower than 170 nm and showed negative surface charges, high entrapment efficiencies, and a pH-dependent release over 24 h. The prepared pH-responsive niosomes' cytotoxicity was tested against the invasive triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells, compared to free OX and Y-oil. All niosomal formulations loaded with Ox and/or Y-oil significantly improved cytotoxic activity relative to their free counterparts. The Ox-Y@NSs demonstrated the lowest IC50 (0.0002 µg/mL) when compared to Ox@NSs (0.006 µg/mL) and Y@NSs (18.39 µg/mL) or unloaded Ox (0.05 µg/mL) and Y-oil (29.01 µg/mL). In addition, the percentages of the MDA-MB-231 cell population in the late apoptotic and necrotic quartiles were profoundly higher in cells treated with the smart Ox-Y@NSs (8.38% and 5.06%) than those exposed to free Ox (7.33% and 1.93%) or Y-oil (2.3% and 2.13%) treatments. Gene expression analysis and protein assays were performed to provide extra elucidation regarding the molecular mechanism by which the prepared pH-sensitive niosomes induce apoptosis. Ox-Y@NSs significantly induced the gene expression of the apoptotic markers Tp53, Bax, and Caspase-7, while downregulating the antiapoptotic Bcl2. As such, Ox-Y@NSs are shown to activate the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Moreover, the protein assay ascertained the apoptotic effects of Ox-Y@NSs, generating a 4-fold increase in the relative protein quantity of the late apoptotic marker Caspase-7. Our findings suggest that combining natural essential oil with synthetic platinum-based drugs in pH-responsive nanovesicles is a promising approach to breast cancer therapy.

Inhalation of Cananga odorata essential oil relieves anxiety behaviors in autism-like rats via regulation of serotonin and dopamine metabolism.

OBJECTIVE: Anxiety is one of the most common symptoms associated with autistic spectrum disorder. The essential oil of Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thomson, usually known as ylang-ylang oil (YYO), is often used in aromatherapy as a mood-regulating agent, sedative, or hypotensive agent. In the present study, the effects and mechanisms of YYO in alleviating anxiety, social and cognitive behaviors in autism-like rats were investigated. METHODS: The prenatal valproic acid (VPA) model was used to induce autism-like behaviors in offspring rats. The effectiveness of prenatal sodium valproate treatment (600 mg/kg) on offspring was shown by postnatal growth observation, and negative geotaxis, olfactory discrimination and Morris water maze (MWM) tests. Then three treatment groups were formed with varying exposure to atomized YYO to explore the effects of YYO on the anxiety, social and cognitive behaviors of the autistic-like offspring through the elevated plus-maze test, three-chamber social test, and MWM test. Finally, the monoamine neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine and their metabolites, in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) of the rats were measured using a high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Offspring of VPA exposure rats showed autism-like behaviors. In the VPA offspring, medium-dose YYO exposure significantly elevated the time and entries into the open arms in the elevated plus-maze test, while low-dose YYO exposure significantly enhanced the social interaction time with the stranger rat in session 1 of the three-chamber social test. VPA offspring treated with YYO exposure used less time to reach the platform in the navigation test of the MWM test. YYO exposure significantly elevated the metabolism of serotonin and dopamine in the PFC of VPA offspring. CONCLUSION: YYO exposure showed the effects in alleviating anxiety and improving cognitive and social abilities in the offspring of VPA exposure rats. The role of YYO was related to the regulation of the metabolism of serotonin and dopamine. Please cite this article as: Zhang N, Wang ST, Yao L. Inhalation of Cananga odorata essential oil relieves anxiety behaviors in autism-like rats via regulation of serotonin and dopamine metabolism. J Integr Med. 2023; 21(2): 205-214.

Cananga odorata Aromatherapy Reduces Anxiety in Unexperienced Patients Hospitalized for Interventional Neuroradiology Procedures: A Randomized Control Trial.

