RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The male reproductive system is a sensitive and intricate process that can be distressed following exposure to various toxicants. Therapeutic drugs, especially chemotherapeutics, can also adversely affect male fertility by instigating hormonal changes leading to testicular cells injury. Azathioprine (AZA) is an effective anticancer drug, but some cases of testicular toxicity have been reported. The aim of this work was to investigate the protective effects of taurine chloramine (TAU-Cl), a reported antioxidant and antiinflammtory peptide, against AZA-induced testicular dysfunction in male rats and ascertain the contributing mechanisms. METHODS: Forty male rats were allocated into four equal groups; (i) normal control rats, (ii) TAU-Cl group (100 mg/kg b.w/day for 10 weeks, (iii) AZA group (5 mg/day for 4 weeks); (iv) TAU-Cl/AZA group. RESULTS: AZA caused increased DNA damage in the testes, and alterations in sex hormones and sperm quality, including sperm count, viability, and motility. Moreover, testicular tissue from the AZA-treated group had increased levels of oxidative stress indicator, MDA, and decreased activity of the antioxidant enzymes as superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) levels. These deleterious events were accompanied by upregulated levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and protein expression of iNOS and NFκB-p65, interleukin-1beta (IL-1ß), and proapoptotic marker; caspase-9, together with decreased Bcl-2, NrF2 and hemeoxygenase (HO-1) expression. In contrast, TAU-Cl pretreatment significantly abrogated these toxic effects which were confirmed histologically. CONCLUSION: Pretreatment with TAU-Cl exerts a protective effect against AZA-induced male reproductive testicular atrophy. This finding could open new avenues for the use of TAU-Cl as a complementary approach to chemotherapy supportive care.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Azatioprina/toxicidade , Cloraminas/farmacologia , Taurina/farmacologia , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Caspases/metabolismo , Dano ao DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratos , Testículo/patologiaRESUMO
N-Chlorotaurine (NCT), a well-tolerated endogenous long-lived oxidant that can be applied topically as an antiseptic, was tested on its fungicidal activity against Scedosporium and Lomentospora, opportunistic fungi that cause severe infections with limited treatment options, mainly in immunocompromised patients. In quantitative killing assays, both hyphae and conidia of Scedosporium apiospermum, Scedosporium boydii, and Lomentospora prolificans (formerly Scedosporium prolificans) were killed by 55 mM (1.0%) NCT at pH 7.1 and 37°C, with a 1- to 4-log10 reduction in CFU after 4 h and a 4- to >6-log10 reduction after 24 h. The addition of ammonium chloride to NCT markedly increased this activity. LIVE/DEAD staining of conidia treated with 1.0% NCT for 0.5 to 3 h increased the permeability of the cell wall and membrane. Preincubation of the test fungi in 1.0% NCT for 10 to 60 min delayed the time to germination of conidia by 2 h to >12 h and reduced their germination rate by 10.0 to 100.0%. Larvae of Galleria mellonella infected with 1.0 × 10(7) conidia of S. apiospermum and S. boydii died at a rate of 90.0 to 100% after 8 to 12 days. The mortality rate was reduced to 20 to 50.0% if conidia were preincubated in 1.0% NCT for 0.5 h or if heat-inactivated conidia were used. Our study demonstrates the fungicidal activity of NCT against different Scedosporium and Lomentospora species. A postantifungal effect connected with a loss of virulence occurs after sublethal incubation times. The augmenting effect of ammonium chloride can be explained by the formation of monochloramine.
