Dasatinib loaded mucoadhesive lecithin-chitosan hybrid nanoparticles for its augmented oral delivery, in-vitro efficacy and safety.

Dasatinib (DAS) is an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor; however, its efficacy is significantly subsided by its low oral bioavailability. The present research aimed to improve DAS's oral delivery and efficacy in triple-negative breast cancer by fabricating its mucoadhesive lecithin-chitosan hybrid nanoparticles (DAS-L/CS-NPs). DAS-L/CS-NPs were optimized using Box-Behnken design which showed mean particle size and percent entrapment efficiency of 179.7 ± 5.42 nm and 64.65 ± 0.06 %, respectively. DAS-L/CS-NPs demonstrated sustained release profile in different release media up to 48 h and showed 10 times higher apparent permeability coefficient and flux than free DAS suspension. The binding of DAS-L/CS-NPs to the mucus layer was demonstrated via ex-vivo mucoadhesion study and change in absorbance using turbidimetry. In cell culture studies, DAS-L/CS-NPs revealed a 4.14-fold decrease in IC50, significantly higher cellular uptake and mitochondrial membrane depolarization, 3.82-fold increased reactive oxygen species generation and 2.10-fold enhanced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells than free DAS. In in-vivo pharmacokinetic assessment, DAS-L/CS-NPs showed a 5.08-fold and 3.74-fold rise in AUC (0-t) and Cmax than free DAS suspension, respectively. An acute toxicity study revealed a good safety profile of DAS-L/CS-NPs. In a nutshell, proposed hybrid nanoparticles are promising carriers for improved oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs.

Ruscogenin ameliorates dasatinib-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction via ErbB4/YAP and ROCK/MLC pathways.

Dasatinib is effective in the treatment of chronic and acute myeloid leukemia, which could cause the side effect of gastrointestinal bleeding by overdose or longtime use. Ruscogenin (RUS) from the traditional Chinese medicine Ophiopogon japonicas could protect endothelial microvascular barrier function. In this study, the therapeutic effect and underlying mechanisms of RUS were investigated on intestinal barrier dysfunction induced by dasatinib. Male C57BL/6 J mice were given three doses of dasatinib (70, 140, 210 mg/kg, ig) and RUS (3, 10, 30 µg/kg, ip) to explore the effect of dasatinib on intestinal barrier and the intervention of RUS. It was proved that dasatinib could reduce intestinal blood flow, inhibit phosphorylation of EGFR family member v-erb-b2 avian erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 4 (ErbB4)/YES-associated protein (YAP) and activation of Rho-associated coiled coil-containing protein kinase (ROCK)/phosphorylation of (myosin light chain) MLC. RUS could significantly increase intestinal blood flow, improve intestinal injury, reduce Evans blue leakage and serum content of FITC-dextran 4 kDa, and increase the expression of connexin (ZO-1, Occludin and VE-cadherin). Meanwhile, the in vitro effect of RUS (0.01, 0.1, 1 µM) on the dysfunction of the endothelial barrier was observed in dasatinib (150 nM)-pretreated HUVECs. The results showed that RUS suppressed dasatinib-induced the leakage of Evans blue, and degradation of F-actin and connexin. Furthermore, RUS could significantly increase the phosphorylation of ErbB4 at Tyr1284 site and YAP at Ser397 site, and inhibit ROCK expression and phosphorylation of MLC at Ser19 site in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, the present research proved that RUS could suppress the side effects of dasatinib-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction by regulating ErbB4/YAP and ROCK/MLC pathways.

Effects of Apigenin on Pharmacokinetics of Dasatinib and Probable Interaction Mechanism.

Dasatinib (DAS), a narrow-therapeutic index drug, Bcr-Abl, and Src family kinases multitarget inhibitor have been approved for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and Ph-positive acute lymphocytic leukemia (Ph+ ALL). Apigenin (APG) has a long history of human usage in food, herbs, health supplements, and traditional medicine, and it poses low risk of damage. The concomitant use of APG containing herbs/foods and traditional medicine may alter the pharmacokinetics of DAS, that probably lead to possible herb-drug interactions. The pharmacokinetic interaction of APG pretreatment with DAS in rat plasma following single and co-oral dosing was successfully deliberated using the UPLC-MS/MS method. The in vivo pharmacokinetics and protein expression of CYP3A2, Pgp-MDR1, and BCPR/ABCG2 demonstrate that APG pretreatment has potential to drastically changed the DAS pharmacokinetics where escalation in the Cmax, AUC(0-t), AUMC(0-inf_obs), T1/2, Tmax, and MRT and reduction in Kel, Vd, and Cl significantly in rats pretreated with APG 40 mg/kg, thus escalating systemic bioavailability and increasing the rate of absorption via modulation of CYP3A2, Pgp-MDR1, and BCPR/ABCG2 protein expression. Therefore, the concomitant consumption of APG containing food or traditional herb with DAS may cause serious life-threatening drug interactions and more systematic clinical study on herb-drug interactions is required, as well as adequate regulation in herbal safety and efficacy.

