RESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Triangle grass is a liliaceous Chlorophytum perennial herb of ChlorophytumlaxumR.Br. It is distributed mainly in Guangdong and Guangxi Provinces of China. The initial use of triangle grass was mainly to treat bone pain and swelling caused by a fall injury. Triangle grass tablets (NO. Z20070544) are also used as a preparation in our hospital because of their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-snake venom and microcirculation improvement properties and other pharmacological effects (Mei et al., 2006). Triangle grass tablets have been widely used in our hospital to treat patients with bone pain from chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). However, the effects and mechanism of triangle grass on bone metabolism in chronic kidney disease complicated with mineral and bone abnormalities are unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a triangle grass decoction on bone metabolism in CKD-MBD rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CKD-MBD model rats were subjected to 5/6 nephrectomy combined with 0.5 g NaH2PO4/rat. Serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels were measured with an automatic biochemical analyser. Bone mineral density was determined with a Viva CT 40 system. Bone morphogenetic protein 7(BMP-7),runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and Osterix protein levels were measured by Western blot analysis. Kidney, vertebra and thoracic aorta tissue samples were assessed by histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS: The degrees of membrane thickening, necrosis, swelling and cast deposition were significantly reduced in high-dose rats and Low-dose rats. Serum BUN levels were significantly reduced in the Pre-H group (P < 0.05). Hypocalcaemia and hyperphos phataemia were detected in triangle grass (P < 0.05, P < 0.05). In addition, iPTH levels were significantly increased in the Pre-H group (P < 0.05). Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)levels were significantly decreased in the Pre-H group (P < 0.05). The bone mineral density was improved in the Pre-H and Pre-L groups. BMP-7 protein levels were significantly increased in the Pre-H group (P < 0.05). The pathological changes in muscle fibres in the thoracic aorta middle membranes were significantly alleviated in rats in the Pre-H and Pre-L groups. Changes in SM22α and SMα-act in protein levels were significantly attenuated in the Pre-H group (P < 0.05, P < 0.05). Changes in Runx2 and Osterix protein levels were also significantly attenuated in the Pre-H and Pre-L groups (P < 0.05, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Triangle grass can simultaneously ameliorate vertebral bone loss and abnormal calcification in the thoracic aorta. Triangle grass has a definite effect on bone metabolism disorder in CKD-MBD rats.
Assuntos
Asparagaceae/química , Densidade Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Osso e Ossos/metabolismo , Distúrbio Mineral e Ósseo na Doença Renal Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Distúrbio Mineral e Ósseo na Doença Renal Crônica/metabolismo , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Actinas/metabolismo , Animais , Aorta Torácica/metabolismo , Aorta Torácica/patologia , Nitrogênio da Ureia Sanguínea , Proteína Morfogenética Óssea 7/metabolismo , Osso e Ossos/efeitos dos fármacos , Calcinose/tratamento farmacológico , Calcinose/metabolismo , Cálcio/metabolismo , Distúrbio Mineral e Ósseo na Doença Renal Crônica/etiologia , Distúrbio Mineral e Ósseo na Doença Renal Crônica/patologia , Subunidade alfa 1 de Fator de Ligação ao Core/metabolismo , Creatinina/sangue , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/uso terapêutico , Artropatias/tratamento farmacológico , Artropatias/metabolismo , Masculino , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos/metabolismo , Proteínas Musculares/metabolismo , Nefrectomia/efeitos adversos , Fósforo/metabolismo , Ratos Wistar , Coluna Vertebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Coluna Vertebral/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Doenças Vasculares/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Vasculares/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Empiric antibiotic therapy for suspected hematogenous vertebral osteomyelitis (HVO) should be initiated immediately in seriously ill patients and may be required in those with negative microbiological results. The aim of this study was to inform the appropriate selection of empiric antibiotic regimens for the treatment of suspected HVO by analyzing antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated bacteria from microbiologically proven HVO. METHOD: We conducted a retrospective chart review of adult patients with microbiologically proven HVO in five tertiary-care hospitals over a 7-year period. The appropriateness of empiric antibiotic regimens was assessed based on the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of isolated bacteria. RESULTS: In total, 358 cases of microbiologically proven HVO were identified. The main causative pathogens identified were methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (33.5%), followed by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (24.9%), Enterobacteriaceae (19.3%), and Streptococcus species (11.7%). Extended spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae and anaerobes accounted for only 1.7% and 1.4%, respectively, of the causative pathogens. Overall, 73.5% of isolated pathogens were susceptible to levofloxacin plus rifampicin, 71.2% to levofloxacin plus clindamycin, and 64.5% to amoxicillin-clavulanate plus ciprofloxacin. The susceptibility to these oral combinations was lower in cases of healthcare-associated HVO (52.6%, 49.6%, and 37.6%, respectively) than in cases of community-acquired HVO (85.8%, 84.0%, and 80.4%, respectively). Vancomycin combined with ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, or cefepime was similarly appropriate (susceptibility rates of 93.0%, 94.1%, 95.8%, and 95.8%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Based on our susceptibility data, vancomycin combined with a broad-spectrum cephalosporin or fluoroquinolone may be appropriate for empiric treatment of HVO. Fluoroquinolone-based oral combinations may be not appropriate due to frequent resistance to these agents, especially in cases of healthcare-associated HVO.