Assuntos
Cloreto de Amônio/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos Locais/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Scedosporium/efeitos dos fármacos , Taurina/análogos & derivados , Animais , Membrana Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Permeabilidade da Membrana Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Parede Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Cloraminas/química , Cloraminas/farmacologia , Hifas/efeitos dos fármacos , Hifas/fisiologia , Larva/microbiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Mariposas/microbiologia , Scedosporium/fisiologia , Esporos Fúngicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Esporos Fúngicos/fisiologia , Taurina/farmacologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: In fish aquaculture, disinfectants are used against bacterial and protozoal infections. These compounds cause oxidative stress that may stimulate the generation of reactive oxygen species, and subsequently the alteration in antioxidant systems of exposed organisms. Antioxidants like carotenoids present in microalgae increase carp resistance to oxidative stress after chemical treatment. DESIGN: The aim of these experiments was to prove increased resistance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) juveniles fed on experimental diets with microalgae biomass supplement (Algadiets) to oxidative stress caused by a disinfectant chloramine-T. In indoor experiments fish were fed on laboratory-prepared extruded diets containing supplement of Chlorella spp. (cf. C. vulgaris Beijerinck) biomass which contains antioxidants (carotenoids) like lutein. The young-of-the-year-old fish were acclimatized and fed on basal diet (control group) and the on diets containing 1, 2, 5 and 10% (w/w) of spray-dried Chlorella biomass (Algadiet 1, 2, 5 and 10) for 14 days followed by 6 weeks. Consequently, fish were treated daily with chloramine-T (Chl-T) at concentration of 10 mg x l(-1) for 1 h in three consecutive days. After this treatment, the indices of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activity were assayed in fish gill, muscle and hepatopancreas. RESULTS: The fish fed on different Algadiets had increased antioxidant enzyme activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and catalase in flesh after the exposure to Chl-T. Higher activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were also observed in the hepatopancreas in all tested concentrations compared to the control group fed on the basal diet. The increased production and activity of antioxidant enzymes confirmed improved protection ability of fish tissues against oxidative damage when microalgae biomass was supplemented to the fish diet which was more pronounced by higher microalgae supplement in Algadiet 5 and 10 where the content of carotenoids was 105 mg and 214 mg per kilogram of fed, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results show the positive effect of carotenoids from microalgae biomass to maintain the antioxidant capacity which increases resistance of fish to oxidative stress.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Carotenoides/farmacologia , Carpas/metabolismo , Cloraminas/farmacologia , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Compostos de Tosil/farmacologia , Animais , DietaRESUMO
AIMS: Methylamine dichloramine (CH(3)NCl(2)) produced by neutrophils may promote colon tumors and colitis via architectural and oxidative changes in crypts, which are secretory granulae composed of goblet cells located in the colorectal mucosal layer. We investigated whether CH(3)NCl(2), in comparison with the other reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as H(2)O(2) and HOCl, derived from primed neutrophils in inflammatory sites in the large intestine, is a biogenic factor for the induction of colorectal disease in mice. MAIN METHODS: Male ICR-strain mice were administered each oxidant (0.5-0.7 micromol/mouse) by enema under anesthesia. The colorectal tissues were evaluated by histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. Hemolysis and hemoglobin oxidation by the methylamine chloramines and HOCl were examined by adding them (50-400 microM) to a sheep erythrocyte suspension (1x10(8) cells/ml) and its lysate at pH 7 and 37 degrees C. KEY FINDINGS: CH(3)NCl(2) oxidized erythrocyte hemoglobin more effectively than HOCl, indicating it has high cell permeability and selective oxidation ability. CH(3)NCl(2) mainly induced atrophy of crypts at 6 h after administration, while the other ROS tested did not. Furthermore, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) showed positive immunostains throughout the mucosal layer, including around the basal regions of atrophied crypts, only with CH(3)NCl(2), while positive immunostains were observed for 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) in the atrophied crypts and their surrounding lamina propria in the mucosal layer. SIGNIFICANCE: The results suggest that CH(3)NCl(2)derived from primed neutrophils may play the most important role in promoting the development of colon tumor formation and colitis by oxidative stress through its high degree of cell permeability.
Assuntos
Cloraminas/farmacologia , Colo/patologia , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/farmacologia , Ácido Hipocloroso/farmacologia , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/etiologia , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Ativação de Neutrófilo , Aldeídos/análise , Aldeídos/imunologia , Animais , Cloraminas/administração & dosagem , Colo/efeitos dos fármacos , Colo/imunologia , Neoplasias do Colo/induzido quimicamente , Neoplasias do Colo/etiologia , Hemoglobinas/metabolismo , Hemólise , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/administração & dosagem , Ácido Hipocloroso/administração & dosagem , Imuno-Histoquímica , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/induzido quimicamente , Mucosa Intestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos ICR , Oxirredução , Ovinos/sangue , Tirosina/análogos & derivados , Tirosina/análise , Tirosina/imunologiaRESUMO