Dasatinib, a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor, prevents joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis animal model.

AIM: We aimed to evaluate the preventive role of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib in an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: DBA/1J mice were injected with bovine type II collagen to induce arthritis (collagen-induced arthritis [CIA]). There were four experimental groups of mice, namely negative control (non-CIA), vehicle-treated CIA, dasatinib-pretreated CIA, and dasatinib-treated CIA. After collagen immunization, arthritis progression in the mice was clinically scored twice weekly for 5 weeks. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate in vitro CD4+ T-cell differentiation and ex vivo mast cell/CD4+ T-cell differentiation. Osteoclast formation was evaluated using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and by estimating the resorption pit area. RESULTS: We found that the clinical arthritis histological scores were lower in the dasatinib pretreatment group than in the vehicle and dasatinib post-treatment groups. Flow cytometry showed that FcεR1+ cells were downregulated and regulatory T cells were upregulated in splenocytes of the dasatinib pretreatment group compared with those in the vehicle group. Additionally, there was a decline in IL-17+ CD4+ T-cell differentiation and an increase in CD4+ CD24high Foxp3+ T-cell differentiation with in vitro dasatinib treatment of human CD4+ T cells. The number of TRAP+ osteoclasts and the area of the resorption were decreased in the bone marrow cells derived from dasatinib-pretreated mice compared with those derived from vehicle group. CONCLUSION: Dasatinib protected against arthritis in an animal model of RA by regulating the differentiation of regulatory T cells and IL-17+ CD4+ T cells and inhibiting osteoclastogenesis, indicating the therapeutic potential of dasatinib in the treatment of early RA.

Differential in vitro effects of targeted therapeutics in primary human liver cancer: importance for combined liver cancer.

The incidence of primary liver tumors, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), intrahepatic cholangiocellular carcinoma (ICC), and combined HCC/ICC (cHCC/CC) is increasing. For ICC, targeted therapy exists only for a small subpopulation of patients, while for HCC, Sorafenib and Lenvatinib are in use. Diagnosis of cHCC/CC is a great challenge and its incidence is underestimated, bearing the risk of unintended non-treatment of ICC. Here, we investigated effects of targeted inhibitors on human ICC cell lines (HUH28, RBE, SSP25), in comparison to extrahepatic (E)CC lines (EGI1, CCC5, TFK1), and HCC/hepatoblastoma cell lines (HEP3B, HUH7, HEPG2). Cells were challenged with: AKT inhibitor MK-2206; multikinase inhibitors Sorafenib, Lenvatinib and Dasatinib; PI3-kinase inhibitors BKM-120, Wortmannin, LY294002, and CAL-101; and mTOR inhibitor Rapamycin. Dosage of the substances was based on the large number of published data of recent years. Proliferation was analyzed daily for four days. All cell lines were highly responsive to MK-2206. Thereby, MK-2206 reduced expression of phospho(p)-AKT in all ICC, ECC, and HCC lines, which mostly corresponded to reduction of p-mTOR, whereas p-ERK1/2 was upregulated in many cases. Lenvatinib showed inhibitory effects on the two HCC cell lines, but not on HEPG2, ICCs and ECCs. Sorafenib inhibited proliferation of all cells, except the ECC line CCC5. However, at reduced dosage, we observed increased cell numbers in some ICC experiments. Dasatinib was highly effective especially in ICC cell lines. Inhibitory effects were observed with all four PI3-kinase inhibitors. However, cell type-specific differences were also evident here. Rapamycin was most effective in the two HCC cell lines. Our studies show that the nine inhibitors differentially target ICC, ECC, and HCC/hepatoblastoma lines. Caution should be taken with Lenvatinib and Sorafenib administration in patients with cHCC/CC as the drugs may have no effects on, or might even stimulate, ICC.

The "SEED" Study: The Feasibility of Selecting Patient-Specific Biologically Targeted Therapy with Sorafenib, Everolimus, Erlotinib or Dasatinib for Pediatric and Young Adult Patients with Recurrent or Refractory Brain Tumors.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric brain tumors are the leading cause of cancer death in children and represent a variety of diseases and molecular subtypes. This study sought to evaluate a rapid immunohistochemistry testing panel to aid in therapy selection at the time of malignant tumor recurrence. METHODS: With IRB approval and appropriate informed consent, we conducted a single-institution prospective clinical trial of selected kinase inhibitor therapy. A laboratory-developed immunohistochemical testing panel was performed on tumor tissue, and therapy with one of four small molecule inhibitors was recommended in combination with oral chemotherapy consisting of temozolomide and etoposide. RESULTS: All 20 enrolled subjects were assigned to Everolimus (n = 4), Erlotinib (n = 6) or Dasatinib (n = 10); 90% (18/20) within the pre-specified 14-day feasibility time period. Only two subjects elected treatment on study, 8 received targeted treatment based on testing results either alone (n = 5) or in combination with chemotherapy (n = 3). Other subjects received chemotherapy alone (n = 7), surgery alone (n = 2) or no further therapy (n = 3). Immunohistochemical targets were associated with correlative genetic changes in 28% (5/18) of those evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: It was feasible to rapidly select targeted therapy in recurrent pediatric brain tumors, but not feasible to treat with a uniform combination treatment regimen.