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Infecções Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Enterobacteriaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Osteomielite/tratamento farmacológico , Streptococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Idoso , Combinação Amoxicilina e Clavulanato de Potássio/uso terapêutico , Infecções Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Infecções Bacterianas/microbiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/patologia , Ciprofloxacina/uso terapêutico , Clindamicina/uso terapêutico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Pesquisa Empírica , Enterobacteriaceae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Enterobacteriaceae/patogenicidade , Feminino , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Levofloxacino/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/patogenicidade , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Osteomielite/diagnóstico , Osteomielite/microbiologia , Osteomielite/patologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Rifampina/uso terapêutico , Coluna Vertebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Coluna Vertebral/microbiologia , Coluna Vertebral/patologia , Streptococcus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Streptococcus/patogenicidade , Vancomicina/uso terapêutico , beta-Lactamases/genética , beta-Lactamases/metabolismoRESUMO
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) have shown beneficial effects on muscle wasting, general physical function and bone properties in male mammals. However, data on the effects of SARMs in postmenopausal osteoporotic bone are scarce. We evaluated the effects of the SARM drug ostarine on postmenopausal osteoporotic bone in a rat osteoporosis model. Ovariectomy was performed on 46 of 56 3-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats. Eight weeks after ovariectomy, ostarine was orally administered daily for 5 weeks in dosages of 0.04 (low, OVX + Ost. 0.04), 0.4 (intermediate, OVX + Ost. 0.4), and 4 mg/kg (high, OVX + Ost. 4) body weight. Another ovariectomized group received no ostarine. Lumbar vertebrae and femora were removed for biomechanical, gene expression, ashing, and computer tomography analyses. Low dose showed no effects. The effects of intermediate and high doses were comparable overall. Improvements were mainly seen in structural properties such as bone mineral density and bone volume density. However, the effects in femora were superior to effects in vertebrae. Ostarine treatment for 5 weeks did not improve significantly biomechanical properties. mRNA expression of the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand decreased after treatment, and uterine weight increased. Serum levels of phosphorus increased following ostarine treatment in intermediate and high-dose groups. Short-term treatment of osteoporotic bone with ostarine leads to improvement of several microstructural bone indices. While we did not observe changes in biomechanics, it is conceivable that longer treatment may also improve biomechanical properties. Further studies are needed to characterize longer time effects and side effects of ostarine in osteoporosis.
Assuntos
Anilidas/uso terapêutico , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/tratamento farmacológico , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismo , Fosfatase Alcalina/sangue , Anilidas/farmacologia , Animais , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Densidade Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Fêmur/diagnóstico por imagem , Fêmur/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Minerais/metabolismo , Músculos/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculos/patologia , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos dos fármacos , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/sangue , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/fisiopatologia , Ovariectomia , Fósforo/sangue , Ligante RANK/genética , Ligante RANK/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Coluna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Coluna Vertebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Microtomografia por Raio-XRESUMO
In Pakistani population the prevalence of Calcium and vitamin D deficiency is at alarming rate. Previous studies show that globally vertebral osteoporosis is most commonly recognized site causing deterioration to personal life satisfaction. It is very unfortunate that in Pakistan ample amount of research work has not been done in the area, consequently, information on rate of vertebral osteoporosis & fracture are rare in Pakistan. There is no reduction in T-score on supplementation with calcium and vitamin D3 administration. There is reduction in T-score on supplementation with calcium and vitamin D3 administration. The prime objective of the current work was to determine vertebral spine osteoporosis treatment efficacy in local population. This is an intervention experimental study with no control. The study population was selected from the local community; consisting of individuals with vertebral spine osteoporosis, further they were followed for up to 6 months. Data was analyzed by SPSS-22. Tabs Chewable: Calcium: 1250 mg, Cholecalciferol: 125 IU, BD/Day was advised. The mean T-score before and after treatment were recorded as; Mean ±S.D: 2.890 ±1.7217 and Mean ±S.D: -2.456±0.8064 respectively. The findings of the current work do not provide support for routine supplementation with calcium and vitamin D3 orally for osteoporosis.
Assuntos
Conservadores da Densidade Óssea/administração & dosagem , Densidade Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Cálcio/administração & dosagem , Colecalciferol/administração & dosagem , Osteoporose/tratamento farmacológico , Coluna Vertebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Absorciometria de Fóton , Administração Oral , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Combinação de Medicamentos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Osteoporose/diagnóstico por imagem , Osteoporose/fisiopatologia , Paquistão , Coluna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Coluna Vertebral/fisiopatologia , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Most trials of vitamin D supplementation have shown no benefits on bone mineral density (BMD), although severe vitamin D deficiency causes osteomalacia, which is associated with profound BMD deficits. Recently, the ViDA-BMD study from New Zealand demonstrated a threshold of baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD; 30 nmol/L) below which vitamin D supplementation did benefit BMD. We have now reexamined data from a similar trial in Aberdeen to determine whether a baseline 25OHD threshold of 30 nmol/L is also observed in that database. The Aberdeen study recruited 305 postmenopausal women in late winter and randomized them to receive placebo, vitamin D 400 IU/d, or vitamin D 1000 IU/d over 1 year. As previously reported, BMD loss at the hip was reduced by vitamin D 1000 IU/d only, and there was no significant treatment effect of either dose at the lumbar spine. In the present analysis, when the trial participants were grouped according to whether their baseline 25OHD was ≤30 nmol/L or above this threshold, significant treatment effects were apparent at both the spine and hip in those with baseline 25OHD ≤30 nmol/L, but no significant effects were apparent in those with baseline 25OHD above this level. There was evidence of a similar threshold for effects on parathyroid hormone, but no groups showed changes in bone turnover markers during the study. It is concluded that vitamin D supplements only increase bone density in adults with nadir 25OHD ≤30 nmol/L. This moves us further toward a trial-based definition of vitamin D deficiency in adults with adequate calcium intakes and suggests that supplement use should be targeted accordingly. Future trials of vitamin D supplementation should focus on individuals with 25OHD concentrations in this range. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Assuntos