The hospitalization and the unfamiliar experiences of patients in interventional radiology procedures cause a moderate to high levels of anxiety. This study was aimed to evaluate the anxiolytic effect of Cananga odorata essential oil (COE) aromatherapy in unexperienced patients hospitalized for interventional neuroradiology (INR) procedures. Forty-four patients admitted for their first INR procedure were randomly divided into COE and placebo control groups. COE or distilled water was dropped onto 2 pieces of mulberry paper and attached to the participant's gown at the shoulder level overnight. The main outcomes were observed from the morning salivary cortisol levels and salivary alpha-amylase activity after intervention. The Thai version of Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the vital signs (blood pressure and heart rate) were also assessed before and after COE intervention as the secondary outcome. The demographic and baseline data of both groups did not show any significant difference. After intervention, COE group had a significantly lower salivary alpha-amylase activity than placebo control group. The post-intervention scores of Trait (STAI-T) and State (STAI-S) anxiety were significantly less than those of baseline in both groups. Interestingly, the COE group had a greater percentage reduction on STAI-T after intervention than placebo control group. No significant difference was observed in other outcomes. In addition, the salivary alpha-amylase activity was weak but showed significant correlation with STAI anxiety scores. This study indicates that COE aromatherapy reduces the saliva alpha amylase activity and STAI-T anxiety in unexperienced patients hospitalized for INR procedures.

Inhalation of Cananga odorata essential oil relieves anxiety behaviors in autism-like rats via regulation of serotonin and dopamine metabolism / 中西医结合学报

OBJECTIVE@#Anxiety is one of the most common symptoms associated with autistic spectrum disorder. The essential oil of Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thomson, usually known as ylang-ylang oil (YYO), is often used in aromatherapy as a mood-regulating agent, sedative, or hypotensive agent. In the present study, the effects and mechanisms of YYO in alleviating anxiety, social and cognitive behaviors in autism-like rats were investigated.@*METHODS@#The prenatal valproic acid (VPA) model was used to induce autism-like behaviors in offspring rats. The effectiveness of prenatal sodium valproate treatment (600 mg/kg) on offspring was shown by postnatal growth observation, and negative geotaxis, olfactory discrimination and Morris water maze (MWM) tests. Then three treatment groups were formed with varying exposure to atomized YYO to explore the effects of YYO on the anxiety, social and cognitive behaviors of the autistic-like offspring through the elevated plus-maze test, three-chamber social test, and MWM test. Finally, the monoamine neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine and their metabolites, in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) of the rats were measured using a high-performance liquid chromatography.@*RESULTS@#Offspring of VPA exposure rats showed autism-like behaviors. In the VPA offspring, medium-dose YYO exposure significantly elevated the time and entries into the open arms in the elevated plus-maze test, while low-dose YYO exposure significantly enhanced the social interaction time with the stranger rat in session 1 of the three-chamber social test. VPA offspring treated with YYO exposure used less time to reach the platform in the navigation test of the MWM test. YYO exposure significantly elevated the metabolism of serotonin and dopamine in the PFC of VPA offspring.@*CONCLUSION@#YYO exposure showed the effects in alleviating anxiety and improving cognitive and social abilities in the offspring of VPA exposure rats. The role of YYO was related to the regulation of the metabolism of serotonin and dopamine. Please cite this article as: Zhang N, Wang ST, Yao L. Inhalation of Cananga odorata essential oil relieves anxiety behaviors in autism-like rats via regulation of serotonin and dopamine metabolism. J Integr Med. 2023; 21(2): 205-214.

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Cananga odorata essential oil and its antibacterial efficacy in vitro and in vivo.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructure exhibits antimicrobial properties, which have prompted more research on their bactericidal effect against foodborne pathogens. The present work focused on the green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Cananga odorata essential oil. The synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized by XRD, UV-Vis spectroscopy, zeta potential, SEM, and FT-IR analysis. The bactericidal activity of biosynthesized ZnO NPs was tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The in vitro results indicate that ZnO NPs have excellent antibacterial activity and that the bactericidal and bacteriostatic mechanisms are based on ROS production and depend on its penetration and interaction with bacterial cells. Moreover, ZnO NPs were found to be non-toxic to Caenorhabditis elegans, an in vivo animal model, up to 1 g/L and exert antibacterial activity by reducing the growth and colonization of pathogens. By reducing pathogen virulence, ZnO NPs significantly improved worms' physiological functions such as pharyngeal pumping, body length, reproduction, and movement. The competitive effect of ZnO NPs against pathogenic bacteria increased the gut-barrier integrity of C. elegans. The most interesting observation was noted that ZnO treatment increased the mean survival rate of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus infected C. elegans by 56.6 % and 62.4 %, respectively. As an outcome, our study proved that green synthesized ZnO NPs exhibit remarkable biological properties and can be used as an efficient bactericidal agent against foodborne pathogens.

Ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thomson) essential oil reduced neuropathic-pain and associated anxiety symptoms in mice.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Ylang-ylang essential oil (YEO), obtained from the flowers of the tropical tree Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thomson (family Annonaceae), has been largely used in the traditional medicine with many uses, including anxiety and altered neuronal states. Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain condition with a high incidence of comorbidities, such as anxiety, depression, and other mood disorders, that drastically affect the patient's quality of life. The currently available drugs used for the management of neuropathic pain are inadequate due to poor efficacy and tolerability, highlighting the medicinal need of a better pharmacotherapy. Several clinical studies have reported that massage or inhalation with selected essentials oils reduces symptoms associated to pain and anxiety. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to investigate the analgesic properties of YEO and its efficacy in reducing neuropathy-associated mood alterations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The analgesic properties were tested in the spared nerve injury (SNI) model using male mice. Anxiolytic, antidepressant, and locomotor properties were also evaluated using behavioural tests. Finally, the YEO mechanism of action was investigated in the spinal cord and hippocampus of neuropathic mice. RESULTS: Oral administration of YEO (30 mg/kg) reduced SNI-induced neuropathic pain and ameliorates pain-related anxiety symptoms that appeared 28 days after surgery. YEO reduced the expression of MAPKs, NOS2, p-p65, markers of neuroinflammation, and promoted normalizing effect on neurotrophin levels (BDNF). CONCLUSIONS: YEO induced neuropathic pain relief and ameliorated pain-associated anxiety, representing an interesting candidate for the management of neuropathic pain conditions and pain-related comorbidities.

Comparison of chemometric assisted targeted and untargeted approaches for the prediction of radical scavenging activity of ylang-ylang essential oils.

Essential oils have been used for centuries for their preservative properties. An example is ylang-ylang Cananga odorata [Lam.] Hook. f. & Thomson essential oil, which exists in four different distillation grades, where the fraction with the longest distillation time has the highest radical scavenging activity (RSA). Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) followed by multivariate statistical analysis is a powerful approach for determination of RSA. Herein the performance of such multivariate statistical analysis using three data sets derived from gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, is compared to that achieved using two direct and fast spectroscopic techniques, for the prediction of RSA using partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis. The three GC-MS data sets were, 'full chemical composition', 'total chromatogram average mass spectra (TCAMS)' and 'segment average mass spectra (SAMS)', whilst two spectroscopic techniques, namely attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, provided the spectroscopic data sets for comparison. PLS models created using ATR-FTIR and 'full chemical composition' data sets provided the lowest relative error of prediction (REP) and mean error of prediction (MEP) in validation, whilst in independent test sets, the PLS models created using ATR-FTIR and SAMS data sets delivered the lowest REP and MEP. The three GC-MS derived data sets were further compared for value in determination of compounds contributing to the RSA. PLS regression analysis of the full chemical composition data set revealed that germacrene D and (E,E)-α-farnesene were the major contributors to the RSA, whilst average mass spectrum based data sets, TCAMS and SAMS, also highlighted eugenol as another contributor to the RSA.

Profiling of Aroma-Active Compounds in Ylang-Ylang Essential Oils by Aroma Extract Dilution Analysis (AEDA) and Chemometric Methods.

The aroma-active compounds in the extra, first, and third grades of ylang-ylang essential oils (YYEO) from Comoros and Madagascar were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with olfactometry (GC-MS/O) using an aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) technique. In the previous study, the authors investigated differences in volatile compound profiles between YYEO of different grades and regions using GC coupled with a flame ionization detector (FID) and GC-MS. This study follows up with identification of the aroma-active compounds present in YYEO of various grades from both origins and to profile the aroma of those oils. For the first time, principal component analysis (PCA) on AEDA logarithmic flavor dilution (LFD) data was performed, in comparison with the corresponding PCA on GC-FID-MS data. Based on AEDA data, 21 aroma-active compounds were found across all samples and grades of YYEO, with 8 common ones previously identified by GC-FID. Linalool had the highest odor activity and is the major component of YYEO, followed by geraniol, although the latter only appeared as a much smaller peak in the chromatogram. Other trace compounds such as eugenol and vanillin were also found to be significant to the aroma of YYEO. Using PCA on resulting LFD data, YYEO from Comoros were found to have spicier odor qualities as compared to those from Madagascar. The main contributors that determine the difference in a spicy aroma profile of Comoros and Madagascar oils are vanillin, methyl eugenol, and trans-cinnamyl acetate.