A clinician perspective on the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia in the chronic phase.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have vastly improved long-term outcomes for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). After imatinib (a first-generation TKI), second- and third-generation TKIs were developed. With five TKIs (imatinib, dasatinib, bosutinib, nilotinib, and ponatinib) targeting BCR::ABL approved in most countries, and with the recent approval of asciminib in the USA, treatment decisions are complex and require assessment of patient-specific factors. Optimal treatment strategies for CML continue to evolve, with an increased focus on achieving deep molecular responses. Using clinically relevant case studies developed by the authors of this review, we discuss three major scenarios from the perspective of international experts. Firstly, this review explores patient-specific characteristics that affect decision-making between first- and second-generation TKIs upon initial diagnosis of CML, including patient comorbidities. Secondly, a thorough assessment of therapeutic options in the event of first-line treatment failure (as defined by National Comprehensive Cancer Network and European LeukemiaNet guidelines) is discussed along with real-world considerations for monitoring optimal responses to TKI therapy. Thirdly, this review illustrates the considerations and importance of achieving treatment-free remission as a treatment goal. Due to the timing of the writing, this review addresses global challenges commonly faced by hematologists treating patients with CML during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lastly, as new treatment approaches continue to be explored in CML, this review also discusses the advent of newer therapies such as asciminib. This article may be a useful reference for physicians treating patients with CML with second-generation TKIs and, as it is focused on the physicians' international and personal experiences, may give insight into alternative approaches not previously considered.

Investigating the Effect of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors on the Interaction between Human Serum Albumin by Atomic Force Microscopy.

It is important for elucidating the regulation mechanism of life activities, as well as for the prevention, diagnosis, and drug design of diseases, to study protein-protein interactions (PPIs). Here, we investigated the interactions of human serum albumin (HSA) in the presence of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs: imatinib, nilotinib, dasatinib, bosutinib, and ponatinib) using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The distribution of rupture events including the specific interaction force Fi and the non-specific interaction force F0 between HSA pairs was analyzed. Based on the force measurements, Fi and F0 between HSA pairs in the control experiment were calculated to be 47 ± 1.5 and 116.1 ± 1.3 pN. However, Fi was significantly decreased in TKIs, while F0 was slightly decreased. By measuring the rupture forces at various loading rates and according to the Bell equation, the kinetic parameters of the complexes were investigated in greater detail. Molecular docking was used as a complementary means by which to explore the force of this effect. The whole measurements indicated that TKIs influenced PPIs in a variety of ways, among which hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions were the most important. In conclusion, these outcomes give us a better insight into the mechanisms of PPIs when there are exogenous compounds present as well as in different liquid environments.

Identification of gingerenone A as a novel senolytic compound.

Senescent cells accumulate with aging and have been shown to contribute to age-associated diseases and organ dysfunction. Eliminating senescent cells with senolytic drugs has been shown to improve age phenotypes in mouse models and there is some initial evidence that it may improve the health of persons with chronic diseases. In this study, we employed WI-38 human fibroblasts rendered senescent by exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) to screen several plant extracts for their potential senolytic and/or senomorphic activity. Of these, ginger extract (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) selectively caused the death of senescent cells without affecting proliferating cells. Among the major individual components of ginger extract, gingerenone A and 6-shogaol showed promising senolytic properties, with gingerenone A selectively eliminating senescent cells. Similar to the senolytic cocktail dasatinib and quercetin (D+Q), gingerenone A and 6-shogaol elicited an apoptotic program. Additionally, both D+Q and gingerenone A had a pronounced effect on suppressing the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Gingerenone A selectively promotes the death of senescent cells with no effect on non-senescent cells and these characteristics strongly support the idea that this natural compound may have therapeutic benefit in diseases characterized by senescent cell accumulation.