Densidade Óssea , Suplementos Nutricionais , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Idoso , Densidade Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Quadril/fisiologia , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hormônio Paratireóideo/sangue , Coluna Vertebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Coluna Vertebral/fisiologia , Vitamina D/sangue , Vitamina D/farmacologiaRESUMO
The characteristic trait of metallosis is the presence of tissue staining. Analyzing explanted revision hardware from spine surgeries and performing ICPMS/AES analysis on removed tissue samples, a clinically relevant definition for metallosis may be developed. Results of the analysis identified hardware fretting wear and corrosion, and ICP-MS/AES analysis identified elevated metal ion concentrations in all cases. This supports the hypothesis that corrosion may be linked to poor health outcomes and potential need for revision surgery. Using failure analysis methods, corrosion products from orthopedic spine implants can be identified to begin to characterize metallosis in a clinically relevant manner. Failure analysis for patients undergoing revision spine surgery for other causes. Using failure analysis methods we conducted a retrieval analysis of explanted hardware and tissue. Implant failure with surrounding tissue metal staining is a current issue in the field of orthopedics. Specifically in spine, this issue is under reported and over looked as a clinically significant finding. Metallosis is most commonly used to describe the presence of tissue staining however this is not a clinically relevant definition. There is a need for further research to provide a better understanding of metallosis leading to better patient outcomes. Patients were screened for this study during a radiological review prior to surgery. All explanted hardware was documented and inspected for signs of wear and corrosion using non-destructive testing. A tissue sample that is normally removed and discarded was collected for ICP-MS/AES analysis. The presence of fretting corrosion, galling and corrosion fatigue was found on all explanted hardware. Cr levels are significantly higher than what was previously published as normal in muscle 0.03 µg/g. One case was a 4 order of magnitude elevation with the other 2 approximately 2 orders of magnitude increase. Titanium and Co concentrations are also significantly increased. The Ca to P ratio for all samples is approximately 1.7:1 suggesting some form of apatitic crystal present due to drying of the tissues. In all cases, the Al, Mo, V, Co, content in surrounding tissue is significantly elevated >10× above "normal," 8.4 ± 4.8; 1.61 ± 1.41; 0.06 ± 0.03; 1.35 ± 1.97 µg/g respectively. A "normal" reference titanium level could only be found for whole blood, 0.00072 ± 0.1412 µ/g. Iron and Ni measurements are within typical values presented in previous studies. No single mechanism for the release of metal ion in a patient is clear. Evidence suggests a tribocorrosive process due to both wear and environmental factors. Specific biologic mechanisms, such as the possible presence of bacteria may affect the fretting and corrosion of spinal instrumentation must be explored in conjunction with thorough review of patient outcomes. Such an effort can potentially reduce patient readmission and increase successful patient outcomes.
Assuntos
Metais/efeitos adversos , Próteses e Implantes/efeitos adversos , Coluna Vertebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Idoso , Cálcio/análise , Cromo/análise , Cobalto/análise , Corrosão , Feminino , Humanos , Íons , Ferro/análise , Vértebras Lombares/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Teste de Materiais , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Níquel/análise , Readmissão do Paciente , Assistência Centrada no Paciente , Fósforo/análise , Falha de Prótese , Valores de Referência , Titânio/análise , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Background: Little is known about bone mineral density (BMD) during pregnancy. Advances in technology with lower radiation emissions by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry instruments now permit the safe measurement of BMD during pregnancy.Objective: We evaluated maternal BMD during pregnancy as a function of vitamin D status in women of diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds.Design: A total of 301 women who underwent BMD measurements at 12-20 wk of gestation and again at 0-14 wk postpartum were included in this analysis. Women were a subset of subjects who were recruited for a randomized, controlled, double-blind trial of vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy (400, 2000, or 4000 IU/d).Results: Treatment had no significant effect on changes in BMD that occurred between 12-20 wk of gestation and 0-14 wk postpartum. Similarly, changes in spine and femoral neck bone mineral contents (BMCs) were not significantly different in the treatment groups. In addition, vitamin D inadequacy (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, averaged across pregnancy, <50 nmol/L) was not associated with changes in BMD or BMC. There were significant racial/ethnic differences in spine BMD. African Americans lost more spine BMD than did Caucasians (-0.04 ± 0.04 compared with -0.02 ± 0.04 g/cm2; P = 0.033). In addition, baseline obesity was associated with a greater loss of femoral neck BMD. The means ± SDs of femoral neck BMD loss were -0.02 ± 0.05 and 0.0 ± 0.03 g/cm2 for groups with baseline body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) ≥30 and <30, respectively.Conclusion: These findings do not support a dose effect of vitamin D supplementation on bone health and suggest that race/ethnicity and BMI play an important role in pregnancy bone health. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00292591.