Radical scavenging activity and metabolomic profiling study of ylang-ylang essential oils based on high-performance thin-layer chromatography and multivariate statistical analysis.

Ylang-ylang (YY) essential oil (EO) is distilled from the fresh-mature flowers of the Annonaceae family tropical tree Cananga odorata [Lam.] Hook. f. & Thomson, and is widely used in perfume and cosmetic industries for its fragrant character. Herein, two different metabolomic profiles obtained using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), applying different stains, namely 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·) and p-anisaldehyde, were used for discrimination of 52 YY samples across geographical origins and distillation grades. The first profile is developed using the DPPH· stain based on the radical scavenging activity (RSA) of YY EOs. Results of the HPTLC-DPPH· assay confirmed that RSA of YY EOs is in proportion to the length of distillation times. Major components contributing to the RSA of YY EOs were tentatively identified as germacrene D and α-farnesene, eugenol and linalool, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC-flame ionisation detector (GC-FID). The second profile was developed using the general-purpose p-anisaldehyde stain based on the general chemical composition of YY EOs. Untargeted metabolomic discrimination of YY EOs from different geographical origins was performed based on the HPTLC-p-anisaldehyde profiles, followed by principal component analysis (PCA). A discrimination and prediction model for identification of YY distillation grade was developed using PCA and partial least squares regression (PLS) based on binned HPTLC-ultraviolet (254 nm) profiles, which was successfully applied to distillation grade determination of blended YY Complete EOs.

Antibacterial and Mode of Action of Extracts from Endophytic Fungi Derived from Terminalia mantaly, Terminalia catappa, and Cananga odorata.

Emerging drug-resistant bacteria creates an urgent need to search for antibiotics drugs with novel mechanisms of action. Endophytes have established a reputation as a source of structurally novel secondary metabolites with a wide range of biological activities. In the present study, we explore the antibacterial potential of endophytic fungi isolated from different tissues of Terminalia mantaly, Terminalia catappa, and Cananga odorata. The crude ethyl acetate extracts of 56 different endophytic fungi were screened against seven bacterial strains using the broth microdilution method. The antibacterial modes of action of the most active extracts (04) were evaluated using E. coli ATCC 25922 and H. influenzae ATCC 49247 strains. Both the DPPH and FRAP assays were used to investigate their antioxidant activity, and their cytotoxicity against the Vero cell line was evaluated using the MTT assay. Out of the 56 crude extracts tested, about 13% were considered very active, 66% partially active, and 21% nonactive against all tested bacterial strains with MIC values ranging from 0.32 µg/mL to 25 µg/mL. The four more potent extracts (MIC <5 µg/mL) (from Aspergillus sp. N454, Aspergillus sp. N13, Curvularia sp. N101, and Aspergillus sp. N18) significantly lysed the bacteria cells, increased outer membrane permeability, reduced salt tolerance, and inhibited bacterial catalase activity. They exhibited a DPPH free radical scavenging activity with IC50 ranging from 150.71 to 936.08 µg/mL. Three of the four potent extracts were noncytotoxic against the Vero cells line (CC50 > 100 µg/mL). Results from this investigation demonstrated that endophytes from Cameroonian medicinal plants might content potent antibacterial metabolites. The bioguided fractionation of these potent extracts is ongoing to isolate and characterise potential active ingredients.

Assessment of nanoencapsulated Cananga odorata essential oil in chitosan nanopolymer as a green approach to boost the antifungal, antioxidant and in situ efficacy.

In this study, a comparative efficacy of Cananga odorata EO (CoEO) and its nanoencapsulated formulation into chitosan nanoemulsion (CoEO-CsNe) against a toxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus (AF-M-K5) were investigated for the first time in order to determine its efficacy in preservation of stored food from fungal, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination and lipid peroxidation. GC and GC-MS analysis of CoEO revealed the presence of linalool (24.56%) and benzyl acetate (22.43%) as the major components. CoEO was encapsulated into chitosan nanoemulsion (CsNe) through ionic-gelation technique and characterized by High Resolution-Scanning Electron Microscopy (HR-SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. The CoEO-CsNe during in vitro investigation against A. flavus completely inhibited the growth and AFB1 production at 1.0 µL/mL and 0.75 µL/mL, respectively. Additionally, CoEO-CsNe showed improved antioxidant activity against DPPH• and ABTS•+ with IC50 value 0.93 and 0.72 µL/mL, respectively. Further, CoEO-CsNe suppressed fungal growth, AFB1 secretion and lipid peroxidation in Arachis hypogea L. during in situ investigation without causing any adverse effect on seed germination. Overall results demonstrated that the CoEO-CsNe has potential of being utilized as a suitable plant based antifungal agent to improve the shelf-life of stored food against AFB1 and lipid peroxidation mediated biodeterioration.