Eficacia y seguridad de dasatinib en pacientes adultos con leucemia linfoblástica aguda philadelphia positivo resistente o intolerante a quimioterapia más imatinib / Efficacy and safety of dasatinib in adult patients with philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia resistant or intolerant to chemotherapy plus imatinib

ANTECEDENTES : El presente dictamen expone la evaluación de la eficacia y seguridad de dasatinib con o sin quimioterapia, comparado con quimioterapia, en pacientes adultos con leucemia linfoblástica aguda, philadelphia positivo, resistente o intolerante a quimioterapia más imatinib. En la literatura se señala que, la leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA) cromosoma Philadelphia positivo (Ph+) representa entre el 20.0 al 30 % de los casos de LLA. En el Perú, no se conoce el número de casos de LLA Ph+; sin embargo, se conoce que, en el 2019, la tasa de incidencia de LLA en personas mayores de 20 años fue de 1.04 casos por cada 100,000 personas y la tasa de mortalidad fue de 0.79 muertes por cada 100,000 personas.  Luego de la terapia de inducción con un inhibidor de la tirosina quinasa (TKI, por sus siglas en inglés), entre el 10 y 20 % de los pacientes desarrolla LLA resistente. Debido a la aparición de casos de resistencia o intolerancia a los TKI de primera generación (imatinib), se han desarrollado otros TKI, como dasatinib. En EsSalud, se cuentan con varias opciones de medicamentos que pueden ser empleados en diferentes esquemas de quimioterapia en este grupo de pacientes con resistencia o intolerancia a TKI. Actualmente, dasatinib se encuentra disponible en EsSalud para el tratamiento de pacientes con leucemia mieloide crónica (LMC), Ph+ resistente o intolerante a tratamientos previos a dosis altas a imatinib y sin mutación T315l. No obstante, algunos especialistas de EsSalud solicitan que se amplíe el uso de dasatinib a pacientes adultos con LLA Ph+ resistente o intolerante, aduciendo que dasatinib (con o sin quimioterapia) podría mejorar la sobrevida libre de progresión (SLP) del paciente. Así, el presente dictamen preliminar expone la evaluación de la eficacia y seguridad de dasatinib, con o sin quimioterapia, en pacientes adultos con LLA Ph+ resistente o intolerante a quimioterapia más imatinib. METODOLOGÍA: Tras la búsqueda de la literatura científica, se identificaron dos guías de práctica clínicas (GPC) elaboradas por The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) y The European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), y dos evaluaciones de tecnologías sanitarias (ETS) elaboradas por The Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC) y Comissão Nacional de Incorporação de Tecnologías no Sistema Único de Saúde (CONITEC). Además, se encontraron dos estudios de fase II; sin grupo de comparación, el estudio START-L (Ottman et al., 2007), empleado para sustentar la aprobación acelerada de uso de dasatinib por parte de la Food and Drug Administration (FDA) y la aprobación de la European Medicines Agency (EMA) en pacientes con LLA Ph+ y resistencia o intolerancia a una terapia previa, y el estudio de Sakamaki et al., 2009. RESULTADOS: Se describe la evidencia disponible según el tipo de publicación, siguiendo lo indicado en los criterios de elegibilidad. CONCLUSIONES: En el presente documento, se evaluó la mejor evidencia científica disponible hasta la actualidad, sobre la eficacia y seguridad de dasatinib con o sin quimioterapia, comparado con quimioterapia, en pacientes adultos con LLA Ph+y resistencia o intolerancia a la quimioterapia más imatinib. La búsqueda sistemática de la evidencia culminó con la selección de dos GPC (NCCN 2021; Hoelzer et al. 2016), dos ETS (CONITEC 2020; SMC 2007), el estudio de fase II START-L, pivotal de dasatinib (Ottmann et al. 2007), y el estudio de fase II de Sakamaki et al. (Sakamaki et al. 2009). Las GPC del NCCN y ESMO coinciden en señalar que la evidencia disponible sobre el uso de dasatinib para el tratamiento de los pacientes con LLA Ph+ y resistencia o recaída no es de calidad. Por ello, la ESMO resalta que no hay una terapia estándar de reinducción y el NCCN recomienda, especialmente, la participación en un ensayo clínico. Las ETS del SMC y del CONITEC coinciden en dar una recomendación en contra del uso de dasatinib en pacientes con LLA Ph+ con resistencia/recaída a una terapia previa o al mesilato de imatinib. La SMC basó en que la terapia con dasatinib no sería costo-efectiva en este grupo de pacientes; y la CONITEC, en la alta incidencia de EAS, y las altas tasas de abandono del tratamiento y de reducción de dosis observadas en la evidencia analizada. Los estudios START-L y de Sakamaki et al., de fase II, presentaron limitaciones (e.g. falta de un grupo de comparación, pequeño tamaño de la muestra y la falta de acceso al protocolo del estudio) que afectan la validez de sus resultados. Aun así, sus resultados sugieren que el perfil de seguridad de dasatinib no puede ser considerado como favorable para los pacientes (altas tasas de eventos adversos, reducción de dosis de dasatinib y descontinuación del tratamiento). Actualmente, en EsSalud, se cuentan con varias opciones de medicamentos que pueden ser empleados en diferentes esquemas de quimioterapia para pacientes con LLA Ph+ resistente o intolerante a quimioterapia más imatinib. Por lo expuesto, el IETSI no aprueba el uso de dasatinib con o sin quimioterapia en pacientes adultos con LLA Ph+ resistente o intolerante a quimioterapia más imatinib.