Assuntos
Densidade Óssea , Suplementos Nutricionais , Colo do Fêmur , Complicações na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Coluna Vertebral , Deficiência de Vitamina D/tratamento farmacológico , Vitamina D/uso terapêutico , Absorciometria de Fóton , Adulto , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Índice de Massa Corporal , Feminino , Colo do Fêmur/efeitos dos fármacos , Colo do Fêmur/metabolismo , Hispânico ou Latino , Humanos , Obesidade/complicações , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/etnologia , Complicações na Gravidez/metabolismo , Coluna Vertebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Coluna Vertebral/metabolismo , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Vitamina D/sangue , Vitamina D/farmacologia , Deficiência de Vitamina D/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina D/etnologia , Vitaminas/sangue , Vitaminas/farmacologia , Vitaminas/uso terapêutico , População Branca , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Ibandronate (IBN) and pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) have each shown positive effects for treating osteoporosis, but no study has evaluated the relative effects of these treatments combined. This study investigated the effects of IBN + PEMF on bone turnover, mineral density, microarchitecture, and biomechanical properties in an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model of osteoporosis. Fifty 3-month-old rats were randomly apportioned to receive a sham-operation (n = 10), or ovariectomy (n = 40). The latter group was equally divided as the model (OVX control) or to receive IBN, PEMF, or IBN + PEMF. Beginning the day after surgery, the IBN and IBN + PEMF groups received weekly subcutaneous IBN; the PEMF and IBN + PEMF groups were given daily PEMF during the same 12 weeks. After 12 weeks of treatments, biochemical parameters, bone mineral density (BMD), microarchitecture parameters, biomechanical properties, and some metabolic modulators that are involved in bone resorption were compared. The L5 lumbar vertebral body BMDs of the IBN, PEMF, and IBN + PEMF groups were 121.6%, 119.5%, and 139.6%; maximum loads were 111.4%, 112.7%, and 121.9%; and energy to failure was 130.8%, 129.2%, and 154.9% of the OVX model, respectively. The IBN + PEMF group had significantly lower levels of serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b, and greater improvement in BMD, bone microarchitecture, and strength of the lumbar spine compared with monotherapy groups. Results showed that IBN + PEMF had a more favorable effect on the lumbar spine in this osteoporosis model than did either monotherapy. Bioelectromagnetics. 38:31-40, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assuntos
Difosfonatos/farmacologia , Campos Eletromagnéticos , Magnetoterapia , Osteoporose/etiologia , Osteoporose/terapia , Ovariectomia/efeitos adversos , Animais , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Densidade Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Densidade Óssea/efeitos da radiação , Terapia Combinada , Difosfonatos/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Fêmur/efeitos dos fármacos , Fêmur/fisiopatologia , Fêmur/efeitos da radiação , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos da radiação , Ácido Ibandrônico , Osteoporose/metabolismo , Osteoporose/fisiopatologia , Osteoprotegerina/genética , Ligante RANK/genética , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Ratos , Coluna Vertebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Coluna Vertebral/fisiopatologia , Coluna Vertebral/efeitos da radiação , Fosfatase Ácida Resistente a Tartarato/sangue , Microtomografia por Raio-XRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Bullatine A, a C20-diterpenoid alkaloid and one of the major effective ingredients in Aconiti brachypodi Radix (Xue-shang-yi-zhi-hao), can block pain hypersensitivity in a variety of rodent models through expression of spinal microglial dynorphin A. AIM OF THE STUDY: To assess the interaction between bullatine A and morphine on antinociception in acute nociception and pain hypersensitivity states, with the exogenous synthetic dynorphin A as a comparison MATERIALS AND METHODS: Spinal nerve ligation-induced neuropathic rats and naïve mice were used for assessing the acute and chronic interactions of bullatine A/dynorphin A with morphine. RESULTS: Single subcutaneous injection of bullatine A or dynorphin A(1-17) did not either alter formalin- and thermally (hot-plate and water immersion tests)-induced acute nociception or potentiate morphine antinociception in naïve mice. In contrast, bullatine A dose-dependently inhibited formalin-induced tonic pain with the efficacy of 54% inhibition and the half-effective dose of 0.9mg/kg. Concurrent bullatine A additively enhanced morphine antinociception. In neuropathic rats, the antinociceptive effects of multiple bidaily intrathecal injections of bullatine A and dynorphin A remained consistent over 13 days, whereas morphine produced progressive and complete tolerance to antinociception, which was completely inhibited by concurrent bullatine A and dynorphin A. A single intrathecal injection of bullatine A and dynorphin A immediately reversed established morphine tolerance in neuropathic rats, although the blockade was a less degree in the thermally induced mouse acute nociceptive tests. The inhibitory effects of bullatine A and dynorphin A on morphine tolerance were immediately and completely attenuated by intrathecal dynorphin A antibody and/or selective κ-opioid receptor antagonist GNTI. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that bullatine A produces antinociception without induction of tolerance and inhibits morphine antinociceptive tolerance, and provide pharmacological basis for concurrent bullatine A and morphine treatment for chronic pain and morphine analgesic tolerance.
