Factors affecting quantity of pollen dispersal of spray cut chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium).

BACKGROUND: Spray cut chrysanthemum is a vital flower with high ornamental value and popularity in the world. However, the excessive quantity of pollen dispersal of most spray cut chrysanthemum is an adverse factor during its flowering stage, and can significantly reduce its ornamental value and quickly shorten its vase life. More seriously, excessive pollen grains in the air are usually harmful to people, especially for those with pollen allergies. Therefore, in order to obtain some valuable information for developing spray cut chrysanthemum with less-dispersed or non-dispersed pollen in the future breeding programs, we here investigated the factors affecting quantity of pollen dispersal of spray cut chrysanthemum with four cultivars, i.e. 'Qx-097', 'Noa', 'Qx-115', and 'Kingfisher', that have different quantity of pollen dispersal. RESULTS: 'Qx-097' with high quantity of pollen dispersal has 819 pollen grains per anther, 196.4 disk florets per inflorescence and over 800,000 pollen grains per inflorescence. The corresponding data for 'Noa' with low quantity of pollen dispersal are 406, 175.4 and over 350,000, respectively; and 219, 144.2 and nearly 160,000 for 'Qx-115' without pollen dispersal, respectively. 'Kingfisher' without pollen dispersal has 202.8 disk florets per inflorescence, but its anther has no pollen grains. In addition, 'Qx-097' has a very high degree of anther cracking that nearly causes a complete dispersal of pollen grains from its anthers. 'Noa' has a moderate degree of anther cracking, and pollen grains in its anthers are not completely dispersed. However, the anthers of 'Qx-115' and 'Kingfisher' do not crack at all. Furthermore, microsporogenesis and pollen development are normal in 'Qx-097', whereas many microspores or pollen degenerate in 'Noa', most of them abort in 'Qx-115', and all of them degrade in 'Kingfisher'. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that quantity of pollen dispersal in spray cut chrysanthemum are mainly determined by pollen quantity per anther, and capacity of pollen dispersal. Abnormality during microsporogenesis and pollen development significantly affects pollen quantity per anther. Capacity of pollen dispersal is closely related to the degree of anther dehiscence. The entire degeneration of microspore or pollen, or the complete failure of anther dehiscence can cause the complete failure of pollen dispersal.

[Study on inflorescences microscopic characteristics of five wild medicinal plants from Chrysanthemum genus in Anhui].

OBJECTIVE: To probe into the disparities in the microscopic characteristics of each part of inflorescences of five wild medicinal plants from Chrysanthemum genus in Anhui Province, and explore the correlation between the distribution of plants and ecological environment. METHODS: The transverse sections of peduncles of the five Chrysanthemum species were observed; The surface piles of the involucre, ray flower, and tubular flower were compared; The ultra-morphology of pollen was observed. RESULTS: There were evident differences, which were associated with ecological environment, among the structures of peduncles of the five species. The morphology of non-glandular hairs on the external involucre presented significant differences, but the morphology of non-glandular hairs tended to be similar gradually from the external to the internal layer of the involucre, and the morphology of surface piles of each part of the inflorescences also tended to converge from the external to the internal. The disparities of glandular hairs among different species were their sizes; As for each species, the size of glandular hairs grew bigger from the involucre to ray flower, and to tubular flower, the density of glandular hairs decreased from the external to the internal layer of the involucre, while it increased on ray flower and tubular flower. The ultra-morphology of pollen of C. zawadskii was distinctly different from that of other species, and disparities of pollen morphology also existed between C. nankingense and C. indicum. CONCLUSION: The structure of peduncles and the disparities in morphology of non-glandular hairs on the surface of external involucre can serve as significant basis for differentiating the inflorescences of Chrysanthemum plants. The categorizing of designating C. nankingense as an separate species is supported.

[Rapid identification system for seedlings of medicinal Chrysanthemum morifolium].

OBJECTIVE: To achieve the rapid identification for seedlings of medicinal Chrysanthemum morifolium, the discriminant equation was established and the software for rapid identification was designed. METHOD: Leaf structure of medicinal Chrysanthemum of 12 cultivars was analyzed to establish the discriminant equation based on variance analysis and discriminant analysis. On this basis, the identification program and software (based on the python language) were designed. RESULT: Through the analysis of variance and multiple comparisons for the 11 leaf parameter index data of 12 different cultivars, it was found that that the leaf parameters were significant different from each other and reached significant levels. The discriminant equation and the rapid identification software were set up based on the analysis of various indicators. CONCLUSION: The rapid identification system of seedlings of medicinal Chrysanthemum could be achieved through the establishment of discriminant equation combined with computer technology.

[Numerical analysis of morphological variation of germplasm resources of Chrysanthemum morifolium for medicine].

OBJECTIVE: Botanical characters of germplasm resources of Chrysanthemum morifolium for medicine were observed and compared, which could offer reference for its genetic improvement and germplasm resources protection. METHOD: Based on the random blocks field experiments design, twenty-six morphological traits were observed. The morphological differences among germplasm resources were compared by principal component analysis and cluster analysis. RESULT: The coefficient of variation values for 17 of 26 traits indicated a high level of variation (above 20%). Six principal components which accounted for 77.14% of total variance were extracted from the principal component analysis. The 29 germplasm resources could be divided into two clusters. CONCLUSION: There were large morphological variation among germplasm resources on Ch. morifolium for medicine.