Eficacia y seguridad de bosutinib en pacientes con leucemia mieloide crónica con el gen de fusion bcr-abl, con mutación T315I negativo y con falla y/o intolerancia a imatinib, dasatinib y nilotinib / Efficacy and safety of bosutinib in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia with the bcr-abl fusion gene, negative T315I mutation and with failure and/or intolerance to imatinib, dasatinib and nilotinib

INTRODUCCIÓN: El presente dictamen preliminar expone la evaluación de la eficacia y seguridad de bosutinib, comparado con la mejor terapia de soporte, para el tratamiento de pacientes con leucemia mieloide crónica con el gen de fusión BCR-ABL, con mutación T315I negativo y con falla y/o intolerancia a imatinib, dasatinib y nilotinib. La leucemia mieloide crónica (LMC) es una neoplasia mieloproliferativa y de baja frecuencia; no obstante, es la sexta causa de muerte por cáncer en Perú. El gen de fusión BCR-ABL, presente en más del 90 % de los casos, produce una proteína con alta actividad catalítica de tirosina quinasa, implicada en la patogénesis de la LMC. Esta enfermedad consta de tres fases: crónica, acelerada y de crisis blástica. Si bien el trasplante alogénico de células hematopoyéticas (TACMH) es potencialmente curativo, algunos pacientes no son candidatos a recibir un TACMH o no es posible encontrar un donante compatible. En estos casos, los pacientes pueden recibir inhibidores de la tirosina quinasa (ITQ), los cuales actúan de manera específica sobre la proliferación celular inducida por el gen de fusión BCR-ABL. En EsSalud se cuenta con tres ITQ (imatinib, dasatinib y nilotinib) que pueden ser utilizados hasta una tercera línea de tratamiento. Sin embargo, existen pacientes, con la mutación T315I negativo, no respondedores a los tres ITQ por falla o intolerancia, para quienes los médicos especialistas de la institución sugieren el uso de bosutinib, un ITQ de segunda generación, como cuarta línea de tratamiento. METODOLOGÍA: Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura con el objetivo de identificar la mejor evidencia sobre la eficacia y seguridad de bosutinib, en comparación con la mejor terapia de soporte, para el tratamiento de pacientes con LMC con el gen de fusión BCR-ABL, con mutación T315I negativo y con falla y/o intolerancia a imatinib, dasatinib y nilotinib. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos: PubMed, The Cochrane Library y LILACS. Adicionalmente, se realizó una búsqueda manual dentro de las páginas web pertenecientes a grupos que realizan evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias (ETS) y guías de práctica clínica (GPC) incluyendo: el National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), la Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH), el Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC), el Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN), el Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER), el Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Healthcare (IQWiG por sus siglas en alemán), la Base Regional de Informes de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud de las Américas (BRISA), la OMS, el Ministerio de Salud del Perú (MINSA), el Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación (IETSI), la National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), la British Society for Haematology (BSH) y la European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO). Finalmente, se realizó una búsqueda manual en la página web de registro de ensayos clínicos (EC) de ClinicalTrials.gov para identificar EC en curso o con resultados que no hayan sido publicados. RESULTADOS: La presente sinopsis describe la evidencia científica sobre el uso de bosutinib como tratamiento de pacientes con LMC con el gen de fusión BCR-ABL, con mutación T315I negativo y con falla y/o intolerancia a imatinib, dasatinib y nilotinib, según el tipo de publicación. CONCLUSIONES: El objetivo del presente dictamen fue evaluar la mejor evidencia disponible sobre la eficacia y seguridad de bosutinib comparado con la mejor terapia de soporte (hidroxiurea) para el tratamiento de pacientes con LMC con el gen de fusión BCR-ABL (cromosoma Ph positivo), con mutación T315I negativo y con falla y/o intolerancia a imatinib, dasatinib y nilotinib. La población de interés (pacientes con LMC con cromosoma Ph positivo, con mutación T315I negativo y con falla y/o intolerancia imatinib, dasatinib y nilotinib) no cuenta con una alternativa de tratamiento contra la LMC (vacío terapéutico), ante el vacío terapéutico estos pacientes progresarían a etapas más avanzadas con mayor riesgo de muerte. Luego de la búsqueda de la literatura se identificó una GPC desarrollada por BSH; cuatro ETS desarrolladas por el SMC, la CADTH, el NICE y el IQWiG; un EC de fase I/II (estudio pivotal) publicado por Khoury et al.; un EC de fase IV (fase de post comercialización) publicado por Hochhaus et al. y un estudio observacional retrospectivo publicado por García-Gutiérrez et al. Debido a las limitaciones del los ECA de fase II y IV y el estudio observacional (todos sin grupo de comparación), la eficacia y seguridad de bosutinib y su beneficio neto en la calidad de vida son inciertos puesto que no se puede establecer una relación causal entre los resultados reportados y el tratamiento con bosutinib. No obstante, cabe precisar que datos descriptivos muestran que la mortalidad a los dos años con el uso bosutinib es menor al 5 %, mientras que con el uso de hidroxiurea sería entre 20 % y 47.5 %. La guía recomienda usar ITQ en el contexto de cuarta línea en pacientes con intolerancia a ITQ recibidos previamente. No obstante, no se especifica la evidencia de soporte. Las ETS de NICE, SMC y CADTH optaron por recomendar el uso de bosutinib en pacientes adultos con LMC con cromosoma Ph positivo, que previamente han recibido ITQ y para quienes imatinib, dasatinib y nilotinib no son apropiados, dicha recomendación fue condicionada a un descuento confidencial sobre el precio de lista de bosutinib. Las tres ETS emplearon como evidencia de soporte el estudio clínico fase I/II, el cual incluyó solo tres pacientes que recibieron bosutinib en cuarta línea. La ETS de IQWiG concluye que no es posible determinar el beneficio del tratamiento con bosutinib frente a otro ITQ. La principal limitación para ello fue que el EC de fase I/II no evalúa bosutinib frente a los comparadores de interés para IQWiG, los cuales fueron diferentes a los establecidos en la PICO del presente dictamen. El uso prolongado de la terapia de soporte con hidroxiurea podría generar similares incidencias de EA que con bosutinib (toxicidad gastrointestinal, neutropenia, anemia, trombocitopenia); pero, adicionalmente podría generar otros problemas como ulceras graves, neoplasias malignas, toxicidad pulmonar, mielosupresión grave, entre otros. Existe plausibilidad biológica; ya que no todas las mutaciones que confieren resistencia a imatinib, dasatinib o nilotinib, confieren resistencia a bosutinib; y aún existe la posibilidad de que bosutinib sí sea eficaz. Por lo expuesto, el Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación aprueba el uso de bosutinib para el tratamiento de pacientes con LMC con el gen de fusión BCR-ABL (cromosoma Ph positivo), con mutación T315I negativo, con falla y/o intolerancia a tres inhibidores de la tirosina quinasa (imatinib, dasatinib y nilotinib), según lo establecido en el Anexo N°1. La vigencia del presente dictamen preliminar es de un año a partir de la fecha de publicación. Así, la continuación de dicha aprobación estará sujeta a la evaluación de los resultados obtenidos y de mayor evidencia que pueda surgir en el tiempo.