Assuntos
Alcaloides , Analgésicos , Diterpenos , Hiperalgesia/tratamento farmacológico , Morfina , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Receptores Opioides kappa/metabolismo , Alcaloides/farmacologia , Alcaloides/uso terapêutico , Analgésicos/farmacologia , Analgésicos/uso terapêutico , Animais , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Diterpenos/farmacologia , Diterpenos/uso terapêutico , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Combinação de Medicamentos , Tolerância a Medicamentos , Dinorfinas/farmacologia , Dinorfinas/uso terapêutico , Formaldeído , Temperatura Alta , Hiperalgesia/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Microglia/efeitos dos fármacos , Microglia/metabolismo , Morfina/farmacologia , Morfina/uso terapêutico , Dor/metabolismo , Ratos Wistar , Coluna Vertebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Coluna Vertebral/metabolismoRESUMO
Extracts from plastrum testudinis (PTE), an important traditional Chinese medicine, have been demonstrated promotion of osteoblastic function in vitro. This study aims to investigate the protective effect of PTE on glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis(GIOP) in vivo and analyze therapeutic targets of PTE on GIOP. SD rats were randomly assigned to two experiments: preventive and therapeutic experiments, in which rats respectively received oral PTE at the same time of glucocorticoid injection or after glucocorticoid injection inducing osteoporosis. BMD, microarchitecture, biomechanics, bone metabolism markers and histomorphology were evaluated. mRNA and protein expression of OPG, Runx2, CTSK and MMP9 were examined.Results showed bone quality and bone quantity were significantly elevated by PTE. Histomorphometry showed thicker and denser bone trabecularsand more osteoblasts and less osteoclasts in group of PTE intervention. The mRNA expression of OPG was significantly upregulated whereas expression of CTSK was significantly downregulatedin different groups of PTE intervention. Stronger immunostaining for Runx2 and weaker immunostaining for CTSK were observed in groups of PTE intervention. This demonstrated that PTE may reverse GIOP in prevention and management via targeting OPG, Runx2 and CTSK in mRNA and protein levels.
Assuntos
Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/uso terapêutico , Glucocorticoides/efeitos adversos , Osteoblastos/metabolismo , Osteoclastos/metabolismo , Osteoporose/induzido quimicamente , Osteoporose/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Extratos de Tecidos/uso terapêutico , Animais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Fenômenos Biomecânicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Densidade Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Osteoblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Osteoclastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Osteoporose/sangue , Osteoporose/patologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Coluna Vertebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Coluna Vertebral/metabolismo , Coluna Vertebral/patologia , Extratos de Tecidos/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There is high prevalence of vitamin-D deficiency and abnormal bone mineral density (BMD) in HIV patients. Our aim is to find out the effect of replacement of low dose oral vitamin-D (800 International unit) with calcium (500mg) as a once daily regimen along with antiretroviral (ARV) on serum vitamin-D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) level and bone mineral density (BMD) changes on patients with HIV infection who have vitamin- D deficiency. METHODS: This is a non-randomised, open label study. We collected information about demography, viral load, CD-4 count, fracture risk factors. We measured serum 25(OH)D, parathyroid hormone (intact PTH), inorganic phosphate, corrected calcium, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and BMD of hip and spine at baseline and after 12 months of routine follow up. Patients were treatment experienced and were divided into tenofovir containing, efavirenz containing, and protease Inhibitor (PI) containing regimens. RESULTS: The study included 87 treatment experienced HIV patients with mean age 42.8 (+/-7.8) years, 55 (63%) females, 73 (84%) black African ethnicity, CD4 count 451.7 (+/-184.6) cells/dL, plasma VL 1.6 log (+/-0.03) copies/mL, exposure to antiretroviral therapy 43.2 (+/-30.2) months and duration of illness 58.4 (+/- 24.1) months. Forty four patients agreed to take vitamin-D with calcium replacement and 43 patients did not agree to take the replacement. After 12 months of follow up patients on vitamin D and calcium replacement (n=44) had significant increase in vitamin-D level (15.4+/-6.2 vs. 55.9+/-22.6, p=0.0001), reduction in PTH (8.04 +/-7.5, vs. 4.7 +/-1.8, p=0.005), alkaline phosphatase (111.1 +/-79.1 vs. 90.2+/-42.2, p=0.038) and increase in corrected calcium (2.18 +/-0.09 vs. 2.19 +/-0.09 p=0.001). In patients not on vitamin-D replacement (n=43), there was increase in vitamin-D (16.9 +/-12.1 vs. 49.4 +/-29.2, p=0.001) and corrected calcium (2.12 +/-0.09 vs. 2.16 +/-0.08 p=0.0001) level, but PTH and ALP did not change. BMD of hip and spine did not show any significant change in either of the two groups. In multivariate analysis that included all significant variables, vitamin-D and calcium replacement independently was associated with increase in vitamin-D level (OR 1.07, CI 1.02, 1.12, p=0.005), decrease in PTH level (OR 0.53, CI 0.35, 0.82, p=0.004), but not with change in corrected calcium, alkaline phosphatase, BMD of hip or spine. CONCLUSION: After 12 months of follow up, replacement of low dose once daily oral vitamin-D with calcium in treatment experienced HIV patients with vitamin-D deficiency can increase vitamin-D level, reduce PTH level without any change in BMD of hip and spine.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Cálcio/administração & dosagem , Suplementos Nutricionais , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Deficiência de Vitamina D/tratamento farmacológico , Vitamina D/administração & dosagem , Absorciometria de Fóton , Administração Oral , Adulto , Fosfatase Alcalina/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangue , Densidade Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Combinação de Medicamentos , Inglaterra , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hormônio Paratireóideo/sangue , Ossos Pélvicos/diagnóstico por imagem , Ossos Pélvicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Coluna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Coluna Vertebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Vitamina D/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina D/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina D/complicações , Deficiência de Vitamina D/diagnósticoRESUMO
Osteoporosis (OP) increases vertebral fragility as a result of the biomechanical effects of diminished bone structure and composition. This study has aimed to assess the effects of pulsed wave low-level laser therapy (PW LLLT) on cancellous bone strength of an ovariectomized (OVX-d) experimental rat model and a glucocorticoid-induced OP (GIOP) experimental rat model. There were four OVX-d groups and four dexamethasone-treated groups. A group of healthy rats was used for baseline evaluations. The OVX-d rats were further subdivided into the following groups: control rats with OP, OVX-d rats that received alendronate, OVX-d rats treated with PW LLLT, and OVX-d rats treated with alendronate and PW LLLT. The remaining rats received dexamethasone and were divided into four groups: control, alendronate-treated rats, laser-treated rats, and laser-treated rats with concomitant administration of alendronate. PW LLLT (890 nm, 80 Hz, 0.972 J/cm(2)) was performed on the spinal processes of the T12, L1, L2, and L3 vertebras. We extracted the L1 vertebrae and submitted them to a mechanical compression test. Biomechanical test findings showed positive effects of the PW LLLT and alendronate administration on increasing bending stiffness and maximum force of the osteoporotic bones compared to the healthy group. However, laser treatment of OVA-d rats significantly increased stress high load compared to OVA-d control rats. PW LLLT preserved the cancellous (trabecular) bone of vertebra against the detrimental effects of OV-induced OP on bone strength in rats compared to control OV rats.