The MIC of nine different disinfectants and antiseptics were determined for the Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Strains originated from clinical specimens, drugs and environment. A sensitivity was determined against chlorhexidinum digluconate (Gram-negative: 0,625-80 mg/L, Gram-positive: 0,3-10 mg/L), benzalconium chloride (Gram-negative: 2,5-1280 mg/L, Gram-positive: 1,25-20 mg/L), salicilic acid (Gram-negative and Gram-positive: 400-1600 mg/L), benzoic acid (Gram-negative: 800-1600 mg/L, Gram-positive: 400-1 600 mg/L), boric acid (Gram-negative: 800-12 800 mg/L, Gram-positive: 1 600-6400 mg/L), chloramine B (Gram-negative: 1600-6400 mg/L, Gram-positive:800- 6400 mg/L), jodine (Gram-negative: 200-1600 mg/L, Gram-positive: 200-1600 mg/L), etacridine lactate (Gram-negative: 40 do > 20480 mg/L, Gram-positive: 40-1280 mg/L) and resorcine (Gram-negative: 1600-6400 mg/L, Gram-positive: 800-6400 mg/L). Diversified values of MIC for different strains were obtained, especially in the case of benzalconium chloride, etacridine lactate, chlorhexidinum digluconate, boric acid and iodine. Strains isolated from environment were usually more susceptible to examined compounds than clinical strains. The biggest diversification of sensitivity was observed among strains originated from drugs where besides sensitive appeared strains characterizing by very high MIC values of some substances, eg. boric acid.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos Locais/farmacologia , Desinfetantes/farmacologia , Microbiologia Ambiental , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos de Benzalcônio/farmacologia , Ácido Benzoico/farmacologia , Ácidos Bóricos/farmacologia , Cloraminas/farmacologia , Clorexidina/análogos & derivados , Clorexidina/farmacologia , Desinfecção/métodos , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/isolamento & purificação , Ambiente de Instituições de Saúde , Iodo/farmacologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Plantas Medicinais/microbiologia , Resorcinóis/farmacologia , Especificidade da Espécie , Compostos de Tosil/farmacologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate cytotoxicity and bactericidal effects of chloramine-T. METHODS: In vitro study of various concentrations and exposure times to preparations containing human fibroblasts or 1.5 x 10 colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) of 3 gram-positive bacteria-Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S aureus, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis-and 2 gram-negative bacteria-Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa-with and without fetal bovine serum present. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Percentage reduction of bacterial growth and percentage of viable fibroblasts 48 hours after exposure. RESULTS: All gram-positive growth was reduced by 95% to 100%, regardless of dose, with or without serum. E coli (gram-negative; with/without serum) was reduced 94% to 100% at antiseptic concentrations of 300 and 400 ppm. At 200 ppm, E coli growth was fully inhibited without serum present and by 50% with serum. P aeruginosa (gram-negative) was not significantly affected under any conditions. At 100 and 200 ppm, cell viability remained greater than 90% under all experimental conditions. A 300-ppm, 3-minute exposure to chloramine-T resulted in cell viability of up to 70%, with longer exposures producing lower viabilities. Serum did not affect cell viability in any condition. CONCLUSIONS: In vitro, chloramine-T at 200 ppm for 5 to 20 minutes was effective against 3 virulent gram-positive bacteria without fibroblast damage. At 300 ppm and 3 and 5 minutes, 30% of fibroblasts were damaged and 95% to 100 % of E coli were inhibited, respectively.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos Locais/uso terapêutico , Infecções Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Cloraminas/uso terapêutico , Fibroblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos de Tosil/uso terapêutico , Infecção dos Ferimentos/tratamento farmacológico , Anti-Infecciosos Locais/química , Anti-Infecciosos Locais/farmacologia , Infecções Bacterianas/microbiologia , Técnicas de Cultura de Células , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Cloraminas/química , Cloraminas/farmacologia , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Enterococcus faecalis , Infecções por Escherichia coli/tratamento farmacológico , Fibroblastos/ultraestrutura , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Resistência a Meticilina , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Infecções por Pseudomonas/tratamento farmacológico , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Staphylococcus aureus , Fatores de Tempo , Compostos de Tosil/química , Compostos de Tosil/farmacologia , Resistência a Vancomicina , Infecção dos Ferimentos/microbiologiaRESUMO
Hemolysis is the fragmentation of erythrocytes into microparticles (Hb-MP). Clinical hemolysis can result in a severe procoagulant state. The influence of Hb-MP on thrombin generation was quantified. Unfrozen citrated normal plasma (five donors) was supplemented with 0 or 1 g/l Hb-MP obtained through erythrocyte destruction by hypotonic lysis, freezing/thawing, or blood oxidation with 1 or 2 mmol/l chloramine-T. Pooled normal plasma was supplemented with 0-10 g/l Hb-MP and with 0-1 IU/ml low-molecular-weight heparin (dalteparin). Samples (50 microl) were tested in the recalcified coagulation activity assay. At 10 min coagulation reaction time the hypotonic lysis of erythrocytes appears to be the most procoagulant condition, followed by twice freezing/thawing, three times freezing/thawing, and once freezing/thawing. Oxidation of whole blood with 1 or 2 mmol/l chloramine-T decreases thrombin generation by about 20 or 50%, respectively. The thrombin generation in 1 mmol/l chloramine-T or 2 mmol/l oxidized plasma decreases by about 70 or 85%, respectively. The 50% inhibitory concentrations of low-molecular-weight heparin against recalcified thrombin generation are 0.01, 0.025, or 0.035 IU/ml for plasma supplemented with 0, 0.1, or 1 g/l Hb-MP, respectively. The recalcified coagulation activity assay allows one to quantify thrombin generation in critical hemolytic samples. It is suggested to find the appropriate pharmacologic dose of low-molecular-weight heparin.