Clinical outcome of chronic myeloid leukemia patients who switch from first-line therapy with a second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor to an alternative TKI.

While second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (2GTKIs) are highly effective therapies for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), a significant minority of patients who initiate a 2GTKI will require a switch to an alternative TKI. The long-term outcomes of those who require a change in therapy after front-line 2GTKI therapy are largely undescribed. Here we describe the clinical outcomes associated with switch to an alternative TKI after first-line therapy with a 2GTKI. Of 232 patients who initiated a 2GTKI during the study period, 76 (33 %) switched to an alternative TKI. Reasons for switching included intolerance (79 %) and resistance (21 %). Among the 60 patients who switched due to intolerance, 53 (88 %) were able to achieve or maintain a major molecular response (MMR) with 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) 90.5 % (95 % CI 90.4-90.6 %). Amongst the 16 patients who switched due to resistance, 8 patients (50 %) were able to achieve MMR with 5-year PFS 80.4 % (95 % CI 80.2-80.6 %). Most patients who switched due to intolerance remained on their second-line TKI. Approximately 25 % of patients who initiate first-line 2GTKI in a real world setting will ultimately switch to an alternate TKI due to intolerance. Patients who switch for intolerance continue to enjoy excellent clinical outcomes.

Sorafenib combined with dasatinib therapy inhibits cell viability, migration, and angiogenesis synergistically in hepatocellular carcinoma.

PURPOSE: Sorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor used for treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Sorafenib resistance may be related to Src-induced cell migration and angiogenesis, which are regulated by cancer stem cell activation and release of vascular endothelial growth factor. Dasatinib is a Src inhibitor that inhibits Src phosphorylation and suppresses Src-associated cell migration and angiogenesis. This study investigated whether combined treatment with dasatinib can overcome sorafenib resistance. METHODS: Hepatoma cell lines were used for sorafenib and/or dasatinib treatment. Cell viability, cell migration, molecular expressions, and release of vascular endothelial growth factor by hepatoma cells were evaluated. Hepatoma cell culture medium was applied on human umbilical vein endothelial cells to monitor angiogenesis promoted by the hepatoma cells. RESULTS: Sorafenib and dasatinib combined therapy suppressed cell viability of hepatoma cells synergistically. Dasatinib suppressed sorafenib-induced cell migration via inhibiting sorafenib-induced Src/FAK phosphorylation, cell-to-cell contact and cancer stem cell activation. Culture medium from Chang liver and PLC/PRF/5 cells suppressed angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells with any treatment, whereas sorafenib-treated medium of HepG2 cells induced angiogenesis. This sorafenib-induced angiogenesis was then suppressed by dasatinib. Vascular endothelial growth factor released from hepatoma cells was also inhibited by combined treatment. CONCLUSION: Src/FAK phosphorylation and cancer stem cell activation inducing cell migration and angiogenesis may be the key factors of sorafenib resistance. Sorafenib and dasatinib combined treatment suppresses cell migration and angiogenesis by inhibiting the Src/FAK phosphorylation, cell-to-cell contact, cancer stem cell activation, and release of vascular endothelial growth factor.