Assuntos
Terapia com Luz de Baixa Intensidade , Fenômenos Mecânicos , Osteoporose/fisiopatologia , Osteoporose/radioterapia , Coluna Vertebral/fisiopatologia , Coluna Vertebral/efeitos da radiação , Alendronato/uso terapêutico , Animais , Fenômenos Biomecânicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fenômenos Biomecânicos/efeitos da radiação , Feminino , Glucocorticoides/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Osteoporose/induzido quimicamente , Osteoporose/tratamento farmacológico , Ovariectomia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Coluna Vertebral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
In marine aquaculture fish, excessive supplement of vitamin A (VA) to zooplanktons for larval culture and experimental exposure of larvae to retinoic acid (RA: active form of VA) have been known to cause vertebral deformity. However, the tissues in the developing vertebral column that are affected by RA and the progression of vertebral deformity remain undetermined. To examine these questions, we histologically traced the progress of vertebral deformity induced by RA in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Larvae were exposed to RA for 3 days at mid-metamorphosis (G-stage), a critical stage for vertebral deformity. Intervertebral ligament, which is known to form intervertebral joints in cooperation with the notochord, was severely degenerated by RA, leading to fusion of centra. During further development to adult, growth of centra was severely suppressed in an anterior-posterior direction in RA-treated fish and the notochord tissue was lost from fused centra, resulting in complete loss of intervertebral joints and fusion of centra. We conclude that RA initially damages the intervertebral ligaments, and these defects lead to fusion, narrowing of centra, and loss of intervertebral joints in the vertebral column. The cumulative effect of these modifications is a truncated body form.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes/induzido quimicamente , Linguado , Ligamentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Coluna Vertebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Tretinoína/toxicidade , Ração Animal , Animais , Desenvolvimento Ósseo/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Coluna Vertebral/patologia , Tretinoína/administração & dosagemRESUMO
STUDY DESIGN: This is an experimental study. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract 761 (EGb761) on histological features of injured sites and on functional performance of rats subjected to standardized spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING: This study was conducted in Xian, Shaanxi, China. METHODS: Thirty female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham-operated, saline-treated control and EGb761-treated. The Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan Locomotor Rating Score (BBB score) was calculated and footprint analysis was performed to evaluate the functional performance of the rats in each group. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and caspase-3 staining were performed to evaluate the necrosis area and apoptotic cells at the injured site in each group. RESULTS: At 14, but not 1, 3 and 7, days post injury (DPI), rats in the EGb761-treated group exhibited significantly better BBB scores compared with the saline-treated control group (P<0.05). The EGb761-treated group also showed increased stride length, decreased stride width and reduced toe dragging at 14 DPI (P<0.05). Analysis of HE staining revealed that the EGb761-treated group had reduced necrosis at the injury site compared with the saline-treated control group (P<0.05). Analysis of TUNEL and caspase-3 staining demonstrated that cell apoptosis was increased at 1-14 DPI, peaking at 24-h post injury in the gray matter, and 7 DPI in the white matter. At 7 DPI, the quantity of apoptotic cells was significantly decreased in the EGb761-treated group. CONCLUSION: EGb761 administration during the acute phase after SCI significantly reduced secondary injury-induced tissue necrosis and cell apoptosis and improved functional performance in rats.