Insecticidal activity of two essential oils used in perfumery (ylang ylang and frankincense).

Nowadays, only a little part of essential oils produced at an industrial level is employed for insecticidal formulations, while thousand tons are used for perfumery purposes. This research explores the insecticidal potential of two essential oils largely used in perfumery, ylang ylang (Cananga odorata) and frankincense (Boswellia spp.) on three insects of economic importance, Culex quinquefasciatus, Musca domestica and Spodoptera littoralis, comparing their performances with a commercial pyrethrum extract. GC-MS showed that the ylang ylang and frankincense essential oils were mainly composed of α-thujene (73.8%), benzyl salicylate (24.4%) and linalool (21.9%), respectively. Ylang-ylang and frankincense essential oils showed significant insecticidal activity against C. quinquefasciatus larvae (LC50 < 70 ppm) and M. domestica adults (LD50 < 80 µg/female), respectively, while no relevant toxicity was detected on S. littoralis. As highly available from the fragrance industry, these essential oils may be further considered as promising ingredients to be used in botanical formulations against mosquitoes and houseflies.

Supportive effect of body contact care with ylang ylang aromatherapy and mobile intervention team for suicide prevention: A pilot study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess understudied, alternative suicide prevention modalities in a mental health care setting. METHODS: This was a prospective study of patients (n = 140, 68 cases and 72 controls) who were admitted to hospital or who contacted an SOS suicide crisis line for suicidal ideation or attempts. Psychiatric diagnoses (Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview) and intensity of anxiety/depression/suicidality (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale, and Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation) were assessed. All intervention group subjects received a crisis card with a crisis line number, interviews with psychologists or volunteers and a telephone call on days 10 to 21, then 6 months later. These subjects also had a choice between two further 4-month interventions: body contact care or mobile intervention team visits. RESULTS: The interventions significantly reduced the number of suicide attempts and suicide (3%) at 6 months compared with the control condition (12%). There were fewer losses to follow-up in the intervention group (7.35%) than in the control group (9.72%). CONCLUSIONS: The results favour the implementation of integrated care and maintaining contact in suicide prevention.

Comprehensive characterisation of ylang-ylang essential oils according to distillation time, origin, and chemical composition using a multivariate approach applied to average mass spectra and segmented average mass spectral data.

Analyses of the complex essential oil samples using gas chromatography hyphenated with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) generate large three-way data arrays. Processing such large data sets and extracting meaningful information in the metabolic studies of natural products requires application of multivariate statistical techniques (MSTs). From the GC-MS raw data several different input data sets for the MSTs can be created, including total chromatogram average mass spectra (TCAMS), segmented average mass spectra (SAMS) and chemical composition. Herein, we compared the performance of MSTs on average mass spectrum based data sets, TCAMS and SAMS, against chemical composition and attenuated total reflectance - Fourier transformation infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy in the evaluation of quality of ylang-ylang essential oils, based on their grade, geographical origin and chemical composition, using principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares regression (PLS) and discriminatory analysis (PLS-DA). PCA based on TCAMS, SAMS and chemical composition showed clear trends amongst the samples based on increase in grade (distillation time). PLS-DA applied to TCAMS, SAMS and ATR-FTIR discriminated between all geographical origins. Predicted relative abundances of the 18 most important compounds, using PLS regression models on TCAMS, SAMS and ATR-FTIR, were successfully applied to ylang-ylang essential oil quality assessment based on comparison with the ISO 3063:2004 standard, where the SAMS data set showed superior performance, compared to other data sets.

Chemical components of the volatile oil from leaves of Cananga odorata and its anti-oxidant activity.

Cananga odorata (Lamk.) Hook. f. et Thoms., belonging to Annonaceae, is an evergreen tree. The oils extracted from its flower are a famous perfume and used in daily chemical and food industry. Although this plant has been widely cultivated in tropical regions of the world, the yield of oils from its flower is very limited. In order to develop the other parts of this plant, the chemical constituents of the volatile oils from the leaves of C. odorata was analyzed by gas chromatography/flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and GC/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). And the volatiles showed nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 37.61µg/mL and anti-oxidant activity with an IC50 value of 3.84mg/mL, respectively.