TKI dose reduction can effectively maintain major molecular remission in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia.

Targeted therapy for chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) has allowed for a near-normal patient life-expectancy; however, quality of life and aggravation of existing co-morbidities have posed new treatment challenges. In clinical practice, TKI dose reduction occurs frequently, often on multiple occasions, because of intolerance. We conducted a retrospective 'real-world practice' review of 246 patients receiving lower than standard dose (LD) TKI after the achievement of major molecular response (MR3), because of intolerable adverse events. In 274 of 298 cases of dose reduction (91·9%), MR3 was maintained at median follow-up of 27·3 months. One patient progressed to blast crisis while on LD TKI. Two patients developed two new ABL kinase domain mutations (T315I and V299L), of whom one had achieved deep molecular response on an alternative LD TKI at last follow-up. Seventy-six patients eventually discontinued LD TKI and the two-year treatment-free remission (TFR) rate in these patients was 74·1%. The majority of patients with CML in at least MR3 appear to be safely managed with LD TKI, although three of 246 patients had new events (progression and new mutation), indicating that this approach requires vigilance. TKI LD does not prevent the achievement of TFR in this patient population.

Targeting Alternative Splicing for Reversal of Cellular Senescence in the Context of Aesthetic Aging.

SUMMARY: Cellular senescence is a state of stable cell cycle arrest that has increasingly been linked with cellular, tissue, and organismal aging; targeted removal of senescent cells brings healthspan and lifespan benefits in animal models. Newly emerging approaches to specifically ablate or rejuvenate senescent cells are now the subject of intense study to explore their utility to provide novel treatments for the aesthetic signs and diseases of aging in humans. Here, we discuss different strategies that are being trialed in vitro, and more recently in vivo, for the targeted removal or reversal of senescent cells. Finally, we describe the evidence for a newly emerging molecular mechanism that may underpin senescence; dysregulation of alternative splicing. We will explore the potential of restoring splicing regulation as a novel "senotherapeutic" approach and discuss strategies by which this could be integrated into the established portfolio of skin aging therapeutics.

Cancer Stem Cell (CSC) Inhibitors in Oncology-A Promise for a Better Therapeutic Outcome: State of the Art and Future Perspectives.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a subpopulation of cancer cells endowed with self-renewal, tumorigenicity, pluripotency, chemoresistance, differentiation, invasive ability, and plasticity, reside in specialized tumor niches and are responsible for tumor maintenance, metastasis, therapy resistance, and tumor relapse. The new-age "hierarchical or CSC" model of tumor heterogeneity is based on the concept of eradicating CSCs to prevent tumor relapse and therapy resistance. Small-molecular entities and biologics acting on various stemness signaling pathways, surface markers, efflux transporters, or components of complex tumor microenvironment are under intense investigation as potential anti-CSC agents. In addition, smart nanotherapeutic tools have proved their utility in achieving CSC targeting. Several CSC inhibitors in clinical development have shown promise, either as mono- or combination therapy, in refractory and difficult-to-treat cancers. Clinical investigations with CSC marker follow-up as a measure of clinical efficacy are needed to turn the "hype" into the "hope" these new-age oncology therapeutics have to offer.

The effects of combination treatments on drug resistance in chronic myeloid leukaemia: an evaluation of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors axitinib and asciminib.

BACKGROUND: Chronic myeloid leukaemia is in principle a treatable malignancy but drug resistance is lowering survival. Recent drug discoveries have opened up new options for drug combinations, which is a concept used in other areas for preventing drug resistance. Two of these are (I) Axitinib, which inhibits the T315I mutation of BCR-ABL1, a main source of drug resistance, and (II) Asciminib, which has been developed as an allosteric BCR-ABL1 inhibitor, targeting an entirely different binding site, and as such does not compete for binding with other drugs. These drugs offer new treatment options. METHODS: We measured the proliferation of KCL-22 cells exposed to imatinib-dasatinib, imatinib-asciminib and dasatinib-asciminib combinations and calculated combination index graphs for each case. Moreover, using the median-effect equation we calculated how much axitinib can reduce the growth advantage of T315I mutant clones in combination with available drugs. In addition, we calculated how much the total drug burden could be reduced by combinations using asciminib and other drugs, and evaluated which mutations such combinations might be sensitive to. RESULTS: Asciminib had synergistic interactions with imatinib or dasatinib in KCL-22 cells at high degrees of inhibition. Interestingly, some antagonism between asciminib and the other drugs was present at lower degrees on inhibition. Simulations revealed that asciminib may allow for dose reductions, and its complementary resistance profile could reduce the risk of mutation based resistance. Axitinib, however, had only a minor effect on T315I growth advantage. CONCLUSIONS: Given how asciminib combinations were synergistic in vitro, our modelling suggests that drug combinations involving asciminib should allow for lower total drug doses, and may result in a reduced spectrum of observed resistance mutations. On the other hand, a combination involving axitinib was not shown to be useful in countering drug resistance.