Assuntos
Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/tratamento farmacológico , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/fisiopatologia , Animais , Caspase 3/metabolismo , Contagem de Células , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Ginkgo biloba , Marcação In Situ das Extremidades Cortadas , Desempenho Psicomotor/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Coluna Vertebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Coluna Vertebral/metabolismo , Coluna Vertebral/patologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
This study aimed to investigate calcitonin as an effective therapy for osteoporosis in patients with bone pain during the anastrozole treatment of breast cancer. Ninety-one patients, who were on anastrozole treatment for breast cancer and also suffered anastrozole-induced bone pain, were randomly divided into two groups: the calcitonin group received salmon calcitonin and Caltrate D, and the control group received Caltrate D. All patients were evaluated by the visual analogue scale (VAS) and underwent the dual energy x-ray absorptiometry test for bone mineral density (BMD), and serum osteocalcin (BGP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) were measured at three months before and after the treatment. Significant differences in serum Ca, P, BGP, and ALP were found in each group between before and after treatment (P < 0.05), while no differences between the calcitonin and control groups were found. No difference was observed in femur BMD between the two groups, or between before and after treatment in each group. There was a significant difference in spine BMD between before and after treatment in the control group (P < 0.05) but not in the calcitonin group, while no difference was found between the calcitonin and control groups. Futhermore, VAS score significantly declined in each group after treatment (P < 0.05), but much more in the calcitonin group than the control group (P < 0.05). Our finding suggests that calcitonin may alleviate bone pain during the anastrozole treatment of breast cancer but has no effect on bone loss during cancer treatment.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Hormonais/efeitos adversos , Inibidores da Aromatase/efeitos adversos , Conservadores da Densidade Óssea/uso terapêutico , Calcitonina/uso terapêutico , Nitrilas/efeitos adversos , Dor/prevenção & controle , Triazóis/efeitos adversos , Absorciometria de Fóton , Idoso , Fosfatase Alcalina/sangue , Anastrozol , Densidade Óssea , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Mama/enzimologia , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Cálcio/sangue , Feminino , Fêmur/efeitos dos fármacos , Fêmur/patologia , Fêmur/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Osteocalcina/sangue , Osteoporose/induzido quimicamente , Osteoporose/patologia , Osteoporose/fisiopatologia , Dor/induzido quimicamente , Dor/patologia , Dor/fisiopatologia , Fósforo/sangue , Coluna Vertebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Coluna Vertebral/patologia , Coluna Vertebral/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Diets rich in omega-3s have been thought to prevent both obesity and osteoporosis. However, conflicting findings are reported, probably as a result of gene by nutritional interactions. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor that improves insulin sensitivity but causes weight gain and bone loss. Fish oil is a natural agonist for PPARγ and thus may exert its actions through the PPARγ pathway. We examined the role of PPARγ in body composition changes induced by a fish or safflower oil diet using two strains of C57BL/6J (B6); i.e. B6.C3H-6T (6T) congenic mice created by backcrossing a small locus on Chr 6 from C3H carrying 'gain of function' polymorphisms in the Pparγ gene onto a B6 background, and C57BL/6J mice. After 9months of feeding both diets to female mice, body weight, percent fat and leptin levels were less in mice fed the fish oil vs those fed safflower oil, independent of genotype. At the skeletal level, fish oil preserved vertebral bone mineral density (BMD) and microstructure in B6 but not in 6T mice. Moreover, fish oil consumption was associated with an increase in bone marrow adiposity and a decrease in BMD, cortical thickness, ultimate force and plastic energy in femur of the 6T but not the B6 mice. These effects paralleled an increase in adipogenic inflammatory and resorption markers in 6T but not B6. Thus, compared to safflower oil, fish oil (high ratio omega-3/-6) prevents weight gain, bone loss, and changes in trabecular microarchitecture in the spine with age. These beneficial effects are absent in mice with polymorphisms in the Pparγ gene (6T), supporting the tenet that the actions of n-3 fatty acids on bone microstructure are likely to be genotype dependent. Thus caution must be used in interpreting dietary intervention trials with skeletal endpoints in mice and in humans.
Assuntos
Osso e Ossos/metabolismo , Dieta , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/farmacologia , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/farmacologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Tecido Adiposo Marrom/anatomia & histologia , Tecido Adiposo Marrom/efeitos dos fármacos , Tecido Adiposo Marrom/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo Branco/anatomia & histologia , Tecido Adiposo Branco/efeitos dos fármacos , Tecido Adiposo Branco/metabolismo , Adiposidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Adiposidade/fisiologia , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Fenômenos Biomecânicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Composição Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Densidade Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Medula Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Medula Óssea/fisiologia , Osso e Ossos/efeitos dos fármacos , Contagem de Células , Suplementos Nutricionais , Feminino , Fêmur/anatomia & histologia , Fêmur/efeitos dos fármacos , Fêmur/fisiologia , Óleos de Peixe/farmacologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C3H , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos dos fármacos , Osteoclastos/citologia , Osteoclastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Coluna Vertebral/anatomia & histologia , Coluna Vertebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Coluna Vertebral/fisiologia , Tíbia/anatomia & histologia , Tíbia/efeitos dos fármacos , Tíbia/fisiologiaRESUMO
Ginsenoside Rd (Rd), one of the main active ingredients in Panax ginseng, has multifunctional activity via different mechanisms and neuroprotective effects that are exerted probably via its antioxidant or free radical scavenger action. However, the effects of Rd on spinal cord mitochondrial dysfunction and underlying mechanisms are still obscure. In this study, we sought to investigate the in vitro effects of Rd on mitochondrial integrity and redox balance in isolated spinal cord mitochondria. We verified that Ca2+ dissipated the membrane potential, provoked mitochondrial swelling and decreased NAD(P)H matrix content, which were all attenuated by Rd pretreatment in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, Rd was not able to inhibit Ca2+ induced mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide generation. The results of Western blot showed that Rd significantly increased the expression of p-Akt and p-ERK, but had no effects on phosphorylation of PKC and p38. In addition, Rd treatment significantly attenuated Ca2+ induced cytochrome c release, which was partly reversed by antagonists of Akt and ERK, but not p-38 inhibitor. The effects of bisindolylmaleimide, a PKC inhibitor, on Rd-induced inhibition of cytochrome c release seem to be at the level of its own detrimental activity on mitochondrial function. Furthermore, we also found that pretreatment with Rd in vivo (10 and 50 mg/kg) protected spinal cord mitochondria against Ca2+ induced mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation and cytochrome c release. It is concluded that Rd regulate mitochondrial permeability transition pore formation and cytochrome c release through protein kinases dependent mechanism involving activation of intramitochondrial Akt and ERK pathways.