Antiviral Activity of Cananga odorata Against Hepatitis B Virus.

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Current therapeutic drugs for chronic hepatitis B using pegylated interferons and nucleos(t)ide analogs have limited efficacy. Therefore, the development of novel and safe antivirals is required. Natural products including medicinal plants produce complex and structurally diverse compounds, some of which offer suitable targets for antiviral screening studies. In the present study, we screened various crude extracts from Indonesian plants for anti-HBV activity by determining their effects on the production of extracellular HBV DNA in Hep38.7-Tet cells and HBV entry onto a HBV-susceptible cell line, HepG2-NTCP, with the following results: (1) In Hep38.7-Tet cells, Cananga odorata exhibited the highest anti-HBV activity with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 56.5 µg/ml and 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of 540.2 µg/ml (Selectivity Index: 9.6). (2) The treatment of HepG2-NTCP cells with Cassia fistula, C. odorata, and Melastoma malabathricum at concentrations of 100 µg/ml lowered the levels of HBsAg production to 51.2%, 58.0%, and 40.1%, respectively, compared to untreated controls, and IC50 and CC50 values of C. odorata were 142.9 µg/ml and >400 µg/ml. In conclusion, the C. odorata extract could be a good candidate for the development of anti-HBV drugs.

Aromaterapia para a ansiedade e estresse de professores de enfermagem / Aromatherapy for anxiety and stress of nursing teachers

Objetivo: investigar a efetividade do uso da aromaterapia com os óleos essenciais de lavanda (Lavandula angustifolia) ou ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata), associada à massagem, para o alívio da ansiedade e do estresse. Método: trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, exploratório-descritivo e correlacional com delineamento quase-experimental do tipo antes e depois. Realizou-se uma intervenção com seis sessões de massagem com aromaterapia com 21 professores de enfermagem verificado por meio de parâmetros psicológicos e biofisiológicos, antes e após cada sessão da intervenção. Aplicaram-se, no início e ao término da intervenção, o Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado e a Lista de Sintomas de Stress. Analisaram-se os resultados com o Teste t de Student, considerando p-valor<0,05, e organizaram-se tabelas que os ilustram. Resultados: verificou-se que a pressão arterial apresentou redução efetiva em algumas sessões de aromaterapia. Observou-se que o estresse obteve redução de maior magnitude quando comparado à ansiedade e o grupo que utilizou ylang-ylang, maior redução da ansiedade que o grupo lavanda. Conclusão: demonstra-se efetividade parcial da aromaterapia associada à massagem, utilizando óleos essenciais de lavanda ou ylang-ylang em relação aos parâmetros biofisiológicos.(AU)

Objective: to investigate the effectiveness of the use of aromatherapy with essential oils of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) or ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata), associated with massage, for the relief of anxiety and stress. Method: this is a quantitative study, exploratory-descriptive and correlational with quasi-experimental design of type before and after. We performed a chart with six sessions of massage with aromatherapy with 21 teachers of nursing checked by means of psychological parameters and biophysiological, before and after each session of the intervention. There were applied, at the beginning and at the end of the intervention, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the List of Symptoms of Stress. The results were analyzed with the Student t test, whereas p-value<0.05, and organized tables that illustrate them. Results: there was found that blood pressure presented effective reduction in some aromatherapy sessions. There was observed that the stress obtained reduction of greater magnitude when compared to anxiety and the group that used ylang-ylang, a greater reduction of anxiety then the group lavender. Conclusion: it is demonstrated partial effectiveness of aromatherapy associated with massage, using essential oils of lavender or ylangylang, in relation to the biophysiological parameters.(AU)