Assuntos
Testes de Coagulação Sanguínea/métodos , Hemólise/fisiologia , Trombina/biossíntese , Coagulação Sanguínea , Cálcio/metabolismo , Cloraminas/farmacologia , Monitoramento de Medicamentos/métodos , Heparina de Baixo Peso Molecular/farmacologia , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Oxigênio/farmacologia , Tamanho da Partícula , Complexo Glicoproteico GPIIb-IIIa de Plaquetas/antagonistas & inibidores , Trombina/antagonistas & inibidores , Compostos de Tosil/farmacologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To define the influence of some parameters, including assimilable organic carbon (AOC), chloramine residual, etc. on the bacterial growth in drinking water distribution systems. METHODS: Three typical water treatment plants in a northern city (City T) of China and their corresponding distribution systems were investigated. Some parameters of the water samples, such as heterotrophic plate content (HPC), AOC, COD(Mn), TOC, and phosphate were measured. RESULTS: The AOC in most water samples were more than 100 microg/L, or even more than 200 microg/L in some cases. The HPC in distribution systems increased significantly with the decrease of residual chlorine. When the residual chlorine was less than 0.1 mg/L, the magnitude order of HPC was 10(4) CFU/mL; when it was 0.5-0.7 mg/L, the HPC was about 500 CFU/mL. CONCLUSION: For controlling the biostability of drinking water, the controlling of AOC and residual chlorine should be considered simultaneously. The influence of phosphors on the AOC tests of water is not significant. Phosphors may not be the limiting nutrient in the water distribution systems.
Assuntos
Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Desinfetantes/farmacologia , Microbiologia da Água , Abastecimento de Água , Bactérias/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Carbono/análise , Carbono/metabolismo , China , Cloraminas/farmacologia , Cloro/farmacologia , Estabilidade de Medicamentos , Compostos Orgânicos/análise , Fosfatos/análise , Fosfatos/metabolismo , Fósforo/farmacologia , Dinâmica Populacional , Purificação da Água/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Because short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and heat shock proteins (hsps) confer protection to intestinal epithelia cells (IECs), we studied whether SCFAs modulate IEC hsp expression. METHODS: Hsp 25, hsp72, and hsc73 protein expression in rat intestinal tissues and IEC-18 cells were determined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Cell survival under conditions of oxidant stress (monochloramine) was determined using (51)Cr release in hsp25 cDNA anti-sense and sense-transfected cells expressing minimal and increased hsp25, respectively. RESULTS: Butyrate induces a time- and concentration-dependent increase in hsp25, but not hsp72 or hsc73, protein expression in rat IEC-18 cells but not 3T3 fibroblasts. Other SCFAs, including the poorly metabolized isobutyate, also induced selective expression of hsp25. Butyrate treatment significantly improved the ability of IEC-18 cells to withstand oxidant (monochloramine) injury. This effect could be blocked in cells in which hsp25 induction by butyrate was blocked by stable hsp25 antisense transfection. Additionally, hsp25-transfected overexpressing IEC-18 cells showed increased resistance to monochloramine. In vivo, increasing dietary fiber increased colonic, but not proximal, ileal hsp25 while having no effect on hsp72 or hsc73 expression. CONCLUSIONS: SCFAs, the predominant anions of colonic fluid derived from bacterial flora metabolism of luminal carbohydrates, protect IECs against oxidant injury, an effect mediated in part by cell-specific hsp25 induction.
Assuntos
Butiratos/farmacologia , Proteínas de Choque Térmico , Mucosa Intestinal/citologia , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Células 3T3 , Animais , Antidiarreicos/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Cloraminas/farmacologia , Colo/química , Colo/citologia , Colo/metabolismo , DNA Antissenso , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP27 , Íleo/química , Íleo/citologia , Íleo/metabolismo , Imuno-Histoquímica , Mucosa Intestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Chaperonas Moleculares , Proteínas de Neoplasias/análise , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Pectinas/farmacologia , Ratos , TransfecçãoRESUMO
The methionine residues in Tyr-corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and Tyr-sauvagine radioligands are subject to oxidation, which renders them biologically inactive. Therefore [Tyr(0,) Gln(1,) Leu(17)]sauvagine (YQLS), in which the methionine was replaced with leucine was synthesized and labeled with (125)Iodine using chloramine-T. Mass spectroscopy revealed that chloramine-T-treatment did not oxidize YQLS. (125)I-YQLS bound with high affinity to cells expressing the murine CRF receptor 1 (CRFR1), CRF receptor 2 (CRFR2), and the mouse brain regions known to express both CRF receptors. (125)I-YQLS chemically cross-linked to CRFR1. In conclusion, (125)I-YQLS is oxidation-resistant, high affinity radioligand that can be chemically cross-linked to the CRF receptors.
