Dietary calcium impairs tomato lycopene bioavailability in healthy humans.

Lycopene (LYC) bioavailability is relatively low and highly variable, because of the influence of several factors. Recent in vitro data have suggested that dietary Ca can impair LYC micellarisation, but there is no evidence whether this can lead to decreased LYC absorption efficiency in humans. Our objective was to assess whether a nutritional dose of Ca impairs dietary LYC bioavailability and to study the mechanism(s) involved. First, in a randomised, two-way cross-over study, ten healthy adults consumed either a test meal that provided 19-mg (all-E)-LYC from tomato paste or the same meal plus 500-mg calcium carbonate as a supplement. Plasma LYC concentration was measured at regular time intervals over 7 h postprandially. In a second approach, an in vitro digestion model was used to assess the effect of increasing Ca doses on LYC micellarisation and on the size and zeta potential of the mixed micelles produced during digestion of a complex food matrix. LYC bioavailability was diminished by 83 % following the addition of Ca in the test meal. In vitro, Ca affected neither LYC micellarisation nor mixed micelle size but it decreased the absolute value of their charge by 39 %. In conclusion, a nutritional dose of Ca can impair dietary LYC bioavailability in healthy humans. This inhibition could be due to the fact that Ca diminishes the electrical charge of micelles. These results call for a thorough assessment of the effects of Ca, or other divalent minerals, on the bioavailability of other carotenoids and lipophilic micronutrients.

Effect of carotenoid biosynthesis inhibition on the chlorosome organization in Chlorobium phaeobacteroides strain CL1401.

We have studied the effect of the absence of carotenoids on the organization of bacteriochlorophylls (BChls) in chlorosomes of Chlorobium (Chl.) phaeobacteroides strain CL1401. Carotenoid-depleted chlorosomes were obtained by means of 2-hydroxybiphenyl-supplemented cultures. In the presence of the inhibitor, isorenieratene (Isr) and beta-Isr biosynthesis were inhibited to more than 95%, leading to an accumulation of the colorless precursor phytoene inside the chlorosomes. In addition, there was a 30-40% decrease in the baseplate BChl a content. The absorption spectrum of the carotenoid-depleted chlorosomes showed a 10 nm blue shift in the BChl e Qy absorption peak. Under reducing conditions, a decrease in the BChl a/BChl e fluorescence emission ratio was observed in carotenoid-depleted chlorosomes relative to that in control chlorosomes, caused mainly by the decrease in the BChl a content. The steady-state fluorescence emission anisotropy in the BChl e region dropped from approximately 0.24 for native chlorosomes to approximately 0.14 for carotenoid-depleted ones, indicating reorganization of BChl e. The circular dichroism (CD) signal of the carotenoid-depleted chlorosomes was increased two times in the BChl e Qy region. A simple model based on the structure proposed was used to explain the observed effects. Carotenoids might affect the angle between the direction of the BChl e Qy transition and the axis of the rod. The orientation of BChl a in the baseplate remains unchanged in carotenoid-depleted chlorosomes, although there is a partial loss of BChl a as a consequence of a decrease in the baseplate size. The carotenoids are most likely rather close to the BChls and appear to be important for the aggregate structure in Chl. phaeobacteroides.