Assuntos
Ginsenosídeos/farmacologia , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Coluna Vertebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Cálcio/metabolismo , Citocromos c/metabolismo , Ginsenosídeos/química , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Masculino , Potencial da Membrana Mitocondrial/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte da Membrana Mitocondrial/metabolismo , Poro de Transição de Permeabilidade Mitocondrial , NADP/metabolismo , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/química , Panax/química , Permeabilidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Coluna Vertebral/citologiaRESUMO
Long chain PUFA enhance bone mass in non-pregnant mammals. We examined the effects of arachidonic (AA; 20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic (DHA; 22:6n-3) acid on bone mass of mothers and neonates. Guinea pig sows (n=15) were fed control, DHA or AA+DHA diets from mating to weaning. Measurements included: osteocalcin (OC), deoxypyridinoline (DPD), areal bone mineral density (aBMD) in sows and neonates; and volumetric density (vBMD) in neonates. Only vertebral aBMD and OC:DPD ratio declined during reproduction and only DHA reduced OC:DPD. Male pup weight was reduced by DHA and female weight elevated by AA+DHA. Whole body and femur aBMD were reduced by DHA and AA+DHA; whereas tibia vBMD was reduced by DHA in males. Female whole body, tibia and vertebrae aBMD plus tibia vBMD were elevated by AA+DHA; and DHA elevated whole body, tibia and vertebrae aBMD. Dietary AA+DHA and DHA elicit sex-dependent effects on neonatal bone, with minimal impact on mothers.
Assuntos
Ácido Araquidônico/administração & dosagem , Suplementos Nutricionais , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/administração & dosagem , Fêmur/efeitos dos fármacos , Reprodução , Coluna Vertebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Tíbia/efeitos dos fármacos , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Densidade Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Fêmur/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Feto , Cobaias , Masculino , Osteocalcina/metabolismo , Gravidez , Fatores Sexuais , Coluna Vertebral/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Tíbia/crescimento & desenvolvimento , DesmameRESUMO
BACKGROUND: We previously demonstrated the benefits of daily, oral pentosan polysulfate (PPS) treatment in a rat model of mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type VI. Herein we compare these effects to once weekly, subcutaneous (s.c.) injection. The bioavailability of injected PPS is greater than oral, suggesting better delivery to difficult tissues such as bone and cartilage. Injected PPS also effectively treats osteoarthritis in animals, and has shown success in osteoarthritis patients. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: One-month-old MPS VI rats were given once weekly s.c. injections of PPS (1, 2 and 4 mg/kg, human equivalent dose (HED)), or daily oral PPS (4 mg/kg HED) for 6 months. Serum inflammatory markers and total glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were measured, as were several histological, morphological and functional endpoints. Overall, weekly s.c. PPS injections led to similar or greater therapeutic effects as daily oral administration. Common findings between the two treatment approaches included reduced serum inflammatory markers, improved dentition and skull lengths, reduced tracheal deformities, and improved mobility. Enhanced effects of s.c. treatment included GAG reduction in urine and tissues, greater endurance on a rotarod, and better improvements in articular cartilage and bone in some dose groups. Optimal therapeutic effects were observed at 2 mg/kg, s.c.. No drug-related increases in liver enzymes, coagulation factor abnormalities or other adverse effects were identified following 6 months of s.c. PPS administration. CONCLUSIONS: Once weekly s.c. administration of PPS in MPS VI rats led to equal or better therapeutic effects than daily oral administration, including a surprising reduction in urine and tissue GAGs. No adverse effects from s.c. PPS administration were observed over the 6-month study period.
Assuntos
Mucopolissacaridose VI/tratamento farmacológico , Poliéster Sulfúrico de Pentosana/administração & dosagem , Poliéster Sulfúrico de Pentosana/farmacologia , Administração Oral , Animais , Disponibilidade Biológica , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Cartilagem Articular/efeitos dos fármacos , Cartilagem Articular/patologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Fêmur/diagnóstico por imagem , Fêmur/efeitos dos fármacos , Glicosaminoglicanos/metabolismo , Lâmina de Crescimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Lâmina de Crescimento/patologia , Injeções Subcutâneas , Masculino , Movimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucopolissacaridose VI/metabolismo , Mucopolissacaridose VI/patologia , Mucopolissacaridose VI/fisiopatologia , Poliéster Sulfúrico de Pentosana/farmacocinética , Poliéster Sulfúrico de Pentosana/uso terapêutico , Ratos , Coluna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Coluna Vertebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
AIM: The signaling pathway OPG/RANK/RANKL is a key in maintaining the balance between the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in order to prevent bone loss. In this study, our aim was to assess the effects of long-term nicotine exposure on plasma RANKL and OPG levels, tissue RANKL and OPG immunoreactivities, and bone mineral density (BMD) scores in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six Swiss Albino rats weighing 70 ± 10 g were divided into three groups. While the controls (n = 12) were only given normal drinking water, for low-dose nicotine (LDN) group (n = 12) 0.4 mg/kg/day; for high-dose nicotine (HDN) group (n = 12), 6.0 mg/kg/day nicotine was added to drinking water for a year. At the end of 12th month, BMD scores were measured using an X-ray absorptiometry and bone turnover was assessed by measuring plasma RANKL and OPG levels and RANKL and OPG immunoreactivities in tail vertebrae of the rats. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in BMD scores of lumbar spine and femoral regions of the nicotine groups in comparison to controls. Plasma OPG levels were found to be significantly higher in HDN group, in comparison to the controls and LDN groups (p = .001) unlike plasma RANKL levels. Tissue RANKL and OPG immunoreactivities decreased significantly in the LDN and HDN groups (p < .001, p < .01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that nicotine is not primarily responsible for the decrease in BMD frequently seen in smokers. Measuring plasma RANKL and OPG levels did not reflect tissue immunoreactivities.