Assuntos
Oxigênio/metabolismo , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/química , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Proteínas de Anfíbios , Animais , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Células COS , Células Cultivadas , Cloraminas/farmacologia , Reagentes de Ligações Cruzadas/farmacologia , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , DNA Complementar/metabolismo , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Iodo/farmacologia , Leucina/química , Ligantes , Espectrometria de Massas , Metionina/química , Camundongos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Hormônios Peptídicos , Peptídeos/química , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Ligação Proteica , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/metabolismo , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos , Succinimidas/farmacologia , Tirosina/química , Urotensinas/metabolismo , Vasodilatadores/farmacologiaRESUMO
Using the suspension test the action of dibromoisocyanuric acid (DBI) and--for the purpose of a comparison--elemental chlorine and Chloramine-T on three different spore strains at pH 7.0 and room temperature has been investigated. DBI proved to be a desinfecting agent by which at a concentration of 0.01 M positive halogene (= 1.45 g DBI/I) in 15--60 minutes (depending on the spore strain) a reliable kill can be achieved. Although using elemental chlorine shorter kill rates have been obtained (Chloramine-T was without any effect) DBI shows some advantages which also suggest its use in practice. As possible reasons for the differing efficiency of the three investigated substances the equilibrium concentrations of the hydrolysis products (HOCl resp. HOBr) and diffusion effects are discussed.
Assuntos
Bacillus/efeitos dos fármacos , Desinfetantes/farmacologia , Triazinas/farmacologia , Cloraminas/farmacologia , Cloro/farmacologia , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Esporos Bacterianos/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
In our experiments, peracetic acid -- known in commerce as "Wolfasteril" was tested as a new and efficient disinfectant to disinfect sewage waters from rendering plants. Peracetic acid was used in experiments in concentration of 0.1 to 1.0% for 30 sec. to 60 min. As a comparative agent, 5% chloramine was used. Results obtained in preliminary and main experiments proved that peracetic acid is fully appropriate to disinfect biologically cleaned sewage waters in rendering plants. Sewage waters supplying the main stream has to pass mostly a short section after having left the water clariflier. Consequently, the concentration of 1% peracetic acid acting for 30 sec. is the optimum one. The recommendation of this application norm for peracetic acid in water clarifiers from rendering plants being at least suitable in controlling disasters.
Assuntos
Acetatos/farmacologia , Desinfetantes , Desinfecção , Ácido Peracético/farmacologia , Esgotos , Esterilização , Bacillus subtilis/efeitos dos fármacos , Cloraminas/farmacologia , Clostridium/efeitos dos fármacos , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Enterococcus faecalis/efeitos dos fármacos , Formaldeído/farmacologia , Esporos Bacterianos/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Microbiologia da ÁguaRESUMO
PIP: This review prepared for the World Health Organization Task Force on methods for the regulation of male fertility presents the state of knowledge with respect to the disruption of sperm formation, interference with the sperm maturation after spermiation, and interruption of sperm transport. Disruption of sperm formation involves interference with cell division, testicular vasculature, or hormonal millieu. Interference with sperm maturation requires physiological alterations somewhere during their passage through the duct system that connects the testis and the ejaculatory ducts. Interference with the transport of spermatozoa can best be accomplished with the use of barriers either before or after ejaculation.^ieng
Assuntos
Fertilidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Espermatogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Acetamidas/farmacologia , Alquilantes/farmacologia , Androgênios/farmacologia , Antiespermatogênicos/farmacologia , Divisão Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Cloraminas/farmacologia , Colchicina/farmacologia , Estrogênios/farmacologia , Flúor/farmacologia , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/antagonistas & inibidores , Gonadotropinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Humanos , Hipotálamo/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Nitrofuranos/farmacologia , Nitroimidazóis/farmacologia , Progestinas/farmacologia , Espermatozoides/metabolismo , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Testosterona/imunologia , Tiofenos/farmacologia , VasectomiaRESUMO
Filamentous forms of Escherichia coli, induced by growth in the presence of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II), contain amorphous inclusion aggregates, possibly ribosomal, with an affinity for uranium ion.