[Correlation of main physiological characteristics and active components in cultivars of medicinal Chrysanthemum morifolium].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the dynamic changes of main physiological indexes, active constituent of Chrysanthemum morifolium and their correlation during the whole growing period and provided a reference basis for the field production. METHOD: Take Ch. morifolium cv. Xiaobaiju, Ch. morifolium cv. Hongxinju and Ch. morifolium cv. Changbanju were taken as the research objects, the main physiological and biochemical indexes were determined, the correlation among them was analyzed. RESULT: The trend of each main physiological index and active component were different during the whole growing period. Agronomic characters, physiological and biochemical indexes and economic characters had correlation in different degree. CONCLUSION: Varieties with higher plant height, more branch and cephaloid numbers may be used for breeding for high yield, and varieties with higher chlorophyll content and POD activity, lower GSH content and SOD activity may be used for breeding for high content of the active components.

[Comparative analysis on the configuration of vegetative organs of medicinal Chrysanthemum from different original locations and species].

OBJECTIVE: Compared the difference of the configuration of vegetative organs of medicinal Chrysanthemum in the same habitats but from various original locations and species, in order to provide scientific basis for the study of introduction, differentiation within the species, breeding and genetic diversity. METHODS: The experimental plot were divided into some groups randomly in design and the configuration of vegetative organs were observed, measureed and analysed. RESULTS: The differences of the type and shape of the leaves were obvious. All the Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 'Gongju' had deep notch long-leaves; Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 'Boju', Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 'Chuju', Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 'Hang bai ju' and Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 'Hang huang ju' had deep notch correctitude-leaves; Chrysanthemum nakingense and Chrysanthemum indicum had long-leaves; Chrysanthemum indicum had clump-leaves. All the 12 medicinal Dendranthema material had auricle except Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 'Boju' and Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 'Chuju'. The young leaves of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 'Gongju', Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 'Gongju' and Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 'Hang bai ju' did not split and the rest were all splitting. CONCLUSION: The differences of the configuration of vegetative organs were obvious and the Key of Vegetative organs was built.

[Comparative study on botanical morphologic character of different cultivated types medicinal Chrysanthemum morifolium].

OBJECTIVE: Botanical character of different cultivated types medicinal Chrysanthemum morifolium were observed and compared, which can offer reference for its genetic diversity research and breeding. METHOD: Based on the random blocks field experiments design, the main character of leaf and capitulum of medicinal C. morifolium were observed, it was studied on that the botanical character of different cultivated types medicinal C. mortfolium in China were comparatively study with statistical means. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: There are some different of botanical character among different cultivated types medicinal C. morifolium in China, which can be divided into 7 colonies according as its diversity of the botanical and morphological character. The sawtooth number of lamina, leafstalk length and leaf division number are the important laminae morphologic character of different types medicinal C. morifolium, which are relative independent characters.

[Study on selective breeding of medicinal Chrysanthemum morifolium].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate botanical characters and yield of four cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium for further study on their genetic diversity and selective breeding. METHOD: The characters were observed and yield was investigated by field randomized block and analysis of variance. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: The botanical characters are difference among four cultivars; the amount of single flower head is the main factor influencing on the output of Chrysanthemum morifolium (r = 0.925); the yield of "Hongxinju" and "Xiaobaiju" are remarkably higher than that of "Dabaiju" and "Changbanju".

[The characters of various commodity of chrysanthemums].

OBJECTIVE: To provide basis for making the quality standard of medicinal chrysanthemums [Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) Tzvel.]. METHOD: The character of pharmacognosy. RESULT: The characters of many of chrysanthemums as well as the differences between them have been clarified.

[Pharmacognostic identification of Herba Chrysanthemi].

OBJECTIVE: To provide evidences for the identification and utilization of Herba Chrysanthemi. METHODS: Regular mehods for morphological and histological identification, TLC and UV were used. RESELTS: The descriptions characters of Herba Chrysanthemi were recounted. The histological characters of the stem and the leaf were also described. TLC showed Herba Chrysanthemi contained chlorogenic acid. UV spectrum showed Herba Chrysanthemi had absorbed peaks at 248 nm and 327 nm. CONCLUSION: All the above-mentioned characters provided evidences for the identification of Herba Chrysanthemi.

[Comparing identification of 3 kinds of flos chrysanthemi on surface morphology].

OBJECTIVE: To identify 3 kinds of commodities of famous traditional Chinese medicine flos chrysanthemi (FD) from different habitats. METHOD: The surface morphology of each part of Hangbaiju produced in Zhejiang province was studied and compared with other 2 kinds of FD. RESULT: The intricate morphology characters of each part of Hanbaiju were found. There are differences in very few characters though Hangbaiju, Gongju and Ganju are very similar in the surface morphology. CONCLUSION: The result would be useful to identify flos chrysanthemi.