Objetivo: investigar la eficacia del uso de la aromaterapia con óleos esenciales de lavanda (Lavandula angustifolia) o ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata), asociado con el masaje, para el alivio de la ansiedad y el estrés. Método: se trata de un estudio cuantitativo del tipo exploratorio-descriptivo y correlacional, con diseño cuasi-experimental del tipo antes y después. Hemos realizado un gráfico con seis sesiones de masaje con aromaterapia con 21 maestros de enfermería verificados por medio de parámetros psicológicos y biofisiológicos, antes y después de cada período de sesiones de la intervención. Aplica si, al comienzo y al final de la intervención, el State-Trait Anxiety Inventory y la lista de síntomas de estrés. Los resultados se analizaron con la prueba t de Student, mientras que el valor de p<0.05 y organizaron tablas que ilústrenlas. Resultados: se encontró que la presión arterial presentó una reducción eficaz en algunas sesiones de aromaterapia. Se observó que el estrés obtenido reducción de mayor magnitud en comparación con ansiedad y el grupo que usó ylang-ylang, una mayor reducción de la ansiedad que el grupo de lavanda. Conclusión: se demostró la eficacia parcial de la aromaterapia asociados con el masaje con aceites esenciales de lavanda o ylang-ylang, en relación con los parámetros biofisiológicos.(AU)

Conditioned media and organic elicitors underpin the production of potent antiplasmodial metabolites by endophytic fungi from Cameroonian medicinal plants.

Plasmodial resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapies emphasizes the need for new drug development to control malaria. This paper describes the antiplasmodial activity of metabolites produced by endophytic fungi of three Cameroonian plants. Ethyl acetate extracts of fungi cultivated on three different media were tested against Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-sensitive (Pf3D7) and chloroquine-resistant (PfINDO) strains using the SYBR green florescence assay. Selected endophytes were further grown in potato dextrose broth supplemented with small organic elicitors and their extracts tested for activity. The effect of elicitors on de novo metabolite synthesis was assessed by reverse-phase HPLC. Activity screening of 81 extracts indicated that Aspergillus niger 58 (IC50 2.25-6.69 µg/mL, Pf3D7), Fusarium sp. N240 (IC50 1.62-4.38 µg/mL, Pf3D7), Phomopsis sp. N114 (IC50 0.34-7.26 µg/mL, Pf3D7), and Xylaria sp. N120 (IC50 2.69-6.77 µg/mL, Pf3D7) produced potent extracts when grown in all three media. Further culture of these endophytes in potato dextrose broth supplemented with each of the eight small organic elicitors and subsequent extracts screening indicated the extract of Phomopsis sp. N114 grown with 1% 1-butanol to be highly selective and extremely potent (IC50 0.20-0.33 µg/mL; SI > 666). RPHPLC profiles of extracts of Phomopsis sp. N114 grown with or without 1-butanol showed some peaks of enhanced intensities in the former without any qualitative change in the chromatograms. This study showed the ability of selected endophytes to produce potent and selective antiplasmodial metabolites in varied culture conditions. It also showed how the production of desired metabolites can be enhanced by use of small molecular weight elicitors.

Cananga odorata essential oil reverses the anxiety induced by 1-(3-chlorophenyl) piperazine through regulating the MAPK pathway and serotonin system in mice.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cananga odorata essential oil, known as ylang-ylang essential oil (YYO), was commonly used in the aromatherapy for relaxation and mood adjusting use. In our previous study, YYO played anxiolytic effects on the mice in several behavioral tests that based on the instinctive responses to novel environments. AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the effects and mechanisms of YYO reversing the anxiety induced by 5-HT2C receptor agonist 1-(3-chlorophenyl) piperazine (m-CPP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: m-CPP was administrated to the male ICR mice to develop an anxiety model. The anxiolytic effect of YYO (0.1%, 1% and 10%, v/v) was evaluated in the elevated plus maze (EPM) test after odor exposure. Western blot was used to detect the phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and the expression of c-Fos in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus after the EPM test. Serotonin and its metabolite change in the brain were detected by liquid chromatogram with an electrochemical detector. The effect of YYO on the plasma corticosterone level was evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after the odor exposure. RESULTS: The behavior analysis showed that m-CPP (2 mg/kg and 4 mg/kg) could induce anxiety behaviors in the mice while diazepam (2 mg/kg) reversed the anxiety behavior induced by m-CPP. YYO dose-dependently increased the time and number of entries in the open arms (p < 0.05) compared to the Tween 80 group. YYO reduced the phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 (p < 0.05) in both PFC and hippocampus. Down-regulations of phosphor-CREB (p < 0.05) and c-Fos (p < 0.05) were only observed in the hippocampus. YYO also affected the brain serotonin metabolism and reduced the blood plasma corticosterone level of the m-CPP treated mice. CONCLUSION: YYO odor exposure could reverse the anxiety behaviors generated by m-CPP. The anxiolytic effect of YYO was associated with the ERK1/2/CREB pathway in the hippocampus and relevant to the serotonin system.