Pharmacological screening and transcriptomic functional analyses identify a synergistic interaction between dasatinib and olaparib in triple-negative breast cancer.

Identification of druggable vulnerabilities is a main objective in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), where no curative therapies exist. Gene set enrichment analyses (GSEA) and a pharmacological evaluation using a library of compounds were used to select potential druggable combinations. MTT and studies with semi-solid media were performed to explore the activity of the combinations. TNBC cell lines (MDAMB-231, BT549, HS-578T and HCC3153) and an additional panel of 16 cell lines were used to assess the activity of the two compounds. Flow cytometry experiments and biochemical studies were also performed to explore the mechanism of action. GSEA were performed using several data sets (GSE21422, GSE26910, GSE3744, GSE65194 and GSE42568), and more than 35 compounds against the identified functions were evaluated to discover druggable opportunities. Analyses done with the Chou and Talalay algorithm confirmed the synergy of dasatinib and olaparib. The combination of both agents significantly induced apoptosis in a caspase-dependent manner and revealed a pleotropic effect on cell cycle: Dasatinib arrested cells in G0/G1 and olaparib in G2/M. Dasatinib inhibited pChk1 and induced DNA damage measured by pH2AX, and olaparib increased pH3. Finally, the effect of the combination was also evaluated in a panel of 18 cell lines representative of the most frequent solid tumours, observing a particularly synergism in ovarian cancer. Breast cancer, triple negative, dasatinib, olaparib, screening.

Dasatinib can Impair Left Ventricular Mechanical Function But May Lack Proarrhythmic Effect: A Proposal of Non-clinical Guidance for Predicting Clinical Cardiovascular Adverse Events of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are known to clinically induce various types of cardiovascular adverse events; however, it is still difficult to predict them at preclinical stage. In order to explore how to better predict such drug-induced cardiovascular adverse events, we tried to develop a new protocol by assessing acute electrophysiological, cardiohemodynamic, and cytotoxic effects of dasatinib in vivo and in vitro. Dasatinib at 0.03 and 0.3 mg/kg was intravenously administered to the halothane-anesthetized dogs for 10 min with an interval of 20 min between the dosing (n = 4). Meanwhile, that at 0.1, 0.3, and 1 µM was cumulatively applied to the human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) (n = 7). In the dogs, the low and high doses provided peak plasma concentrations of 40 ± 5 (0.08) and 615 ± 38 ng/mL (1.26 µM), respectively. The low dose decreased the heart rate, impaired the left ventricular mechanical function, and prolonged the ventricular effective refractory period. The high dose prolonged the repolarization period, induced hemorrhagic tendency, and increased plasma cardiac troponin I level in addition to enhancement of the changes observed after the low dose, whereas it neither affected the cardiac conduction nor induced ventricular arrhythmias. In the hiPSC-CMs, dasatinib prolonged the repolarization and refractory periods like in dogs, while it did not induce apoptotic or necrotic process, but that it increased the conduction speed. Clinically observed major cardiovascular adverse events of dasatinib were observed qualitatively by currently proposed assay protocol, which may become a useful guide for predicting the cardiotoxicity of new tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

UPLC-MS/MS study of the effect of dandelion root extract on the plasma levels of the selected irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitors dasatinib, imatinib and nilotinib in rats: Potential risk of pharmacokinetic interactions.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatments for chronic myeloid leukaemia based on nilotinib (NIL), dasatinib (DAS) and imatinib (IMA) have improved patient quality of life and have turned chronic myeloid leukemia from a fatal disease into a chronic disease. Dandelion is a rich source of phenolic compounds with strong biological properties, and the effects of using this plant in the treatment of different illnesses can be linked to the presence of various polyphenols found in the different parts of the plant. Thus, dandelion can potentially be used as a nutraceutical (dietary antioxidant) to prevent different disorders associated with oxidative stress, i.e. cardiovascular disorders, cancer and inflammatory processes. Mutual interference between a drug and a food constituent may result in altered pharmacokinetics of the drug and undesired or even dangerous clinical situations. In the present study, a bioanalytical ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the quantification of DAS, IMA and NIL in rat plasma. Sample preparation was carried out using solid-phase extraction with C18 cartridges with a good extraction recovery of ≥94.37% for the three drugs. The method was fully validated as per the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines.